Predicting emotional responses to potentially traumatic events from pre-exposure waking cortisol levels: a longitudinal study of police and firefighters

Anxiety, Stress and Coping

Volumn 26, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 241-253

  Pineles, Suzanne L ^a,b   Rasmusson, Ann M ^a,b   Yehuda, Rachel ^c,d   Lasko, Natasha B ^e,f   Macklin, Michael L ^f   Pitman, Roger K ^e   Orr, Scott P ^e,f  

^a VA BOSTON HEALTHCARE SYSTEM   (United States)

^b BOSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c MOUNT SINAI SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^d James J Peters Bronx VA ^*  (United States)

^e MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

^f Manchester VA Medical Center   (United States)

Author keywords

cortisol; negative affect; neuroticism; psychophysiology; stress; trauma

Indexed keywords

HYDROCORTISONE;

ADULT; ANXIETY DISORDER; ARTICLE; CONDITIONING; ELECTROMYOGRAPHY; EMOTION; FEAR; FEMALE; FIRE FIGHTER; HEART RATE; HUMAN; LIFE EVENT; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MALE; MENTAL STRESS; METABOLISM; METHODOLOGY; NEUROSIS; PHYSIOLOGY; POLICE; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PSYCHOMETRY; RISK FACTOR; SALIVA;

ADULT; ANXIETY DISORDERS; CONDITIONING (PSYCHOLOGY); ELECTROMYOGRAPHY; EMOTIONS; FEAR; FEMALE; FIREFIGHTERS; HEART RATE; HUMANS; HYDROCORTISONE; LIFE CHANGE EVENTS; LONGITUDINAL STUDIES; MALE; POLICE; PSYCHOMETRICS; RISK FACTORS; SALIVA; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL;

