A review of risk factors for oral cavity cancer: The importance of a standardized case definition

Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology

Volumn 41, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 97-109

  Radoï, Loredana ^a,b   Luce, Danièle ^a,b  

^a CENTRE FOR RESEARCH IN EPIDEMIOLOGY AND POPULATION HEALTH   (France)

^b LABORATOIRE DES SCIENCES DU CLIMAT ET DE L ENVIRONNEMENT   (France)

Author keywords

epidemiology; oral cavity cancer; review; risk factors

Indexed keywords

CLASSIFICATION; DRINKING BEHAVIOR; HUMAN; MOUTH; MOUTH TUMOR; PATHOLOGY; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SMOKING;

ALCOHOL DRINKING; HUMANS; MOUTH; MOUTH FLOOR; MOUTH NEOPLASMS; RISK FACTORS; SMOKING;

EID: 84875229568     PISSN: 03015661     EISSN: 16000528     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0528.2012.00710.x     Document Type: Review

References (122)

1. th edn. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1992.
2. Ferlay J, Shin HR, Bray F, Forman D, Mathers C, Parkin DM,. Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008. Int J Cancer 2010; 127: 2893-917.
3. Curado MP, Hashibe M,. Recent changes in the epidemiology of head and neck cancer. Curr Opin Oncol 2009; 21: 194-200.
4. de Camargo CM, Voti L, Guerra-Yi M, Chapuis F, Mazuir M, Curado MP,. Oral cavity cancer in developed and in developing countries: population-based incidence. Head Neck 2010; 32: 357-67.
5. Chitapanarux I, Lorvidhaya V, Sittitrai P, Pattarasakulchai T, Tharavichitkul E, Sriuthaisiriwong P, et al. Oral cavity cancers at a young age: analysis of patient, tumor and treatment characteristics in Chiang Mai University Hospital. Oral Oncol 2006; 42: 83-8. (Pubitemid 41831527)
6. Iype EM, Pandey M, Mathew A, Thomas G, Sebastian P, Nair MK,. Oral cancer among patients under the age of 35 years. J Postgrad Med 2001; 47: 171-6. (Pubitemid 34196373)
7. Iype EM, Pandey M, Mathew A, Thomas G, Nair MK,. Squamous cell cancer of the buccal mucosa in young adults. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2004; 42: 185-9. (Pubitemid 38647516)
8. Martin-Granizo R, Rodriguez-Campo F, Naval L, Diaz Gonzalez FJ,. Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity in patients younger than 40 years. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997; 117: 268-75. (Pubitemid 27426282)
9. Schantz SP, Yu GP,. Head and neck cancer incidence trends in young Americans, 1973-1997, with a special analysis for tongue cancer. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2002; 128: 268-74. (Pubitemid 34218579)
10. Jayalekshmi PA, Gangadharan P, Akiba S, Nair RR, Tsuji M, Rajan B,. Tobacco chewing and female oral cavity cancer risk in Karunagappally cohort, India. Br J Cancer 2009; 100: 848-52.
11. Wey PD, Lotz MJ, Triedman LJ,. Oral cancer in women nonusers of tobacco and alcohol. Cancer 1987; 60: 1644-50. (Pubitemid 17141021)
12. Moore SR, Pierce AM, Wilson DF,. 'Oral cancer'-the terminology dilemma. Oral Dis 2000; 6: 191-3.
13. Conway DI, Hashibe M, Boffetta P, Wunsch-Filho V, Muscat J, La VC, et al. Enhancing epidemiologic research on head and neck cancer: INHANCE-the international head and neck cancer epidemiology consortium. Oral Oncol 2009; 45: 743-6.
14. Applebaum KM, Furniss CS, Zeka A, Posner MR, Smith JF, Bryan J, et al. Lack of association of alcohol and tobacco with HPV16-associated head and neck cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007; 99: 1801-10. (Pubitemid 351767210)
15. Blot WJ, McLaughlin JK, Winn DM, Austin DF, Greenberg RS, Preston-Martin S, et al. Smoking and drinking in relation to oral and pharyngeal cancer. Cancer Res 1988; 48: 3282-7.
16. Castellsague X, Quintana MJ, Martinez MC, Nieto A, Sanchez MJ, Juan A, et al. The role of type of tobacco and type of alcoholic beverage in oral carcinogenesis. Int J Cancer 2004; 108: 741-9. (Pubitemid 38076406)
