Dentin hypersensitivity: Pain mechanisms and aetiology of exposed cervical dentin

Clinical Oral Investigations

Volumn 17, Issue SUPPL.1, 2013, Pages 9-19

  West, N X ^a   Lussi, A ^b   Seong, J ^a   Hellwig, E ^c  

^a BRISTOL DENTAL HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BERN   (Switzerland)

^c UNIVERSITY OF FREIBURG   (Germany)

Author keywords

Abfraction; Abrasion; Dentin hypersensitivity (DHS); Erosion; Gingival recession; Non caries cervical lesions (NCCL)

Indexed keywords

DENTIN; DENTIN SENSITIVITY; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; HUMAN; HYDRODYNAMICS; PAIN; PATHOLOGY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PERIODONTAL DISEASE; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; TOOTH CERVIX; TOOTH DISEASE;

DENTIN; DENTIN SENSITIVITY; DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY; HUMANS; HYDRODYNAMICS; PAIN; PERIODONTAL DISEASES; RISK FACTORS; TOOTH CERVIX; TOOTH WEAR;

EID: 84874568795     PISSN: 14326981     EISSN: 14363771     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00784-012-0887-x     Document Type: Review

References (163)

1. Foressell-Ahlberg K, Brännström M, Edwall L (1975) The diameter and number of dentinal tubules in rat, cat, dog and monkey. Acta Odontol Scan 33: 243-250.
2. Garberoglio R, Brännström M (1976) Scanning electron microscopic investigation of human dentinal tubules. Arch Oral Biol 21: 355-362.
3. Matthews B, Hughes SHS (1988) The ultrasonic and receptor transduction mechanisms of dentine. In: Iggo A, Hamman W (eds) Progress in brain research. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 69-76.
4. Byers MR (1984) Dental sensory receptors. International Rev Neurobiol 5: 39-41.
5. Mumford JM (1982) Orofacial pain. Aetiology, diagnosis and treatment, 3rd edn. Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia, pp 152-179.
6. Nähri M, Jyväsjärvi E, Virtannen A (1992) Role of intradental A- and C- type fibres in dental pain mechanisms. Proc Finn Dent Soc 88(Suppl 1): 507-516.
7. Matthews B, Andrew D, Wanachantararak S (2000) Biology of the dental pulp with special reference to its vasculature and innervation. In: Embery G, Edgar WM, Orchardson R, Addy M (eds) Tooth wear and sensitivity. Taylor and Francis, London, pp 39-51.
8. Nuttall NM (2001) A guide to the UK adult dental health survey 1998. British Dental Association; London, pp 1-7; 35; 47-55.
9. Steele J, O' Sullivan I (2011) Executive summary: adult dental health survey 2009. The Health and Social Care Information Centre, NHS National Statistics. http://www. dhsspsni. gov. uk/adhexecutivesummary. pdf. Accessed 03 October 2012.
10. Addy M (2002) Dentine hypersensitivity: new perspectives on an old problem. Int Dent J 52(Suppl): 367-375.
11. Addy M, Mostafa P, Newcombe RG (1987) Dentine hypersensitivity: the distribution of recession, sensitivity and plaque. J Dent 15: 242-248.
12. Blum M (1530) German anonymous. Artzney buch wider Allerbi. Krancheyton und Gebrechen der Tzeen.
13. Addy M, Dowell P (1983) Dentine hypersensitivity-a review: clinical and in vitro evaluation of treatment agents. J Clin Periodont 10: 351-363.
14. Merskey H (1979) Pain terms: a list with definitions and notes on usage-recommended by the IASP Subcommittee on taxonomy. Pain 6: 249-252.
15. Sosnow I (1962) The emotional significance of the loss of teeth. In: Barland LR, Vintan PW (eds) Dental clinics of North America, symposium on psychology in dentistry II. Removable Partial Dentures Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 637-650.