EID: 84875080724     PISSN: 10615806     EISSN: 14772205     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2012.672976     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. American Psychiatric Association. 2000. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th ed. Washington, DC: Author.
2. Anisman, H., Griffiths, J., Matheson, K., Ravindran, A.V., & Merali, Z. 2001. Posttraumatic stress symptoms and salivary cortisol levels. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 1509-1511. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.9.1509
3. Beck, A.T., Rush, A.J., Shaw, B.F. and Emery, G. 1979. Cognitive therapy for depression, New York: Guilford.
4. Blake, D.D., Weathers, F.W., Nagy, L.M., Kaloupek, D.G., Gusman, F.D., Charney, D.S., & Keane, T.M. 1995. The development of a Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 8 (1), 75-90. doi:10.1002/jts.2490080106
5. Breslau, N., Kessler, R.C., Chilcoat, H.D., Schultz, L.R., Davis, G.C. and Andreski, P. 1998. Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in the community: The 1996 Detroit Area Survey of Trauma. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55(7): 626-632.
6. Brunet, A., Weiss, D.S., Best, S.M., & Marmar, C.R. 1998. Peritraumatic emotional distress scale (PEDS): Copyrighted.
7. Carson, M.A., Paulus, L.A., Lasko, N.B., Metzger, L.J., Wolfe, J., Orr, S.P. and Pitman, R.K. 2000. Psychophysiologic assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder in Vietnam nurse veterans who witnessed injury or death. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 68(5): 890-897.
8. Charney, D.S. 2004. Psychobiological mechanisms of resilience and vulnerability. Focus, 2, 236-391. doi:810.1002/jts.20218
9. Clark, L.A., Watson, D., & Mineka, S. 1994. Temperament, personality, and the mood and anxiety disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103 (1), 103-116. doi:110.1037/0021-1843X.1103.1031.1103
10. Costa, P.T. and McCrae, R.R. 1992. NEO PI-R. Professional manual, Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc.
11. de Kloet, C.S., Vermetten, E., Heijnen, C.J., Geuze, E., Lentjes, E.G., & Westenberg, H.G. 2007. Enhanced cortisol suppression in response to dexamethasone administration in traumatized veterans with and without posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 32, 215-226. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2006.12.009
12. Derogatis, L.R. 1983. Description and bibliography for the SCL-90-R and other instruments of the psychopathology rating scale series, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.
13. First, M.B., Spitzer, R.L., Williams, J.B.W. and Gibbon, M. 1995. Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV-patient edition (SCID-P), Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
14. Fowles, D.C., Christie, M.J., Edelberg, R., Grings, W.W., Lykken, D.T., & Venables, P.H. 1981. Publication recommendations for electrodermal measurements. Psychophysiology, 18 (3), 232-239. doi:210.1111/j.1469-8986.1981.tb03024.x
15. Fridlund, A.J., & Cacioppo, J.T. 1986. Guidelines for human electromyographic research. Psychophysiology, 23 (5), 567-589. doi:510.1111/j.1469-8986.1986.tb00676.x
16. Grillon, C., Pine, D.S., Baas, J.M., Lawley, M., Ellis, V., & Charney, D.S. 2006. Cortisol and DHEA-S are associated with startle potentiation during aversive conditioning in humans. Psychopharmacology, 186 (3), 434-441. doi:410.1007/s00213-00005-00124-00212
17. Handwerger, K. 2009. Differential patterns of HPA activity and reactivity in adult posttraumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 17 (3), 184-205. doi:110.1080/10673220902996775
18. Heinrichs, M., Wagner, D., Schoch, W., Soravia, L.M., Hellhammer, D.H. and Ehlert, U. 2005. Predicting posttraumatic stress symptoms from pretraumatic risk factors: A 2-year prospective follow-up study in firefighters. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(12): 2276-2286.
19. Jackson, E.D., Payne, J.D., Nadel, L., & Jacobs, W.J. 2006. Stress differentially modulates fear conditioning in healthy men and women. Biological Psychiatry, 59 (6), 516-522. doi:510.1016/j.biopsych.2005.1008.1002
20. Keane, T.M., Caddell, J.M., & Taylor, K.L. 1988. Mississipi-Scale for combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder: Three studies in reliability and validity. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 56, 85-90. doi:10.1037/0022-1006X.1056.1031.1085
21. Kellner, M., Baker, D.G., & Yehuda, R. 1997. Salivary cortisol and PTSD symptoms in Persian Gulf War combatants. Annals New York Academy of Sciences, 821, 442-443. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb48300.x
22. Kessler, R.C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K.R. and Walters, E.E. 2005. Lifetime prevelance and age-of-onset distributions of the DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(6): 593-602.
23. Kessler, R.C., Chui, W.T., Demler, O. and Walters, E.E. 2005. Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity, of twelve-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62: 617-627.
24. Lauterbach, D., Vrana, S., King, D.W., & King, L.A. 1997. Psychometric properties of the Civilian version of the Mississippi PTSD Scale. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 10 (3), 499-513. doi:410.1023/A:1024801607043
25. Lindauer, R.J., Olff, M., van Meijel, E.P., Carlier, I.V., & Gersons, B.P. 2006. Cortisol, learning, memory, and attention in relation to smaller hippocampal volume in police officers with posttraumatic stress disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 59 (2), 171-177. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.06.033
26. Mason, J.W., Giller, E.L., Kosten, T.R., Ostroff, R.B. and Podd, L. 1986. Urinary free-cortisol levels in posttraumatic stress disorder patients. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disorders, 174(3): 145-149.
27. Mason, J.W., Wang, S., Yehuda, R., Riney, S., Charney, D.S. and Southwick, S.M. 2001. Psychogenic lowering of urinary cortisol levels linked to increased emotional numbing and a shame-depressive syndrome in combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychosomatic Medicine, 63(3): 387-401.
28. Meewisse, M.L., Reitsma, J.B., De Vries, G., Gersons, B.P.R., & Olff, M. 2007. Cortisol and post-traumatic stress disorder in adults: Systematic review and meta-analysis. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 191, 387-392. doi:310.1192/bjp.bp.1106.024877