17. Dikshit RP, Kanhere S,. Tobacco habits and risk of lung, oropharyngeal and oral cavity cancer: a population-based case-control study in Bhopal, India. Int J Epidemiol 2000; 29: 609-14. (Pubitemid 30612225)
18. Elwood JM, Pearson JC, Skippen DH, Jackson SM,. Alcohol, smoking, social and occupational factors in the aetiology of cancer of the oral cavity, pharynx and larynx. Int J Cancer 1984; 34: 603-12. (Pubitemid 15206999)
19. Hayes RB, Bravo-Otero E, Kleinman DV, Brown LM, Fraumeni JF Jr, et al. Tobacco and alcohol use and oral cancer in Puerto Rico. Cancer Causes Control 1999; 10: 27-33. (Pubitemid 29134749)
20. Lewin F, Norell SE, Johansson H, Gustavsson P, Wennerberg J, Biorklund A, et al. Smoking tobacco, oral snuff, and alcohol in the etiology of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: a population-based case-referent study in Sweden. Cancer 1998; 82: 1367-75. (Pubitemid 28155400)
21. Winn DM, Blot WJ, Shy CM, Pickle LW, Toledo A, Fraumeni JF Jr,. Snuff dipping and oral cancer among women in the southern United States. N Engl J Med 1981; 304: 745-9. (Pubitemid 11153889)
22. Znaor A, Brennan P, Gajalakshmi V, Mathew A, Shanta V, Varghese C, et al. Independent and combined effects of tobacco smoking, chewing and alcohol drinking on the risk of oral, pharyngeal and esophageal cancers in Indian men. Int J Cancer 2003; 105: 681-6. (Pubitemid 36687737)
23. Choi SY, Kahyo H,. Effect of cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption in the aetiology of cancer of the oral cavity, pharynx and larynx. Int J Epidemiol 1991; 20: 878-85.
24. Hashibe M, Brennan P, Benhamou S, Castellsague X, Chen C, Curado MP, et al. Alcohol drinking in never users of tobacco, cigarette smoking in never drinkers, and the risk of head and neck cancer: pooled analysis in the International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology Consortium. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007; 99: 777-89. (Pubitemid 47073524)
25. Hashibe M, Brennan P, Chuang SC, Boccia S, Castellsague X, Chen C, et al. Interaction between tobacco and alcohol use and the risk of head and neck cancer: pooled analysis in the International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology Consortium. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18: 541-50.
26. Lubin JH, Purdue M, Kelsey K, Zhang ZF, Winn D, Wei Q, et al. Total exposure and exposure rate effects for alcohol and smoking and risk of head and neck cancer: a pooled analysis of case-control studies. Am J Epidemiol 2009; 170: 937-47.
27. Lubin JH, Gaudet MM, Olshan AF, Kelsey K, Boffetta P, Brennan P, et al. Body mass index, cigarette smoking, and alcohol consumption and cancers of the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx: modeling odds ratios in pooled case-control data. Am J Epidemiol 2010; 171: 1250-61.
28. Polesel J, Talamini R, La VC, Levi F, Barzan L, Serraino D, et al. Tobacco smoking and the risk of upper aero-digestive tract cancers: a reanalysis of case-control studies using spline models. Int J Cancer 2008; 122: 2398-402. (Pubitemid 351542349)
29. Andre K, Schraub S, Mercier M, Bontemps P,. Role of alcohol and tobacco in the aetiology of head and neck cancer: a case-control study in the Doubs region of France. Eur J Cancer B Oral Oncol 1995; 31B: 301-9. (Pubitemid 26017248)
30. Balaram P, Sridhar H, Rajkumar T, Vaccarella S, Herrero R, Nandakumar A, et al. Oral cancer in southern India: the influence of smoking, drinking, paan-chewing and oral hygiene. Int J Cancer 2002; 98: 440-5. (Pubitemid 34188688)
31. Bundgaard T, Wildt J, Frydenberg M, Elbrond O, Nielsen JE,. Case-control study of squamous cell cancer of the oral cavity in Denmark. Cancer Causes Control 1995; 6: 57-67.
32. Franceschi S, Barra S, La VC, Bidoli E, Negri E, Talamini R,. Risk factors for cancer of the tongue and the mouth. A case-control study from northern Italy. Cancer 1992; 70: 2227-33.
