Cinacalcet hydrochloride for the treatment of hyperparathyroidism

Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy

Volumn 14, Issue 6, 2013, Pages 793-806

  Verheyen, Nicolas ^a   Pilz, Stefan ^a,b   Eller, Kathrin ^a   Kienreich, Katharina ^a   Fahrleitner Pammer, Astrid ^a   Pieske, Burkert ^a   Ritz, Eberhard ^c   Tomaschitz, Andreas ^a  

^a MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF GRAZ   (Austria)

^b VU UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^c UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL HEIDELBERG   (Germany)

Author keywords

Calcimimetics; Calcium; Calcium sensing receptor; Chronic kidney disease; Cinacalcet; End stage renal disease; Hypercalcemia; Parathyroid carcinoma; Parathyroid hormone; Primary hyperparathyroidism; Secondary hyperparathyroidism

Indexed keywords

CALCIUM SENSING RECEPTOR; CINACALCET; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; PANTOPRAZOLE; PARATHYROID HORMONE; PLACEBO; VITAMIN D; WARFARIN;

AREA UNDER THE CURVE; CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; COST UTILITY ANALYSIS; DIARRHEA; DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG COST; DRUG INDUCED HEADACHE; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; DYSPNEA; HUMAN; HYPERPARATHYROIDISM; HYPOCALCEMIA; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; KIDNEY GRAFT REJECTION; MAXIMUM PLASMA CONCENTRATION; MORTALITY; NAUSEA; PARATHYROID HORMONE RELEASE; PARATHYROIDECTOMY; PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION; VOMITING;

CALCIMIMETIC AGENTS; COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS; HUMANS; HYPERPARATHYROIDISM; KIDNEY DISEASES; NAPHTHALENES; PARATHYROID HORMONE; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX;

EID: 84875135999     PISSN: 14656566     EISSN: 17447666     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2013.777041     Document Type: Review

References (107)

