Six weeks of a polarized training-intensity distribution leads to greater physiological and performance adaptations than a threshold model in trained cyclists

Journal of Applied Physiology

Volumn 114, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 461-471

  Neal, Craig M ^a   Hunter, Angus M ^a   Brennan, Lorraine ^b   O'Sullivan, Aifric ^b   Hamilton, D Lee ^a   DeVito, Giuseppe ^b   Galloway, Stuart D R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF STIRLING   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY COLLEGE DUBLIN   (Ireland)

Author keywords

Exercise; Metabolism; Metabolomics; Skeletal muscle

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER; COTRANSPORTER; MONOCARBOXYLATE TRANSPORT PROTEIN 1; MONOCARBOXYLATE TRANSPORTER; MUSCLE PROTEIN; SLC16A4 PROTEIN, HUMAN;

ADAPTATION; ADULT; ARTICLE; BICYCLE; BIOPSY; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; CROSSOVER PROCEDURE; DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS; ENDURANCE; EXERCISE; EXERCISE TEST; HUMAN; MALE; METABOLISM; METABOLOMICS; METHODOLOGY; MUSCLE CONTRACTION; MUSCLE FATIGUE; MUSCLE MITOCHONDRION; MUSCLE STRENGTH; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY; PHYSIOLOGY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; SKELETAL MUSCLE; TIME; UNITED KINGDOM; URINALYSIS; URINE;

ADAPTATION, PHYSIOLOGICAL; ADULT; BICYCLING; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; BIOPSY; CROSS-OVER STUDIES; DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS; EXERCISE; EXERCISE TEST; HUMANS; LEAST-SQUARES ANALYSIS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY; MALE; METABOLOMICS; MITOCHONDRIA, MUSCLE; MONOCARBOXYLIC ACID TRANSPORTERS; MUSCLE CONTRACTION; MUSCLE FATIGUE; MUSCLE PROTEINS; MUSCLE STRENGTH; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; PHYSICAL ENDURANCE; SCOTLAND; SYMPORTERS; TIME FACTORS; URINALYSIS;