33. Herrero R, Castellsague X, Pawlita M, Lissowska J, Kee F, Balaram P, et al. Human papillomavirus and oral cancer: the International Agency for Research on Cancer multicenter study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95: 1772-83. (Pubitemid 38008900)
34. Nandakumar A, Thimmasetty KT, Sreeramareddy NM, Venugopal TC, Rajanna, Vinutha AT, et al. A population-based case-control investigation on cancers of the oral cavity in Bangalore, India. Br J Cancer 1990; 62: 847-51. (Pubitemid 20362161)
35. Sankaranarayanan R, Duffy SW, Day NE, Nair MK, Padmakumary G,. A case-control investigation of cancer of the oral tongue and the floor of the mouth in southern India. Int J Cancer 1989; 44: 617-21. (Pubitemid 19258733)
36. Sankaranarayanan R, Duffy SW, Padmakumary G, Day NE, Padmanabhan TK,. Tobacco chewing, alcohol and nasal snuff in cancer of the gingiva in Kerala, India. Br J Cancer 1989; 60: 638-43. (Pubitemid 19251467)
37. Sankaranarayanan R, Duffy SW, Padmakumary G, Day NE, Krishan NM,. Risk factors for cancer of the buccal and labial mucosa in Kerala, southern India. J Epidemiol Community Health 1990; 44: 286-92.
38. Zheng TZ, Boyle P, Hu HF, Duan J, Jiang PJ, Ma DQ, et al. Tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption, and risk of oral cancer: a case-control study in Beijing, People's Republic of China. Cancer Causes Control 1990; 1: 173-9.
39. Oreggia F, De SE, Correa P, Fierro L,. Risk factors for cancer of the tongue in Uruguay. Cancer 1991; 67: 180-3.
40. Anaya-Saavedra G, Ramirez-Amador V, Irigoyen-Camacho ME, Garcia-Cuellar CM, Guido-Jimenez M, Mendez-Martinez R, et al. High association of human papillomavirus infection with oral cancer: a case-control study. Arch Med Res 2008; 39: 189-97. (Pubitemid 350299619)
41. Franco EL, Kowalski LP, Oliveira BV, Curado MP, Pereira RN, Silva ME, et al. Risk factors for oral cancer in Brazil: a case-control study. Int J Cancer 1989; 43: 992-1000. (Pubitemid 19158027)
42. Spitz MR, Fueger JJ, Goepfert H, Hong WK, Newell GR,. Squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract. A case comparison analysis. Cancer 1988; 61: 203-8. (Pubitemid 18023134)
43. Ko YC, Huang YL, Lee CH, Chen MJ, Lin LM, Tsai CC,. Betel quid chewing, cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption related to oral cancer in Taiwan. J Oral Pathol Med 1995; 24: 450-3.
44. Luo J, Ye W, Zendehdel K, Adami J, Adami HO, Boffetta P, et al. Oral use of Swedish moist snuff (snus) and risk for cancer of the mouth, lung, and pancreas in male construction workers: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet 2007; 369: 2015-20. (Pubitemid 46899161)
45. Marron M, Boffetta P, Zhang ZF, Zaridze D, Wunsch-Filho V, Winn DM, et al. Cessation of alcohol drinking, tobacco smoking and the reversal of head and neck cancer risk. Int J Epidemiol 2010; 39: 182-96.
46. International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC monographs on evaluation of carcinogenic risk to humans. Tobacco smoke and involuntary smoking, Vol. 83. Lyon: IARC Press; 2004.
47. Boffetta P, Mashberg A, Winkelmann R, Garfinkel L,. Carcinogenic effect of tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking on anatomic sites of the oral cavity and oropharynx. Int J Cancer 1992; 52: 530-3.
48. Muwonge R, Ramadas K, Sankila R, Thara S, Thomas G, Vinoda J, et al. Role of tobacco smoking, chewing and alcohol drinking in the risk of oral cancer in Trivandrum, India: a nested case-control design using incident cancer cases. Oral Oncol 2008; 44: 446-54. (Pubitemid 351608615)
49. Gupta PC, Murti PR, Bhonsle RB,. Epidemiology of cancer by tobacco products and the significance of TSNA. Crit Rev Toxicol 1996; 26: 183-98. (Pubitemid 26111897)
50. Rahman M, Sakamoto J, Fukui T,. Bidi smoking and oral cancer: a meta-analysis. Int J Cancer 2003; 106: 600-4. (Pubitemid 36966220)