1. Block GA, Martin KJ, de Francisco AL, et al. Cinacalcet for secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients receiving hemodialysis. N Engl J Med 2004;350(15):1516-25
2. Silverberg SJ, Rubin MR, Faiman C, et al. Cinacalcet hydrochloride reduces the serum calcium concentration in inoperable parathyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92(10):3803-8
3. Marcocci C, Cetani F. Clinical practice. Primary hyperparathyroidism. N Engl J Med 2011;365(25):2389-97
4. Bilezikian JP, Khan AA, Potts JT Jr, et al. Guidelines for the management of asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism: Summary statement from the third international workshop. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 2009;94(2):335-9
5. Ward DT, Riccardi D. New concepts in calcium-sensing receptor pharmacology and signalling. Br J Pharmacol 2012;165(1):35-48
6. Harris RZ, Padhi D, Marbury TC, et al. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of cinacalcet hydrochloride in hemodialysis patients at doses up to 200 mg once daily. Am J kidney Dis 2004;44(6):1070-6
7. Padhi D, Salfi M, Harris RZ. The pharmacokinetics of cinacalcet are unaffected following consumption of high- and low-fat meals. Am J Ther 2007;14(3):235-40
8. Padhi D, Harris R. Clinical pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of cinacalcet hydrochloride. Clin Pharmacokinet 2009;48(5):303-11
9. Padhi D, Harris RZ, Salfi M, et al. No effect of renal function or dialysis on pharmacokinetics of cinacalcet (Sensipar/Mimpara). Clin Pharmacokinet 2005;44(5):509-16
10. Padhi D, Harris RZ, Salfi M, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cinacalcet in hepatic impairment: Phase I, open-label, parallel-group, single-dose, single-centre study. Clin Drug Investig 2008;28(10):635-43
11. Akinci B, Comlekci A, Tankurt E. Hypercalcemia of primary hyperparathyroidism was treated by cinacalcet in a patient with liver cirrhosis. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2009;117(3):142-5
12. Aalten J, Wetzels JF, Hoitsma AJ. Continuation of cinacalcet immediately after renal transplantation: A prospective cohort study. Clin Nephrol 2010;74(6):433-9
13. Falck P, Vethe NT, Asberg A, et al. Cinacalcet's effect on the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus, cyclosporine and mycophenolate in renal transplant recipients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008;23(3):1048-53
14. Brown EM, Gamba G, Riccardi D, et al. Cloning and characterization of an extracellular Ca(2+)-sensing receptor from bovine parathyroid. Nature 1993;366(6455):575-80
15. Nemeth EF. Misconceptions about calcimimetics. Ann NY Acad Sci 2006;1068:471-6
16. Aida K, Koishi S, Tawata M, et al. Molecular cloning of a putative Ca(2+)-sensing receptor cDNA from human kidney. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995;214(2):524-9
17. Hoenderop JG, Nilius B, Bindels RJ. Calcium absorption across epithelia. Physiol Rev 2005;85(1):373-422
18. Riccardi D, Brown EM. Physiology and pathophysiology of the calcium-sensing receptor in the kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2010;298(3):F485-99
19. Zhang Z, Sun S, Quinn SJ, et al. The extracellular calcium-sensing receptor dimerizes through multiple types of intermolecular interactions. J Biol Chem 2001;276(7):5316-22
20. Nemeth EF, Heaton WH, Miller M, et al. Pharmacodynamics of the type II calcimimetic compound cinacalcet HCl. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004;308(2):627-35
21. Brown EM. Clinical utility of calcimimetics targeting the extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR). Biochem Pharmacol 2010;80(3):297-307
22. Steddon SJ, Cunningham J. Calcimimetics and calcilytics-fooling the calcium receptor. Lancet 2005;365(9478):2237-9
23. Valle C, Rodriguez M, Santamaria R, et al. Cinacalcet reduces the set point of the PTH-calcium curve. J Am Soc Nephrol 2008;19(12):2430-6
24. Reyes M, Rothe HM, Mattar P, et al. Antilipolytic effect of calcimimetics depends on the allelic variant of calcium-sensing receptor gene polymorphism rs1042636 (Arg990Gly). Eur J Human Genetics 2012;20(4):480-2
25. Zhang Q, Li M, You L, et al. Effects and safety of calcimimetics in end stage renal disease patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism: A meta-analysis. PLoS One 2012;7(10):e48070
26. Fishbane S, Shapiro WB, Corry DB, et al. Cinacalcet HCl and concurrent low-dose vitamin D improves treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism in dialysis patients compared with vitamin D alone: The ACHIEVE study results. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008;3(6):1718-25
27. The EVOLVE Trial Investigators. Effect of cinacalcet on cardiovascular disease in patients undergoing dialysis. N Engl J Med 2012;367(26):2482-94
28. Pallan S, Rahman MO, Khan AA. Diagnosis and management of primary hyperparathyroidism. Bmj 2012;344:e1013
29. Silverberg SJ, Lewiecki EM, Mosekilde L, et al. Presentation of asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism: Proceedings of the third international workshop. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 2009;94(2):351-65
30. Yu N, Donnan PT, Leese GP. A record linkage study of outcomes in patients with mild primary hyperparathyroidism: The Parathyroid Epidemiology and Audit Research Study (PEARS). Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2011;75(2):169-76