16. Trowbridge HO (1985) Mechanism of pain induction in hypersensitive teeth. In: Rowe NH (ed) Proceedings of symposium on hypersensitive dentine origin and management. University of Michigan, School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, pp 1-6.
17. Seltzer S, Bender IB, Ziantz M (1963) The dynamics of pulp inflammation: correlation between diagnostic data and actual histological findings in the pulp. Oral Surg, Oral Med, Oral Pathol 16: 846-969.
18. Tydesley WR, Mumford JM (1970) Dental pain and the histological condition of the pulp. Dent Practit 20: 333-336.
19. Rapp R, Avery JK, Recoter RA (1957) A study of the distribution of nerves in human teeth. J Canad Dent Assoc 23: 447-453.
20. Frank RM, Steuer P (1988) Transmission electron microscopy of the human odontoblast process in peripheral root dentine. Arch Oral Biol 33: 91-98.
21. Rapp R, Avery JK, Strachen DS (1968) Possible role of the aceylcholinesterase in neural conduction within the dental pulp. In: Finn SB (ed) Biology of dental pulp organ. University of Alabama Press, Birmingham, p 309.
22. Närhi MVO (1985) Dentine sensitivity: a review. J Biol Buccale 13: 75-96.
23. Frank RM (1968) Ultrastructural relationship between the odontoblast, its process and the nerve fibre. In: Symons NBB (ed) Dentine and pulp: their structure and reactions: a symposium at the Dental School, University of Dundee, September, 1967. University of Dundee, Dundee, pp 115-145.
24. Närhi MVO (1990) The neurophysiology of the teeth. Dent Clin North Am 34: 439-448.
25. Hirvonen TJ, Närhi MVO, Hakumaki MOK (1984) The excitability of dog pulp nerves in relation to the condition of dentine surface. J Endod 10: 294-298.
26. Berkovitz BKB, Holland GR, Moxham BJ (1981) A colour atlas and textbook of oral anatomy, 4th edn. Wolfe Medical Publications Ltd, London, pp 78-110.
27. Gysi A (1900) An attempt to explain the sensitiveness of dentin. Br J Dent Sci 43: 865-868.
28. Brännström M (1963) A hydrodynamic mechanism in the transmission of pain-produced stimuli through the dentine. In: Anderson DJ (ed) Sensory mechanisms in dentine. Pergamon, Oxford, pp 73-79.
29. Brännström M (1965) The surface of sensitive dentine. Odontol Revy 16: 293-299.
30. Brännström M (1966) The sensitivity of dentine. Oral Surg, Oral Med, Oral Path 21: 517-526.
31. Fogel HM, Marshall FJ, Pashley DH (1988) Effects of distance from the pulp and thickness on the hydraulic conductance of human radicular dentine. J Dent Res 67: 1381-1385.
32. Nähri M, Kontturi-Nähri V (1994) Sensitivity and surface condition of dentine-an SEM replica study. J Dent Res 73: 122.
33. Absi EG, Addy M, Adams D (1987) Dentine hypersensitivity: a study of the patency of dentinal tubules in sensitive and nonsensitive cervical dentine. J Clin Periodont 14: 280-284.
34. Absi EG, Addy M, Adams D (1989) Dentine hypersensitivity: the development and evaluation of a replica technique to study sensitive and nonsensitive cervical dentine. J Clin Periodont 16: 190-195.
35. Guyton A (1971) Textbook of medical physiology, 4th edn. W B Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 211-212.
36. Matthews B, Vongsavan N (1994) Interactions between neural and hydrodynamic mechanism in dentine and pulp. Arch Oral Biol 39: 87-95.
37. Pashley DH (1990) Mechanisms of dentine sensitivity. Dent Clin North Am 34: 449-474.
38. Kleinberg I, Kaufdentman HW, Confessore F (1990) Methods of measuring tooth hypersensitivity. Dent Clin North Am 34: 515-530.