29. Mineka, S., Watson, D., & Clark, L.A. 1998. Comorbidity of anxiety and unipolar mood disorders. Annual Review of Psychology, 49, 377-412. doi:310.1146/annurev.psych.1149.1141.1377
30. Munck, A., Guyre, P.M. and Holbrook, N.J. 1984. Physiological functions of glucocorticoids in stress and their relation to pharmacological actions. Endocrine Reviews, 5(1): 25-44.
31. Orr, S.P., Lasko, N.B., Macklin, M.L., Pineles, S.L., Chang, Y., & Pitman, R.K. (Under Review). Predicting post-trauma stress symptoms from pre-trauma psychophysiologic reactivity, personality traits and measures of psychopathology.
32. Orr, S.P., Lasko, N.B., Metzger, L.J., Berry, N.J., Ahern, C.E., & Pitman, R.K. 1998. Psychophysiologic assessment of women with posttraumatic stress disorder resulting from childhood sexual abuse. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 66 (6), 906-913. doi:910.1037/0022-1006X.1066.1036.1906
33. Orr, S.P., Lasko, N.B., Shalev, A.Y., & Pitman, R.K. 1995. Physiologic responses to loud tones in Vietnam Veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104 (1), 75-82. doi:10.1037/0021-1843X.1104.1031.1075
34. Orr, S.P., Metzger, L.J., Lasko, N.B., Macklin, M.L., Peri, T., & Pitman, R.K. 2000. De novo conditioning in trauma-exposed individuals with and without posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109 (2), 290-298. doi:210.1037/0021-1843X.1109.1032.1290
35. Orr, S.P., Pitman, R.K., Lasko, N.B., & Herz, L.R. 1993. Psychophysiological assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder imagery in World War II and Korean combat veterans. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102 (1), 152-159. doi:110.1037/0021-1843X.1102.1031.1152
36. Pineles, S.L., Orr, M.R., & Orr, S.P. 2009. An alternative scoring method for skin conductance responding in a differential fear conditioning paradigm with a long-duration conditioned stimulus. Psychophysiology, 46 (5), 984-995. doi:910.1111/j.1469-8986.2009.00852.x
37. Pitman, R.K., & Orr, S.P. 1990. Twenty-four hour urinary cortisol and catecholamine excretion in combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 27 (2), 245-247. doi:210.1016/0006-3223(1090)90654-K
38. Pole, N. 2007. The psychophysiology of posttraumatic stress disorder: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 133, 725-746. doi:710.1037/0033-2909.1133.1035.1725
39. Rasmusson, A.M., Vythilingam, M. and Morgan, C.A. III. 2003. The neuroendocrinology of posttraumatic stress disorder: New directions. CNS Spectrums, 8(9): 651-667.
40. Resick, P.A. 2001. Stress and trauma, London: Psychology Press Ltd.
41. Sanislow, C.A., Pine, D.S., Quinn, K.J., Kozak, M.J., Garvey, M.A., Heinssen, R.K., Wang, P.S.-E., & Cuthbert, B.N. (2010). Developing constructs for psychopathology research: Research domain criteria. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 119 (4), 631-639. doi:610.1037/a0020909
42. Sapolsky, R.M., Romero, L.M., & Munck, A. 2000. How do glucocorticoids influence stress responses? Integrating permissive, suppressive, stimulatory, and preparative actions. Endocrine Reviews, 21 (1), 55-89. doi:10.1210/er.1221.1211.1255
43. Shepard, J.D., Barron, K.W. and Myers, D.A. 2000. Corticosterone delivery to the amygdala increases corticotropin-releasing factor mRNA in the central amygdaloid nucleus and anxiety-like behavior. Brain Research, 861: 288-295.
44. Shepard, J.D., Barron, K.W. and Myers, D.A. 2003. Stereotaxic localization of corticosterone to the amygdala enhances hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal responses to behavioral stress. Brain Research, 963: 203-213.
45. Spielberger, C.D., Gorsuch, R.L. and Lushene, R.D. 1970. STAI: Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
46. van Zuiden, M., Kavelaars, A., Rademaker, A., Vermetten, E., Heijnen, C. and Geuze, E. 2011. A prospective study on personality and the cortisol awakening response to predict posttraumatic stress symptoms in response to military deployment. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45: 713-719.
47. Vreven, D.L., Gudanowski, D.M., King, L.A., & King, D.W. 1995. The civilian version of the Mississippi PTSD Scale: A psychometric evaluation. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 8 (1), 91-109. doi:110.1002/jts.2490080107
48. Weathers, F.W., & Pitman, R.K. 1996. Stressful life events checklist. Unpublished manuscript.
49. Weiss, D.S. and Marmar, C.R. 1997. "The impact of events scale-revised". In Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD, Edited by: Wilson, J.P. and Keane, T.M. New York: Guilford.
50. Yehuda, R. 2006. Advances in understadning neuroendocrine alterations in PTSD and their therapeutic implications. Annals New York Academy of Sciences, 1071, 137-166. doi:110.1196/annals.1364.1012
51. Yehuda, R., Boisoneau, D., Lowy, M.T. and Giller, E.L. 1995. Dose response changes in plasma cortisol and lymphocyte glucocorticoid receptors following dexamethasone administration in combat veterans with and without PTSD. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52: 583-593.
52. Yehuda, R., Golier, J.A., & Kaufman, S. 2005. Circadian rhythm of salivary cortisol in Holocaust survivors with and without PTSD. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162 (5), 998-1000. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.5.998
53. Yehuda, R., & LeDoux, J.E. 2007. Response variation following trauma: A translational neuroscience approach to understanding PTSD. Neuron, 56, 19-30. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2007.1009.1006
54. Yehuda, R., Teicher, M.H., Trestman, R.L., Levengood, R.A., & Siever, L.J. 1996. Cortisol regulation in posttraumatic stress disorder and major depression: A chronobiological analysis. Biological Psychiatry, 40 (2), 79-88. doi:10.1016/0006-3223(1095)00451-00453
55. Zorawski, M., Blanding, N.Q., Kuhn, C.M., & LaBar, K.S. 2006. Effects of stress and sex on acquisition and consolidation of human fear conditioning. Learning & Memory, 13 (4), 441-450. doi:410.1101/lm.189106
56. Zorawski, M., Cook, C.A., Kuhn, C.M., & Labar, K.S. 2005. Sex, stress, and fear: Individual differences in conditioned learning. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 5 (2), 191-201. doi:110.3758/CABN.3755.3752.3191