31. Silverberg SJ, Shane E, Jacobs TP, et al. A 10-year prospective study of primary hyperparathyroidism with or without parathyroid surgery. N Engl J Med 1999;341(17):1249-55
32. Rubin MR, Bilezikian JP, McMahon DJ, et al. The natural history of primary hyperparathyroidism with or without parathyroid surgery after 15 years. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93(9):3462-70
33. Weber T, Eberle J, Messelhauser U, et al. Parathyroidectomy, elevated depression scores, and suicidal ideation in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism: Results of a prospective multicenter study. Arch Surg 2012;15:1-7
34. Bollerslev J, Jansson S, Mollerup CL, et al. Medical observation, compared with parathyroidectomy, for asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism: A prospective, randomized trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92(5):1687-92
35. Vignali E, Viccica G, Diacinti D, et al. Morphometric vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women with primary hyperparathyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009;94(7):2306-12
36. Luigi P, Chiara FM, Laura Z, et al. Arterial hypertension, metabolic syndrome and subclinical cardiovascular organ damage in patients with asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism before and after parathyroidectomy: Preliminary results. Int J Endocrinol 2012;2012:408295
37. Persson A, Bollerslev J, Rosen T, et al. Effect of surgery on cardiac structure and function in mild primary hyperparathyroidism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2011;74(2):174-80
38. Osto E, Fallo F, Pelizzo MR, et al. Coronary microvascular dysfunction induced by primary hyperparathyroidism is restored after parathyroidectomy. Circulation 2012;126(9):1031-9
39. Udelsman R, Pasieka JL, Sturgeon C, et al. Surgery for asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism: Proceedings of the third international workshop. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 2009;94(2):366-72
40. Saponaro F, Faggiano A, Grimaldi F, et al. Cinacalcet in the management of primary hyperparathyroidism: Post marketing experience of an Italian multicentre group. Clin Endocrinol 2012;doi: 10.1111/cen.12108
41. Cetani F, Marcocci C. Cinacalcet in the management of primary hyperparathyroidism. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metabol 2012;7(1):45-53
42. Shoback DM, Bilezikian JP, Turner SA, et al. The calcimimetic cinacalcet normalizes serum calcium in subjects with primary hyperparathyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88(12):5644-9
43. Peacock M, Bolognese MA, Borofsky M, et al. Cinacalcet treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism: Biochemical and bone densitometric outcomes in a five-year study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009;94(12):4860-7
44. Peacock M, Bilezikian JP, Klassen PS, et al. Cinacalcet hydrochloride maintains long-term normocalcemia in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90(1):135-41
45. Marcocci C, Chanson P, Shoback D, et al. Cinacalcet reduces serum calcium concentrations in patients with intractable primary hyperparathyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009;94(8):2766-72
46. Peacock M, Bilezikian JP, Bolognese MA, et al. Cinacalcet HCl reduces hypercalcemia in primary hyperparathyroidism across a wide spectrum of disease severity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;96(1):E9-18
47. Filopanti M, Verga U, Ermetici F, et al. MEN1-related hyperparathyroidism: Response to cinacalcet and its relationship with the calcium-sensing receptor gene variant Arg990Gly. Eur J Endocrinol 2012;167(2):157-64
48. Moyes VJ, Monson JP, Chew SL, et al. Clinical Use of Cinacalcet in MEN1 Hyperparathyroidism. Int J Endocrinol 2010;2010:906163
49. Cunningham J, Locatelli F, Rodriguez M. Secondary hyperparathyroidism: Pathogenesis, disease progression, and therapeutic options. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2011;6(4):913-21
50. Yusuf J, Khan MU, Cheema Y, et al. Disturbances in calcium metabolism and cardiomyocyte necrosis: The role of calcitropic hormones. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2012;55(1):77-86
51. Tomaschitz A, Ritz E, Pieske B, et al. Aldosterone and parathyroid hormone: A precarious couple for cardiovascular disease. Cardiovasc Res 2012;94(1):10-19
52. Tomaschitz A, Fahrleitner-Pammer A, Pieske B, et al. Effect of eplerenone on parathyroid hormone levels in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. BMC Endocr Disord 2012;12(1):19
53. Martinez I, Saracho R, Montenegro J, et al. The importance of dietary calcium and phosphorous in the secondary hyperparathyroidism of patients with early renal failure. Am J kidney Dis 1997;29(4):496-502
54. Rodriguez M, Lorenzo V. Parathyroid hormone, a uremic toxin. Semin Dial 2009;22(4):363-8
55. Shanahan CM, Crouthamel MH, Kapustin A, et al. Arterial calcification in chronic kidney disease: key roles for calcium and phosphate. Circ Res 2011;109(6):697-711
56. Rodriguez M, Nemeth E, Martin D. The calcium-sensing receptor: A key factor in the pathogenesis of secondary hyperparathyroidism. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2005;288(2):F253-64