39. Mumford JM, Newton AV (1969) Transduction of hydrostatic pressure to electrical potential in human dentine. J Dent Res 53: 226-229.
40. Griffiths H, Morgan G, Williams K, Addy M (1993) The measurement in vitro of streaming potentials with fluids flow across dentine and hydroxyapatite. J Periodont Res 28: 59-65.
41. Magloire H, Maurin JC, Couble ML, Shibukawa Y, Tsumura M, Thivichon-Prince B, Bleicher F (2010) Topical review. Dental pain and odontoblasts: facts and hypotheses. J Orofac Pain 24: 335-349.
42. Chen S, Rio C, Ji RR (2003) Disruption of ErbB receptor signalling in adult non-myelinating Schwann cell causes progressive sensory loss. Nat Neurosci 6: 1186-1193.
43. Sanz M, Addy M (2002) Group D summary. J Clin Periodont 29(Supplement 3): 195-196.
44. Scott JH, Symons NBB (1982) Introduction to dental anatomy, 9th edn. Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia, pp 235-247.
45. Couvre E (1986) Ultrastructural changes during the life cycle of human odontoblasts. Arch Oral Biol 31: 643-651.
46. Walton RE, Outhwaite WC, Pashley DH (1976) Magnification, an interesting optical property of dentine. J Dent Res 55: 639-642.
47. Fosse G, Saele PK, Eide R (1992) Numerical dentistry and distribution pattern of dentine tubules. Acta Odontol Scand 50: 201-210.
48. Pashely D (1996) Dynamics of the pulp-dentinal complex. Cri rev Oral Bio Med 7: 104-133.
49. Anderson DJ, Hannam AG, Matthews B (1972) Sensory mechanisms in mammalian teeth and their supporting structures. Physiol Rev 59: 171-195.
50. Smith A, Sloan A, Matthews J, Murray P, Lumley P (2000) Reparative processes in dentine and pulp. In: Addy M, Embery G, Edgar WM, Orchardson R (eds) Tooth wear and sensitivity. Taylor and Francis, London, pp 54-66.
51. Bevenius J, Lindskog S, Hultenby K (1994) The micromorphology in vivo of the buccocervical region of premolar teeth in young adults. A replica study by scanning electron microscopy. Acta Odontol Scand 52: 323-334.
52. Susin C, Haas AN, Oppermann RV, Haugejorden O, Albandar JM (2004) Gingival recession: epidemiology and risk indicators in a representative urban Brazilian population. J Periodontol 75: 1377-1386.
53. Smith RG (1997) Gingival recession. Reappraisal of an enigmatic condition and a new index for monitoring. J Clin Periodont 24: 201-205.
54. Gorman WJ (1967) Prevalence and etiology of gingival recession. J Periodont 38: 316-322.
55. Watson PJC (1984) Gingival recession. J Dent 12: 29-35.
56. Tugnait A, Clerehugh V (2001) Gingival recession-its significance and management. J Dent 29: 381-394.
57. Löe H, Ånerud Å, Boysen H (1992) The natural history or periodontal disease in man: prevalence, severity and extent of gingival recession. J Periodont 63: 489-495.
58. Serino G, Wennström J, Lindhe J, Eneroth L (1994) The prevalence and distribution of gingival recession in subjects with high standards of oral hygiene. J Clin Periodont 21: 57-63.
59. Von Troil B, Needleman I, Sanz M (2002) A systematic review of the prevalence of root sensitivity following periodontal therapy. J Clin Periodontol 29: 173-177.
60. van deer Valdes U (1982) Regeneration of the interdentally soft tissues following denudation procedures. J Clin Periodontol 9: 455-459.
61. Lang N, Bräggeer U, Tonetti M, Hämmerle C (1998) Supportive periodontal therapy (STP). In: Lindhe J (ed) Clinical periodontology and implant dentistry, 3rd edn. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, pp 822-864.
62. Wennström J, Serino G, Lindhe J, Eneroth L, Tollsko Q (1993) Periodontal condition of adult regular dental attendants: a 12 year longitudinal study. J Clin Periodontol 20: 714-722.