51. Macfarlane GJ, Zheng T, Marshall JR, Boffetta P, Niu S, Brasure J, et al. Alcohol, tobacco, diet and the risk of oral cancer: a pooled analysis of three case-control studies. Eur J Cancer B Oral Oncol 1995; 31B: 181-7.
52. Barasch A, Morse DE, Krutchkoff DJ, Eisenberg E,. Smoking, gender, and age as risk factors for site-specific intraoral squamous cell carcinoma. A case-series analysis. Cancer 1994; 73: 509-13. (Pubitemid 24046586)
53. Jovanovic A, Schulten EA, Kostense PJ, Snow GB, van DW, I,. Tobacco and alcohol related to the anatomical site of oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Pathol Med 1993; 22: 459-62. (Pubitemid 2022697)
54. Llewelyn J, Mitchell R,. Smoking, alcohol and oral cancer in south east Scotland: a 10-year experience. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1994; 32: 146-52. (Pubitemid 24179238)
55. International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC monographs on evaluation of carcinogenic risk to humans. Tobacco habits other than smoking, betel-quid and areca-nut chewing and some related nitrosamines, Vol. 37. Lyon: IARC Press; 1985.
56. Merchant A, Husain SS, Hosain M, Fikree FF, Pitiphat W, Siddiqui AR, et al. Paan without tobacco: an independent risk factor for oral cancer. Int J Cancer 2000; 86: 128-31. (Pubitemid 30133998)
57. Davis S, Severson RK,. Increasing incidence of cancer of the tongue in the United States among young adults. Lancet 1987; 2: 910-1. (Pubitemid 17154767)
58. Depue RH,. Rising mortality from cancer of the tongue in young white males. N Engl J Med 1986; 315: 647. (Pubitemid 16046983)
59. Schildt EB, Eriksson M, Hardell L, Magnuson A,. Oral snuff, smoking habits and alcohol consumption in relation to oral cancer in a Swedish case-control study. Int J Cancer 1998; 77: 341-6. (Pubitemid 28299867)
60. Lee YC, Boffetta P, Sturgis EM, Wei Q, Zhang ZF, Muscat J, et al. Involuntary smoking and head and neck cancer risk: pooled analysis in the International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology Consortium. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17: 1974-81.
61. Moir D, Rickert WS, Levasseur G, Larose Y, Maertens R, White P, et al. A comparison of mainstream and sidestream marijuana and tobacco cigarette smoke produced under two machine smoking conditions. Chem Res Toxicol 2008; 21: 494-502.
62. Berthiller J, Lee YC, Boffetta P, Wei Q, Sturgis EM, Greenland S, et al. Marijuana smoking and the risk of head and neck cancer: pooled analysis in the INHANCE consortium. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18: 1544-51.
63. Cancela MC, Ramadas K, Fayette JM, Thomas G, Muwonge R, Chapuis F, et al. Alcohol intake and oral cavity cancer risk among men in a prospective study in Kerala, India. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2009; 37: 342-9.
64. Polesel J, Dal ML, Bagnardi V, Zucchetto A, Zambon A, Levi F, et al. Estimating dose-response relationship between ethanol and risk of cancer using regression spline models. Int J Cancer 2005; 114: 836-41. (Pubitemid 40344446)
65. Turati F, Garavello W, Tramacere I, Bagnardi V, Rota M, Scotti L, et al. A meta-analysis of alcohol drinking and oral and pharyngeal cancers. Part 2: Results by subsites. Oral Oncol 2010; 46: 720-6.
66. Yen TT, Lin WD, Wang CP, Wang CC, Liu SA,. The association of smoking, alcoholic consumption, betel quid chewing and oral cavity cancer: a cohort study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2008; 265: 1403-7.
67. Brugere J, Guenel P, Leclerc A, Rodriguez J,. Differential effects of tobacco and alcohol in cancer of the larynx, pharynx, and mouth. Cancer 1986; 57: 391-5. (Pubitemid 16212049)
68. Freedman ND, Schatzkin A, Leitzmann MF, Hollenbeck AR, Abnet CC,. Alcohol and head and neck cancer risk in a prospective study. Br J Cancer 2007; 96: 1469-74. (Pubitemid 46685782)