57. Fukuda N, Tanaka H, Tominaga Y, et al. Decreased 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor density is associated with a more severe form of parathyroid hyperplasia in chronic uremic patients. J Clin Invest 1993;92(3):1436-43
58. Gogusev J, Duchambon P, Hory B, et al. Depressed expression of calcium receptor in parathyroid gland tissue of patients with hyperparathyroidism. Kidney Int 1997;51(1):328-36
59. Goodman WG, Goldin J, Kuizon BD, et al. Coronary-artery calcification in young adults with end-stage renal disease who are undergoing dialysis. N Engl J Med 2000;342(20):1478-83
60. Fahrleitner-Pammer A, Herberth J, Browning SR, et al. Bone markers predict cardiovascular events in chronic kidney disease. J Bone Miner Res 2008;23(11):1850-8
61. Kramer H, Toto R, Peshock R, et al. Association between chronic kidney disease and coronary artery calcification: The Dallas Heart Study. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005;16(2):507-13
62. Slinin Y, Foley RN, Collins AJ. Calcium, phosphorus, parathyroid hormone, and cardiovascular disease in hemodialysis patients: The USRDS waves 1, 3, and 4 study. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005;16(6):1788-93
63. Hagstrom E, Hellman P, Larsson TE, et al. Plasma parathyroid hormone and the risk of cardiovascular mortality in the community. Circulation 2009;119(21):2765-71
64. Pilz S, Tomaschitz A, Drechsler C, et al. Parathyroid hormone level is associated with mortality and cardiovascular events in patients undergoing coronary angiography. Eur Heart J 2010;31(13):1591-8
65. Kandula P, Dobre M, Schold JD, et al. Vitamin D supplementation in chronic kidney disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies and randomized controlled trials. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2011;6(1):50-62
66. Young EW, Albert JM, Satayathum S, et al. Predictors and consequences of altered mineral metabolism: The Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study. Kidney Int 2005;67(3):1179-87
67. Jean G, Mayor B, Hurot JM, et al. Biological impact of targeted dialysate calcium changes in haemodialysis patients: The key role of parathyroid hormone. Nephrol Dialys Transplant 2013;28(1):176-82
68. Chonchol M, Locatelli F, Abboud HE, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to assess the efficacy and safety of cinacalcet HCl in participants with CKD not receiving dialysis. Am J kidney Dis 2009;53(2):197-207
69. Palmer SC, Hayen A, Macaskill P, et al. Serum levels of phosphorus, parathyroid hormone, and calcium and risks of death and cardiovascular disease in individuals with chronic kidney disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2011;305(11):1119-27
70. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes CKDMBDWG. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, prevention, and treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD). Kidney Int Suppl 2009(113):S1-130
71. Sensipar- (cinacalcet) Tablets. FDA-approved label A. 2011.Reference ID: 2981969 Available from: Http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda-docs/label/ 2011/021688s017lbl.pdf [Accessed 21 June 2012]
72. Hansen D, Rasmussen K, Danielsen H, et al. No difference between alfacalcidol and paricalcitol in the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism in hemodialysis patients: A randomized crossover trial. Kidney Int 2011;80(8):841-50
73. Lindberg JS, Culleton B, Wong G, et al. Cinacalcet HCl, an oral calcimimetic agent for the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism in hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis: A randomized, double-blind, multicenter study. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005;16(3):800-7
74. Moe SM, Chertow GM, Coburn JW, et al. Achieving NKF-K/DOQI bone metabolism and disease treatment goals with cinacalcet HCl. Kidney Int 2005;67(2):760-71
75. Koizumi M, Komaba H, Nakanishi S, et al. Cinacalcet treatment and serum FGF23 levels in haemodialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism. Nephrol Dialys Transplant 2012;27(2):784-90
76. Egbuna OI, Taylor JG, Bushinsky DA, et al. Elevated calcium phosphate product after renal transplantation is a risk factor for graft failure. Clin Transplant 2007;21(4):558-66
77. Kruse AE, Eisenberger U, Frey FJ, et al. Effect of cinacalcet cessation in renal transplant recipients with persistent hyperparathyroidism. Nephrol Dialys Transplant 2007;22(8):2362-5
78. El-Amm JM, Doshi MD, Singh A, et al. Preliminary experience with cinacalcet use in persistent secondary hyperparathyroidism after kidney transplantation. Transplantation 2007;83(5):546-9
79. Serra AL, Savoca R, Huber AR, et al. Effective control of persistent hyperparathyroidism with cinacalcet in renal allograft recipients. Nephrol Dialys Transplant 2007;22(2):577-83
80. Kruse AE, Eisenberger U, Frey FJ, et al. The calcimimetic cinacalcet normalizes serum calcium in renal transplant patients with persistent hyperparathyroidism. Nephrol Dialys Transplant 2005;20(7):1311-14
81. Avbersek-Luznik I, Balon BP, Rus I, et al. Increased bone resorption in HD patients: Is it caused by elevated RANKL synthesis? Nephrol Dialys Transplant 2005;20(3):566-70
82. Borchhardt KA, Heinzl H, Mayerwoger E, et al. Cinacalcet increases calcium excretion in hypercalcemic hyperparathyroidism after kidney transplantation. Transplantation 2008;86(7):919-24