63. Calsina G, Ramón JM, Echeverría JJ (2002) Effects of smoking on periodontal tissues. J Clin Periodontol 29: 771-776.
64. Baumert Ah M, Johnson G, Kaldahl W, Patil K, Kalkwart K (1994) The effect of smoking on the response to periodontal therapy. J Clin Periodontol 21: 91-97.
65. Trombelli L, Scabbia A (2005) Healing response of gingival recession defects following guided tissue regeneration procedures in smokers and non-smokers. J Clin Periodontol 24: 529-533.
66. Chambrone L, Lima LA, Pustiglioni FE, Chambrone LA (2009) Systematic review of periodontal plastic surgery in the treatment of multiple recession-type defects. J Can Dent Assoc 75: 203a-203f.
67. Gunsolley JC, Quinn SM, Tew J, Gooss CM, Brooks CN, Schenkein HA (1998) The effect of smoking on individuals with minimal periodontal destruction. J Periodontol 69: 165-170.
68. Müller HP, Stadermann S, Heinecke A (2002) Gingival recession in smokers and non-smokers with minimal periodontal disease. J Clin Periodontol 29: 129-136.
69. Davis WB (1978) The cleansing, polishing and abrasion of teeth and dental products. Cosmet Sci 1: 39-81.
70. Kitchin P (1941) The prevalence of tooth root exposure and the relation of the extent of such exposure to the degree of abrasion in different age classes. J Dent Res 20: 565-581.
71. Gillette WB, van House RL (1980) Ill effects of improper oral hygiene procedures. J Am Dent Assoc 10: 476-481.
72. Hirschfeld I (1939) The toothbrush: its use and abuse. In: Kimpton (ed) Dental items of interest. Dental Items of Interest Publishing Co, Boston pp 1-27, 262-267, 358-465, 484-495.
73. Khoory T (1983) The use of chewing sticks in preventive oral hygiene. Clin Prevent Dent 4: 11-14.
74. Slots J (2003) Update on general health risk of periodontal disease. Int Dent J 53: 200-207.
75. Rugg-Gunn AJ, MacGregor IDM (1978) A survey of toothbrushing behaviour in children and young adults. J Periodontol Res 13: 382-388.
76. MacGregor IDM, Rugg-Gunn A-J (1979) A survey of toothbrushing sequence in children and young adults. J Periodont Res 14: 225-230.
77. Robinson PG, Deacon SA, Deery C, Heanue M, Walmsley AD, Worthington HV, Glenny A-M, Shaw BC (2005) Manual versus powered toothbrushing for oral health. The Cochrane Collaboration, Wiley, Hoboken, Cochrane Review.
78. Addy M, Dummer P, Hunter M, Kingdon A, Shaw W (1988) Changes in the prevalence of plaque, gingivitis and pocketing in a group of South Wales schoolchildren examined at the ages of 11-12 years and 15-16 years. Comm Dent Health 5: 345-354.
79. Addy M, Hunter ML (2003) Can toothbrushing damage your health? Effects on oral and dental tissues. Int Dent J 53: 177-186.
80. van der Weijden GA, Timmerman MF, Reijerse E, Snoek CM (1996) Toothbrushing force in relation to plaque removal. J Clin Periodontol 23: 724-729.
81. Knocht A, Simon G, Person P, Denepitiya JL (1993) Gingival recession in relation to history of hard toothbrush use. J Periodontol 64: 900-905.
82. West N (1985) Dentine hypersensitivity: clinical and laboratory studies of toothpastes and their ingredients PhD Thesis, University of Wales College of Medicine.
83. Gillam DG, Seo HS, Bulman JS, Newman HN (1999) Perceptions of dentine hypersensitivity in a general practice population. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation 26: 710-714.