69. Young TB, Ford CN, Brandenburg JH,. An epidemiologic study of oral cancer in a statewide network. Am J Otolaryngol 1986; 7: 200-8. (Pubitemid 16042835)
70. Purdue MP, Hashibe M, Berthiller J, La VC, Dal ML, Herrero R, et al. Type of alcoholic beverage and risk of head and neck cancer-a pooled analysis within the INHANCE Consortium. Am J Epidemiol 2009; 169: 132-42.
71. Leclerc A, Brugere J, Luce D, Point D, Guenel P,. Type of alcoholic beverage and cancer of the upper respiratory and digestive tract. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 1987; 23: 529-34. (Pubitemid 17057383)
72. Franceschi S, Levi F, La VC, Conti E, Dal ML, Barzan L, et al. Comparison of the effect of smoking and alcohol drinking between oral and pharyngeal cancer. Int J Cancer 1999; 83: 1-4. (Pubitemid 29409467)
73. International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC monographs on evaluation of carcinogenic risk to humans. Betel-quid and areca-nut chewing and some areca-nut derived nitrosamines, Vol. 85. Lyon: IARC Press; 2004.
74. Garrote LF, Herrero R, Reyes RM, Vaccarella S, Anta JL, Ferbeye L, et al. Risk factors for cancer of the oral cavity and oro-pharynx in Cuba. Br J Cancer 2001; 85: 46-54. (Pubitemid 32695715)
75. Stewart B,. International Agency for Research on Cancer. World Cancer Report. Diet and nutrition. Lyon: IARC Press; 2003.
76. Franceschi S, Favero A, Conti E, Talamini R, Volpe R, Negri E, et al. Food groups, oils and butter, and cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx. Br J Cancer 1999; 80: 614-20. (Pubitemid 29213222)
77. Winn DM, Ziegler RG, Pickle LW, Gridley G, Blot WJ, Hoover RN,. Diet in the etiology of oral and pharyngeal cancer among women from the southern United States. Cancer Res 1984; 44: 1216-22. (Pubitemid 14151529)
78. Zheng T, Boyle P, Willett WC, Hu H, Dan J, Evstifeeva TV, et al. A case-control study of oral cancer in Beijing, People's Republic of China. Associations with nutrient intakes, foods and food groups. Eur J Cancer B Oral Oncol 1993; 29B: 45-55. (Pubitemid 23068396)
79. Freedman ND, Park Y, Subar AF, Hollenbeck AR, Leitzmann MF, Schatzkin A, et al. Fruit and vegetable intake and head and neck cancer risk in a large United States prospective cohort study. Int J Cancer 2008; 122: 2330-6. (Pubitemid 351542339)
80. Pintos J, Franco EL, Oliveira BV, Kowalski LP, Curado MP, Dewar R,. Mate, coffee, and tea consumption and risk of cancers of the upper aerodigestive tract in southern Brazil. Epidemiology 1994; 5: 583-90. (Pubitemid 24336509)
81. Galeone C, Tavani A, Pelucchi C, Turati F, Winn DM, Levi F, et al. Coffee and tea intake and risk of head and neck cancer: pooled analysis in the international head and neck cancer epidemiology consortium. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 19: 1723-36.
82. Ide R, Fujino Y, Hoshiyama Y, Mizoue T, Kubo T, Pham TM, et al. A prospective study of green tea consumption and oral cancer incidence in Japan. Ann Epidemiol 2007; 17: 821-6. (Pubitemid 47393633)
83. Ren JS, Freedman ND, Kamangar F, Dawsey SM, Hollenbeck AR, Schatzkin A, et al. Tea, coffee, carbonated soft drinks and upper gastrointestinal tract cancer risk in a large United States prospective cohort study. Eur J Cancer 2010; 46: 1873-81.
84. Gaudet MM, Olshan AF, Chuang SC, Berthiller J, Zhang ZF, Lissowska J, et al. Body mass index and risk of head and neck cancer in a pooled analysis of case-control studies in the International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology (INHANCE) Consortium. Int J Epidemiol 2010; 39: 1091-102.
85. Kabat GC, Chang CJ, Wynder EL,. The role of tobacco, alcohol use, and body mass index in oral and pharyngeal cancer. Int J Epidemiol 1994; 23: 1137-44.
86. Scully C, Prime S, Maitland N,. Papillomaviruses: their possible role in oral disease. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1985; 60: 166-74. (Pubitemid 15048022)