EID: 84874259966     PISSN: 87507587     EISSN: 15221601     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00652.2012     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Aunola S, Rusko H. Reproducibility of aerobic and anaerobic thresholds in 20-50 year old men. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 53: 260-266, 1984.
2. Bergmeyer HU. Methods in Enzymatic Analysis. New York: Academic, 1974.
3. Billat V, Lepretre PM, Heugas AM, Laurence MH, Salim D, Koralsztein JP. Training and bioenergetic characteristics in elite male and female Kenyan runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc 35: 297-304, 2003.
4. Boullosa DA, Nakamura FY, Ruiz JR, Seiler S, Esteve-Lano J, Lucia A, Hawley JA, Martin DT. Letters to the editor. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 5: 431-436, 2010.
5. Chen ZP, Stephens TJ, Murthy S, Canny BJ, Hargreaves M, Witters LA, Kemp BE, McConell GK. Effect of exercise intensity on skeletal muscle AMPK signalling in humans. Diabetes 52: 2205-2212, 2003.
6. Clark SA, Chen ZP, Murphy KT, Aughey RJ, McKenna MJ, Kemp BE, Hawley JA. Intensified exercise training does not alter AMPK signalling in human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 286: E737-E743, 2004.
7. Cohen J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioural Sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1988.
8. Davis HA, Bassett J, Hughes P, Gass GC. Anaerobic threshold and lactate turnpoint. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 50: 383-392, 1983.
9. Dudley GA, Abraham WM, Terjung RL. Influence of exercise intensity and duration on biochemical adaptations in skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol 53: 844-850, 1982.
10. Edge J, Bishop D, Goodman C. The effects of training intensity on muscle buffer capacity in females. Eur J Appl Physiol 96: 97-105, 2006.
11. Enea C, Seguin F, Petitpas-Mulliez J, Boildieu N, Boisseau N, Delpech N, Diaz V, Eugène M, Dugué B. (1)H NMR-based metabolomics approach for exploring urinary metabolome modifications after acute andchronic physical exercise. Anal Bioanal Chem 396: 1167-1176, 2010.
12. Esteve-Lanao J, Foster C, Seiler S, Lucia A. Impact of training intensity distribution on performance in endurance athletes. J Strength Cond Res 21: 943-949, 2007.
13. Esteve-Lanao J, San Juan AF, Earnest CP, Foster C, Lucia A. How do endurance runners actually train? Relationship with competition performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 37: 496-504, 2005.
14. Evertsen F, Medbo JI, Jebens E, Gjovaag TF. Effect of training on the activity of five muscle enzymes studied on elite cross-country skiers. Acta Physiol Scand 167: 247-257, 1999.
15. Forbes GB, Bruining GJ. Urinary creatinine excretion and lean body mass. Am J Clin Nutr 29: 1359-1366, 1976.
16. Foster C. Monitoring training in athletes with reference to overtraining syndrome. Med Sci Sports Exerc 30: 1164-1168, 1988.
17. Foster C, Daines E, Hector L, Snyder AC, Welsh R. Athletic performance in relation to training load. Wis Med J 95: 370-374, 1996.
18. Gibney MJ, Walsh M, Brennan L, Roche HM, German B, van Ommen B. Metabolomics in human nutrition: opportunities and challenges. Am J Clin Nutr 82: 497-503, 2005.
19. Guellich A, Seiler S, Emrich E. Training methods and intensity distribution of young world-class rowers. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 4: 448-460, 2009.
20. Gurd BJ, Perry CG, Heigenhauser GJ, Spriet LL, Bonen A. Highintensity interval training increases SIRT1 activity in human skeletal muscle. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 35: 350-357, 2010.
21. Hashimoto T, Brooks GA. Mitochondrial lactate oxidation complex and an adaptive role for lactate production. Med Sci Sports Exerc 40: 486-494, 2008.
22. Hayot M, Michaud A, Koechlin C, Caron MA, Leblanc P, Prefaut C, Maltais F. Skeletal muscle microbiopsy: a validation study of a minimally invasive technique. Eur Respir J 25: 431-440, 2005.
23. Hood MS, Little JP, Tarnopolsky MA, Myslik F, Gibala MJ. Lowvolume interval training improves muscle oxidative capacity in sedentary adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 43: 1849-1856, 2011.
24. Iaia FM, Hellsten Y, Nielsen JJ, Fernstrom M, Sahlin K, Bangsbo J. Four weeks of speed endurance training reduces energy expenditure during exercise and maintains muscle oxidative capacity despite a reduction in training volume. J Appl Physiol 106: 73-80, 2009.
25. Iaia FM, Perez-Gomez J, Thomassen M, Nordsborg NB, Hellsten Y, Bangsbo J. Relationship between performance at different exercise intensities and skeletal muscle characteristics. J Appl Physiol 110: 1555-1163, 2011.
26. Ingham SA, Carter H, Whyte GP, Doust JH. Physiological and performance effects of low- versus mixed-intensity rowing training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 40: 579-584, 2008.
27. Ingham SA, Fudge BW, Pringle JS. Training distribution, physiological profile, and performance for a male international 1500-m runner. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 7: 193-195, 2012.
28. Jia W, Li H, Zhao L, Nicholson JK. Gut microbiota: a potential new territory for drug targeting. Nat Rev Drug Discov 7: 123-129, 2008.
29. Kindermann W, Simon G, Keul J. The significance of the aerobicanaerobic transition for the determination of work load intensities during endurance training. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 42: 25-34, 1979.
30. Kohn TA, Essen-Gustavsson B, Myburgh KH. Specific muscle adaptations in type II fibers after high-intensity interval training of well-trained runners. Scand J Med Sci Sports 21: 765-772, 2011.
31. Kuipers H, Verstappen FT, Keizer HA, Geurten P, van Kranenburg G. Variability of aerobic performance in the laboratory and its physiologic correlates. Int J Sports Med 6: 197-201, 1985.