84. Gillam DG, Bulman JS, Eijkman MA, Newman HN (2002) Dentists' perceptions of dentine hypersensitivity and knowledge of its treatment. J Oral Rehab 29: 219-225.
85. Buser D, Belser U, Wismeijer D (2000) The treatment guide ITI. vol 1. Quintessence Publishing Co, Ltd, London.
86. De Rouck T, Eghbali R, Collys K, De Bruyn H, Cosyn J (2009) The gingival biotype revisited: transparency of the periodontal probe through the gingival margin as a method to discriminate thin from thick gingiva. J Clin Periodontol 36(5): 428-433.
87. Melsen B, Allais D (2005) Factors of importance for the development of dehiscences during labial movement of mandibular incisors: a retrospective study of adult orthodontic patients. Am J Orthod and Dentofacial Orthopaed 127: 552-556.
88. Addy M (2008) Oral hygiene products: potential for harm to oral and systemic health? Periodontology 2000(48): 54-65.
89. Lost C (1984) Depth of alveolar bone dehiscences in relation to gingival recession. J Clin Periodontol 11: 583-589.
90. Jeger F, Lussi A, Zimmerli B (2009) Oral jewelry: a review. Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed 119: 615-631.
91. Levin L, Zadik Y (2007) Oral piercing: complications and side effects. Am J Dent 20: 340-344.
92. Slutzkey S, Levin L (2008) Gingival recession in young adults: occurrence, severity, and relationship to past orthodontic treatment and oral piercing. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 134: 652-656.
93. Abboud M, Gruner M, Koeck B (2002) Anterior crowding-just an esthetic problem? J Orofac Orthop 63: 264-273.
94. Joss-Vassalli I, Grebenstein C, Topouzelis N, Sculean A, Katsaros C (2010) Orthodontic therapy and gingival recession: a systematic review. Orthod Craniofac Res 13: 127-141.
95. Mair LH (2000) Wear in the mouth: the tribology dimension. In: Addy M, Embery G, Edgar WM, Orchardson R (eds) Tooth wear and sensitivity: clinical advances in restorative dentistry. Taylor and Francis, London, pp 181-188.
96. Meurman JH, Sovari R (2000) Interplay of erosion, attrition and abrasion in toothwear and possible approaches to prevention. In: Addy M, Embery G, Edgar WM, Orchardson R (eds) Tooth wear and sensitivity: clinical advances in restorative dentistry. Taylor and Francis, London, pp 171-180.
97. Kaidonis JA (2008) Tooth wear: the view of the anthropologist. Clin Oral Investig 12: S21-S26.
98. Aubry M, Mafart B, Donat B, Brau JJ (2003) Brief communication: study of noncarious cervical tooth lesions in samples of prehistoric, historic, and modern populations from the South of France. Am J Phys Anthropol 121: 10-14.
99. Falin LI (1961) Histological and histochemical studies of human teeth of the bronze and stone ages. Arch Oral Biol 5: 5-13.
100. Lussi A, Hellwig E (2006) Risk assessment and preventive measures. In: Lussi A (ed) Dental erosion: from diagnosis to therapy. Monogr. Oral Sci, Karger, Basel 20, pp 190-199.
101. Wood ID, Kassir AS, Brunton PA (2009) Effect of lateral excursive movements on the progression of abfraction lesions. Oper Dent 34: 273-279.
102. Ganss C (2006) Definition of erosion and links to tooth wear. In: Lussi A (ed) Dental erosion: from diagnosis to therapy. Monogr. Oral Sci, Karger, Basel 20: pp 9-16.
103. Phaneuf EA, Harrington JH, Dale PP, Shklar G (1962) Automatic toothbrush: a new reciprocating action. J Am Dent Assoc 65: 12-25.
104. Addy M (2005) Tooth brushing, tooth wear and dentine hypersensitivity-are they associated. Inter Dent J 55: 261-267.
105. Absi EG, Addy M, Adams D (1992) Dentine hypersensitivity. The effects of toothbrushing and dietary compounds on dentine in vitro: a SEM study. J Oral Rehab 19: 101-110.