87. Franceschi S, Munoz N, Bosch XF, Snijders PJ, Walboomers JM,. Human papillomavirus and cancers of the upper aerodigestive tract: a review of epidemiological and experimental evidence. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1996; 5: 567-75. (Pubitemid 26235024)
88. Gillison ML, Shah KV,. Human papillomavirus-associated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: mounting evidence for an etiologic role for human papillomavirus in a subset of head and neck cancers. Curr Opin Oncol 2001; 13: 183-8. (Pubitemid 32433975)
89. Kreimer AR, Clifford GM, Boyle P, Franceschi S,. Human papillomavirus types in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas worldwide: a systematic review. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005; 14: 467-75. (Pubitemid 40270113)
90. Termine N, Panzarella V, Falaschini S, Russo A, Matranga D, Lo ML, et al. HPV in oral squamous cell carcinoma vs head and neck squamous cell carcinoma biopsies: a meta-analysis (1988-2007). Ann Oncol 2008; 19: 1681-90.
91. Miller CS, Johnstone BM,. Human papillomavirus as a risk factor for oral squamous cell carcinoma: a meta-analysis, 1982-1997. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2001; 91: 622-35. (Pubitemid 33601674)
92. Machado J, Reis PP, Zhang T, Simpson C, Xu W, Perez-Ordonez B, et al. Low prevalence of human papillomavirus in oral cavity carcinomas. Head Neck Oncol 2010; 2: 6.
93. Hobbs CG, Sterne JA, Bailey M, Heyderman RS, Birchall MA, Thomas SJ,. Human papillomavirus and head and neck cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Otolaryngol 2006; 31: 259-66. (Pubitemid 44141088)
94. Mork J, Lie AK, Glattre E, Hallmans G, Jellum E, Koskela P, et al. Human papillomavirus infection as a risk factor for squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1125-31. (Pubitemid 32285233)
95. Heck JE, Berthiller J, Vaccarella S, Winn DM, Smith EM, Shan'gina O, et al. Sexual behaviours and the risk of head and neck cancers: a pooled analysis in the International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology (INHANCE) consortium. Int J Epidemiol 2010; 39: 166-81.
96. Foulkes WD, Brunet JS, Sieh W, Black MJ, Shenouda G, Narod SA,. Familial risks of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: retrospective case-control study. BMJ 1996; 313: 716-21. (Pubitemid 26313071)
97. Goldstein AM, Blot WJ, Greenberg RS, Schoenberg JB, Austin DF, Preston-Martin S, et al. Familial risk in oral and pharyngeal cancer. Eur J Cancer B Oral Oncol 1994; 30B: 319-22. (Pubitemid 24309212)
98. Negri E, Boffetta P, Berthiller J, Castellsague X, Curado MP, Dal ML, et al. Family history of cancer: pooled analysis in the International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology Consortium. Int J Cancer 2009; 124: 394-401.
99. Guha N, Boffetta P, Wunsch FV, Eluf NJ, Shangina O, Zaridze D, et al. Oral health and risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck and esophagus: results of two multicentric case-control studies. Am J Epidemiol 2007; 166: 1159-73. (Pubitemid 350022751)
100. Velly AM, Franco EL, Schlecht N, Pintos J, Kowalski LP, Oliveira BV, et al. Relationship between dental factors and risk of upper aerodigestive tract cancer. Oral Oncol 1998; 34: 284-91. (Pubitemid 28318255)
101. Zheng TZ, Boyle P, Hu HF, Duan J, Jian PJ, Ma DQ, et al. Dentition, oral hygiene, and risk of oral cancer: a case-control study in Beijing, People's Republic of China. Cancer Causes Control 1990; 1: 235-41.
102. Tezal M, Grossi SG, Genco RJ,. Is periodontitis associated with oral neoplasms? J Periodontol 2005; 76: 406-10. (Pubitemid 40668387)
103. Tezal M, Sullivan MA, Reid ME, Marshall JR, Hyland A, Loree T, et al. Chronic periodontitis and the risk of tongue cancer. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2007; 133: 450-4. (Pubitemid 46799780)