83. Srinivas TR, Schold JD, Womer KL, et al. Improvement in hypercalcemia with cinacalcet after kidney transplantation. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2006;1(2):323-6
84. Bergua C, Torregrosa JV, Fuster D, et al. Effect of cinacalcet on hypercalcemia and bone mineral density in renal transplanted patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism. Transplantation 2008;86(3):413-17
85. Cohen JB, Gordon CE, Balk EM, et al. Cinacalcet for the treatment of hyperparathyroidism in kidney transplant recipients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Transplantation 2012;94(10):1041-8
86. Go AS, Chertow GM, Fan D, et al. Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalization. N Engl J Med 2004;351(13):1296-305
87. Sarnak MJ, Levey AS, Schoolwerth AC, et al. Kidney disease as a risk factor for development of cardiovascular disease: A statement from the American Heart Association Councils on Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease, High Blood Pressure Research, Clinical Cardiology, and Epidemiology and Prevention. Circulation 2003;108(17):2154-69
88. Panuccio V, Tripepi R, Tripepi G, et al. Heart valve calcifications, survival, and cardiovascular risk in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 2004;43(3):479-84
89. Floege J, Kim J, Ireland E, et al. Serum iPTH, calcium and phosphate, and the risk of mortality in a European haemodialysis population. Nephrol Dialys Transplant 2011;26(6):1948-55
90. Tentori F, Blayney MJ, Albert JM, et al. Mortality risk for dialysis patients with different levels of serum calcium, phosphorus, and PTH: The Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS). Am J Kidney Dis 2008;52(3):519-30
91. London GM, Marchais SJ, Guerin AP, et al. Arteriosclerosis, vascular calcifications and cardiovascular disease in uremia. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2005;14(6):525-31
92. Molostvov G, James S, Fletcher S, et al. Extracellular calcium-sensing receptor is functionally expressed in human artery. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007;293(3):F946-55
93. Odenwald T, Nakagawa K, Hadtstein C, et al. Acute blood pressure effects and chronic hypotensive action of calcimimetics in uremic rats. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006;17(3):655-62
94. Ogata H, Ritz E, Odoni G, et al. Beneficial effects of calcimimetics on progression of renal failure and cardiovascular risk factors. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003;14(4):959-67
95. Bonet J, Bayes B, Fernandez-Crespo P, et al. Cinacalcet may reduce arterial stiffness in patients with chronic renal disease and secondary hyperparathyroidism - results of a small-scale, prospective, observational study. Clin Nephrol 2011;75(3):181-7
96. Suzuki H, Inoue T, Watanabe Y, et al. Does cinacalcet HCl, an oral calcimimetic agent for the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism, improve arterial stiffness in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis? Adv Perit Dial 2011;27:134-9
97. Cunningham J, Danese M, Olson K, et al. Effects of the calcimimetic cinacalcet HCl on cardiovascular disease, fracture, and health-related quality of life in secondary hyperparathyroidism. Kidney Int 2005;68(4):1793-800
98. Raggi P, Chertow GM, Torres PU, et al. The ADVANCE study: A randomized study to evaluate the effects of cinacalcet plus low-dose vitamin D on vascular calcification in patients on hemodialysis. Nephrol Dialys Transplant 2011;26(4):1327-39
99. Urena-Torres PA, Floege J, Hawley CM, et al. Protocol adherence and the progression of cardiovascular calcification in the ADVANCE study. Nephrol Dialys Transplant 2012;28(1):146-52
100. Block GA, Zaun D, Smits G, et al. Cinacalcet hydrochloride treatment significantly improves all-cause and cardiovascular survival in a large cohort of hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 2010;78(6):578-89
101. Perkovic V, Neal B. Trials in kidney disease - time to EVOLVE. N Engl J Med 2012;367(26):2541-2
102. Collins AJ, Foley RN, Chavers B, et al. 'United States Renal Data System 2011 Annual Data Report: Atlas of chronic kidney disease & end-stage renal disease in the United States. Am J Kidney Dis 2012;59(1 Suppl):A7; e1-420
103. Garside R, Pitt M, Anderson R, et al. The cost-utility of cinacalcet in addition to standard care compared to standard care alone for secondary hyperparathyroidism in end-stage renal disease: A UK perspective. Nephrolo Dialys Transplant 2007;22(5):1428-36
104. Narayan R, Perkins RM, Berbano EP, et al. Parathyroidectomy versus cinacalcet hydrochloride-based medical therapy in the management of hyperparathyroidism in ESRD: A cost utility analysis. Am J kidney Dis 2007;49(6):801-13
105. Zanocco K, Angelos P, Sturgeon C. Cost-effectiveness analysis of parathyroidectomy for asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism. Surgery 2006;140(6):874-81; discussion 881-872
106. Ray JA, Borker R, Barber B, et al. Cost-effectiveness of early versus late cinacalcet treatment in addition to standard care for secondary renal hyperparathyroidism in the USA. Value Health 2008;11(5):800-8
107. Schneider R, Kolios G, Koch BM, et al. An economic comparison of surgical and medical therapy in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism-the German perspective. Surgery 2010;148(6):1091-9