106. West N, Hooper S, O'Sullivan D, Hughes N, North M, Macdonald E, Davies M, Claydon N (2012) In situ randomised trial investigating abrasive effects of two desensitising toothpastes on dentine with acidic challenge prior to brushing. J Dent 40: 77-85.
107. Dyer D, Addy M, Newcombe RG (2000) Studies in vitro of abrasion by different manual toothbrush heads and a standard toothpaste. J Clin Periodont 27: 99-103.
108. Wiegand A, Egert S, Attin T (2008) Toothbrushing before or after an acidic challenge to minimize tooth wear? An in situ/ex vivo study. Am J Dent 21: 13-16.
109. Wiegand A, Köwing L, Attin T (2007) Impact of brushing force on abrasion of acid-softened and sound enamel. Arch Oral Biol 52: 1043-1047.
110. Wiegand A, Kuhn M, Sener B, Roos M, Attin T (2009) Abrasion of eroded dentin caused by toothpaste slurries of different abrasivity and toothbrushes of different filament diameter. J Dent 37: 480-484.
111. Hefferren JJ (1976) A laboratory method for assessment of dentifrice abrasivity. J Dent Res 55: 563-573.
112. Hooper S, West NX, Pickles M, Joiner A, Newcombe RG, Addy M (2003) Investigation of erosion and abrasion of enamel and dentine: a model in situ using toothpastes of different abrasivity. J Clin Periodont 30: 802-808.
113. Addy M, Hughes J, Pickles M, Joiner A, Huntington E (2002) Development of a method in situ to study toothpaste abrasion of dentine: comparison of 2 products. J Clin Periodont 29: 896-900.
114. Davis WB, Winter PJ (1980) The effect of abrasion on enamel and dentine after exposure to dietary acid. Br Dent J148: 253-256.
115. Voronets J, Jaeggi T, Buergin W (2008) Lussi A controlled toothbrush abrasion of softened human enamel. Caries Res 42: 286-290.
116. Voronets J, Lussi A (2012) Thickness of softened human enamel removed by toothbrush abrasion: an in vitro study. Clin Oral Investig 14: 251-256.
117. Moore C, Addy M (2005) Wear of dentine in vitro by toothpaste abrasive and detergents alone and combined. J Clin Periodontol 32: 1242-1246.
118. Addy M, Griffiths G, Dummer P, Kingdom A, Shaw WC (1987) The distribution of plaque and gingivitis and the influence of brushing hand in a group of 11-12 year old school children. J Clin Periodontol 14: 564-572.
119. Hunter ML, Addy M, Pickles MJ, Joiner A (2002) The role of toothpastes and toothbrushes in the aetiology of toothwear. Int Dent J 52: 399-405.
120. Lussi A, Jaeggi T (2008) Erosion-diagnosis and risk factors. Clin Oral Investig 12: 5-13.
121. Lussi A (2006) Erosive tooth wear-a multifactorial condition of growing concern and increasing knowledge. In: Lussi A (ed) Dental erosion: from diagnosis to therapy. Monogr Oral Sci, Karger, Basel 20: 1-8.
122. Addy M, Pearce N (1994) Aetiological, predisposing and environmental factors in dentine hypersensitivity. Arch Oral Biol 39: 33-38.
123. Shellis RP, Barbour ME, Jones SB, Addy M (2010) Effects of pH and acid concentration on erosive dissolution of enamel, dentine and compressed hydroxyapatite. Eur J Oral Sci 118: 475-482.
124. De Menezes M, Turssi CP, Hara AT, Messias DC, Serra MC (2004) Abrasion of eroded root dentine brushed with different toothpastes. Clin Oral Invest 8: 151-155.