104. Divaris K, Olshan AF, Smith J, Bell ME, Weissler MC, Funkhouser WK, et al. Oral health and risk for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: the Carolina Head and Neck Cancer Study. Cancer Causes Control 2010; 21: 567-75.
105. Holmes L Jr, desVignes-Kendrick M, Slomka J, Mahabir S, Beeravolu S, Emani SR,. Is dental care utilization associated with oral cavity cancer in a large sample of community-based United States residents? Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2009; 37: 134-42.
106. Tezal M, Sullivan MA, Hyland A, Marshall JR, Stoler D, Reid ME, et al. Chronic periodontitis and the incidence of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18: 2406-12.
107. Winn DM, Blot WJ, McLaughlin JK, Austin DF, Greenberg RS, Preston-Martin S, et al. Mouthwash use and oral conditions in the risk of oral and pharyngeal cancer. Cancer Res 1991; 51: 3044-7.
108. Winn DM, Diehl SR, Brown LM, Harty LC, Bravo-Otero E, Fraumeni JF Jr, et al. Mouthwash in the etiology of oral cancer in Puerto Rico. Cancer Causes Control 2001; 12: 419-29. (Pubitemid 32735135)
109. Ho PS, Chen PL, Warnakulasuriya S, Shieh TY, Chen YK, Huang IY,. Malignant transformation of oral potentially malignant disorders in males: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Cancer 2009; 9: 260.
110. Lee JJ, Hung HC, Cheng SJ, Chen YJ, Chiang CP, Liu BY, et al. Carcinoma and dysplasia in oral leukoplakias in Taiwan: prevalence and risk factors. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2006; 101: 472-80.
111. Ujpal M, Matos O, Bibok G, Somogyi A, Szabo G, Suba Z,. Diabetes and oral tumors in Hungary: epidemiological correlations. Diabetes Care 2004; 27: 770-4. (Pubitemid 38280548)
112. Chow CW, Tabrizi SN, Tiedemann K, Waters KD,. Squamous cell carcinomas in children and young adults: a new wave of a very rare tumor? J Pediatr Surg 2007; 42: 2035-9. (Pubitemid 350235503)
113. Kruse AL, Gratz KW,. Oral carcinoma after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation-a new classification based on a literature review over 30 years. Head Neck Oncol 2009; 1: 29.
114. Conway DI, Petticrew M, Marlborough H, Berthiller J, Hashibe M, Macpherson LM,. Socioeconomic inequalities and oral cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control studies. Int J Cancer 2008; 122: 2811-9. (Pubitemid 351631385)
115. Ji J, Hemminki K,. Occupation and upper aerodigestive tract cancers: a follow-up study in Sweden. J Occup Environ Med 2005; 47: 785-95. (Pubitemid 41134179)
116. Purdue MP, Jarvholm B, Bergdahl IA, Hayes RB, Baris D,. Occupational exposures and head and neck cancers among Swedish construction workers. Scand J Work Environ Health 2006; 32: 270-5. (Pubitemid 44336253)
117. Ruder AM, Ward EM, Brown DP,. Mortality in dry-cleaning workers: an update. Am J Ind Med 2001; 39: 121-32. (Pubitemid 32147530)
118. Coble JB, Brown LM, Hayes RB, Huang WY, Winn DM, Gridley G, et al. Sugarcane farming, occupational solvent exposures, and the risk of oral cancer in Puerto Rico. J Occup Environ Med 2003; 45: 869-74. (Pubitemid 36999399)
119. Gustavsson P, Jakobsson R, Johansson H, Lewin F, Norell S, Rutkvist LE,. Occupational exposures and squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, and oesophagus: a case-control study in Sweden. Occup Environ Med 1998; 55: 393-400. (Pubitemid 28258937)
120. Huebner WW, Schoenberg JB, Kelsey JL, Wilcox HB, McLaughlin JK, Greenberg RS, et al. Oral and pharyngeal cancer and occupation: a case-control study. Epidemiology 1992; 3: 300-9.
121. Vaughan TL, Stewart PA, Davis S, Thomas DB,. Work in dry cleaning and the incidence of cancer of the oral cavity, larynx, and oesophagus. Occup Environ Med 1997; 54: 692-5. (Pubitemid 27402245)
122. Macfarlane TV, Macfarlane GJ, Oliver RJ, Benhamou S, Bouchardy C, Ahrens W, et al. The aetiology of upper aerodigestive tract cancers among young adults in Europe: the ARCAGE study. Cancer Causes Control 2010; 21: 2213-21.