125. Bartlett DW (1997) The causes of dental erosion. Oral Diseases 3: 209-211.
126. Grippo JO (1991) Abfractions: a new classification of hard tissue lesions of teeth. J Esthetic Dent 3: 14-19.
127. Lynch CD, O'Sullivan VR, Dockery P, McGillycuddy CT, Rees JS, Sloan AJ (2011) Hunter-Schreger band patterns and their implications for clinical dentistry. J Oral Rehabil 38: 359-365.
128. Pegoraro LF, Scolaro JM, Conti PC, Telles D, Pegoraro TA (2005) Noncarious cervical lesions in adults: prevalence and occlusal aspects. J Am Dent Assoc 136: 1694-1700.
129. Bartlett DW, Shah P (2006) A critical review of non-carious cervical (wear) lesions and the role of abfraction, erosion, and abrasion. J Dent Res 85: 306-312.
130. Chadwick RG (2006) The effect of cooking method upon the titratable acidity of a popular vegetarian dish-scope for reducing its erosive potential? Eur J Prosthodont Restor Dent 14: 28-31.
131. Bartlett D, Smith BGN (2000) Definition, classification and clinical assessment of attrition, erosion and abrasion of enamel and dentine. In: Addy M, Embery G, Edgar WM, Orchardson R (eds) Tooth wear and sensitivity: clinical advances in restorative dentistry. Taylor and Francis, London, pp 87-92.
132. Ekfeldt A, Hugoson A, Bergendal T (1990) An individual tooth wear index and an analysis of factors correlated to incisal and occlusal wear in an adult Swedish population. Acta Odontol Scand 48: 343-349.
133. Vongsavan N, Matthews B (1992) Fluid flow through dentine in vivo. Arch Oral Biol 37: 175-185.
134. Boyde A, Switsur VR, Stewart ADG (1963) An assessment of two new physical methods applied to the study of dental tissues. In: Hardwick JL (ed) Advances in fluorine research and dental caries prevention, 1st edn. Pergamon, Oxford, pp 185-193.
135. Brännström M (1982) In: Dentine and pulp in restorative dentistry. Wolfe Medical Publication Ltd.
136. Pashley DH (1984) Smear layer physiological considerations. Oper Dent Suppl 3: 13-29.
137. Pashley DH (1979) The influence of dentine permeability and pulpal blood flow on pulpal solute concentrations. J Endod 5: 355-361.
138. Phelan J, Rees J (2002) The erosive potential of some herbal teas. J Dent 31: 241-246.
139. Vanuspong W, Eisenburger M, Addy M (2002) Cervical tooth wear and sensitivity: erosion, softening and rehardening of dentine: effects of pH, time and ultrasonication. J Clin Periodontol 29: 351-357.
140. Eisenburger M, Hughes J, West NX, Jandt KD, Addy M (2004) Ultrasonication as a method to study enamel demineralisation during acid erosion. Caries Res 34: 289-294.
141. Lussi A, Megert B, Shellis RP, Wang X (2012) Analysis of the erosive effect of different dietary substances and medications. Br J Nutr 107: 252-262.
142. Pontefract H, Hughes J, Kemp K, Yates R, Newcombe RG, Addy M (2001) Erosive effects of some mouthrinses on enamel. A study in situ. J Clin Periodontol 28: 319-324.
143. Parkinson CR (2007) Smear layer integrity and the role of surfactants. J Dent Res 86(Spec Iss B): 188, PEF (www. dentalresearch. org).
144. West NX, Hughes J, Addy M (1998) Dentine hypersensitivity: the effects of brushing desensitising toothpastes, their solid and liquid phases and detergents on dentine and acrylic. Studies in vitro. J Oral Rehab 25: 885-895.
145. Shortall AC (1981) Cavity cleaners in restorative dentistry. Br Dent J 150: 243-247.
146. Petrou I, Heu R, Stranick M, Lavender S, Zaidel L, Cummins D, Sullivan RJ, Hsueh C, Gimzewski JK (2009) A breakthrough therapy for dentin hypersensitivity: how dental products containing 8 % arginine and calcium carbonate work to deliver effective relief of sensitive teeth. J Clin Dent 20: 23-31.
147. Mason S, Hughes N, Sufi F, Bannon L, Maggio B, North M, Holt J (2010) A comparative clinical study investigating the efficacy of a dentifrice containing 8 % strontium acetate and 1040 ppm fluoride in a silica base and a control dentifrice containing 1450 ppm fluoride in a silica base to provide immediate relief of dentine hypersensitivity. J Clin Dent 21: 42-48.
148. Hughes N, Mason S, Jeffery P, Welton H, Tobin M, O'Shea C, Browne MA (2010) Comparative clinical study investigating the efficacy of a test dentifrice containing 8 % strontium acetate and 1040 ppm sodium fluoride versus a marketed control dentifrice containing 8 % arginine, calcium carbonate, and 1450 ppm sodium monofluorophosphate in reducing dentinal hypersensitivity. J Clin Dent 21: 49-55.
149. Ayad F, Ayad N, Delgado E, Zhang YP, DeVizio W, Cummins D, Mateo LR (2009) Comparing the efficacy in providing instant relief of dentin hypersensitivity of a new toothpaste containing 8. 0 % arginine, calcium carbonate, and 1450 ppm fluoride to a benchmark desensitizing toothpaste containing 2 % potassium ion and 1450 ppm fluoride, and to a control toothpaste with 1450 ppm fluoride: a three-day clinical study in Mississauga, Canada. J Clin Dent 20: 115-122.
150. Pashley DH, Galloway SE (1985) The effects of oxalate treatment on the smear layer of ground surfaces of human dentine. Arch Oral Biol 30: 731-737.
151. Addy M, Mostafa P (1989) Dentine hypersensitivity 11. Effects produced by the uptake in vitro of toothpastes onto dentine. J Oral Rehab 16: 35-48.
152. Adrians PA, De Boever JA, Loesche WS (1988) Bacterial invasion in rat cementum and radicular dentine of periodontally diseased teeth in humans. A reservoir of periodontopathic bacteria. J Periodont 59: 222-229.
153. Love RM, Jenkinson HF (2002) Invasion of dentinal tubules by oral bacteria. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 13: 171-183.
154. van Haywood B (2002) Dentine hypersensitivity: bleaching and restorative considerations for successful management. Inter Dent J 52: 7-10.
155. Haywood VB (1992) History, safety and effectiveness of current bleaching techniques and application of night guard vital bleaching techniques. Quint Inter 27: 471-488.
156. West NX, Maxwell A, Addy M, Parker D, Jackson RJ (1998) A method to measure clinical erosion. The effect of orange juice consumption on erosion of enamel J Dent 4: 329-335.
157. Larson MJ, Pearce EI (2003) Saturation of human saliva with respect of calcium salts. Arch Oral Biol 48: 317-322.
158. Hannig C, Hannig M, Attin T (2005) Enzymes in the acquired enamel pellicle. Eur J Oral Sci 113: 2-13.
159. Gregg T, Mace S, West NX, Addy M (2004) A study in vitro of the abrasive effect of the tongue on enamel and dentine softened by acid erosion. Caries Res. 38: 557-560.
160. Hara A, Lussi A, Zero D (2006) Biological factors. In: Lussi A (ed) Dental erosion: from diagnosis to therapy Monogr Oral Sci, Karger, Basel 20: pp 88-99.
161. Eisenberger M, Addy M, Hughes J, Shellis P (2000) Effect of time on the remineralisation of enamel by synthetic saliva after citric acid erosion. Caries Res 35: 211-215.
162. Fushida CE, Cury JA (1999) Evaluation of enamel-dentine erosion by beverage and recovery by saliva and fluoride. J Dent Res 78: 410.
163. Orchardson R (2000) Strategies for the management of dentine hypersensitivity. In: Addy M, Embery G, Edgar WM, Orchardson R (eds) Tooth wear and sensitivity. Taylor and Francis, London, pp 315-325.