32. Laursen PB. Training for intense exercise performance: high-intensity or high-volume training? Scand J Med Sci Sports 20: 1-10, 2010.
33. Lindsay FH, Hawley JA, Myburgh KH, Schomer HH, Noakes TD, Dennis SC. Improved athletic performance in highly trained cyclists after interval training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 28: 1427-1434, 1996.
34. Londeree BR. Effect of training on lactate/ventilatory thresholds: a meta-analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc 29: 837-843, 1997.
35. Lucia A, Hoyos J, Pardo J, Chicharro JL. Metabolic and neuromuscular adaptations to endurance training in professional cyclists: a longitudinal study. Jpn J Physiol 50: 381-388, 2000.
36. Lucia A, Hoyos J, Perez M, Chicharro JL. Heart rate and performance parameters in elite cyclists: a longitudinal study. Med Sci Sports Exerc 32: 1777-1782, 2000.
37. Mitchell SC, Zhang AQ, Smith RL. Dimethylamine and diet. Food Chem Toxicol 46: 1734-1738, 2008.
38. Perry CG, Heigenhauser GJ, Bonen A, Spriet LL. High-intensity aerobic interval training increases fat and carbohydrate metabolic capacities in human skeletal muscle. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 33: 1112-1123, 2008.
39. Pilegaard H, Domino K, Noland T, Juel C, Hellsten Y, Halestrap AP, Bangsbo J. Effect of high-intensity exercise training on lactate/H+ transport capacity in human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 276: E255-E261, 1999.
40. Primrose S, Draper J, Elsom R, Kirkpatrick V, Mathers JC, Seal C, Beckmann M, Haldar S, Beattie JH, Lodge JK, Jenab M, Keun H, Scalbert A. Metabolomics and human nutrition. Br J Nutr 105: 1277-1283, 2011.
41. Puigserver P, Spiegelman BM. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1 alpha): transcriptional coactivator and metabolic regulator. Endocr Rev 24: 78-90, 2003.
42. Pyne DB, Boston T, Martin DT, Logan A. Evaluation of the Lactate Pro blood lactate analyser. Eur J Appl Physiol 82: 112-116, 2000.
43. Sandbakk O, Holmberg HC, Leirdal S, Ettema G. The physiology of world-class sprint skiers. Scand J Med Sci Sports 21: e9 -e16, 2011.
44. Santos PM, Silva SA, Justino GC, Vieira AJ. Demethylation of theophylline (1,3-dimethylxanthine) to 1-methylxanthine: the first step of an antioxidising cascade. Redox Rep 15: 138-144, 2010.
45. Schumacher YO, Mueller P. The 4000-m team pursuit cycling world record: theoretical and practical aspects. Med Sci Sports Exerc 34: 1029-1036, 2002.
46. Seiler KS, Kjerland GO. Quantifying training intensity distribution in elite endurance athletes: is there evidence for an "optimal" distribution? Scand J Med Sci Sports 16: 49-56, 2006.
47. Seiler S. What is best practice for training intensity and duration distribution in endurance athletes? Int J Sports Physiol Perform 5: 276-291, 2010.
48. Seiler S, Haugen O, Kuffel E. Autonomic recovery after exercise in trained athletes: intensity and duration effects. Med Sci Sports Exerc 39: 1366-1373, 2007.
49. Srere P. Citrate synthase. In: Methods of Enzymology. New York: Academic, 1969, p. 3-5.
50. Stathis CG, Zhao S, Carey MF, Snow RJ. Purine loss after repeated sprint bouts in humans. J Appl Physiol 87: 2037-2042, 1999.
51. Stepto NK, Hawley JA, Dennis SC, Hopkins WG. Effects of different interval-training programs on cycling time-trial performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 31: 736-741, 1999.
52. Talanian JL, Galloway SD, Heigenhauser GJ, Bonen A, Spriet LL. Two weeks of high-intensity aerobic interval training increases the capacity for fat oxidation during exercise in women. J Appl Physiol 102: 1439-1447, 2007.
53. Thomas C, Bishop DJ, Lambert K, Mercier J, Brooks GA. Effects of acute and chronic exercise on sarcolemmal MCT1 and MCT4 contents in human skeletal muscles: current status. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 302: R1-R14, 2012.
54. Van Velzen EJ, Westerhuis JA, van Duynhoven JP, van Dorsten FA, Hoefsloot HC, Jacobs DM, Smit S, Draijer R, Kroner CI, Smilde AK. Multilevel data analysis of a crossover designed human nutritional intervention study. J Proteome Res 7: 4483-4491, 2008.
55. Vilà R, Granada ML, Gutiérrez RM, Fernández- López JA, Remesar X, Formiguera X, Foz M, Alemany M. Short-term effects of a hypocaloric diet on nitrogen excretion in morbid obese women. Eur J Clin Nutr 55: 186-191, 2001.
56. Walsh MC, Brennan L, Pujos-Guillot E, Sébédio JL, Scalbert A, Fagan A, Higgins DG, Gibney MJ. Influence of acute phytochemical intake on human urinary metabolomic profiles. Am J Clin Nutr 86: 1687-1693, 2007.
57. Westgarth-Taylor C, Hawley JA, Rickard S, Myburgh KH, Noakes TD, Dennis SC. Metabolic and performance adaptations to interval training in endurance-trained cyclists. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 75: 298-304, 1997.
58. Weston AR, Myburgh KH, Lindsay FH, Dennis SC, Noakes TD, Hawley JA. Skeletal muscle buffering capacity and endurance performance after high-intensity interval training by well-trained cyclists. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 75: 7-13, 1997.
59. Wisløff U, Ellingsen Ø, Kemi OJ. High-intensity interval training to maximize cardiac benefits of exercise training? Exerc Sport Sci Rev 37: 139-146, 2009.
60. Wojtaszewski JF, Nielsen P, Hansen BF, Richter EA, Kiens B. Isoform-specific and exercise intensity-dependent activation of 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase in human skeletal muscle. J Physiol 528: 221-226, 2000.
61. Yan B, AJ, Wang G, Lu H, Huang X, Liu Y, Zha W, Hao H, Zhang Y, Liu L, Gu S, Huang Q, Zheng Y, Sun J. Metabolomic investigation into variation of endogenous metabolites in professional athletes subject to strength-endurance training. J Appl Physiol 106: 531-538, 2009.
62. Zheng S, Yu M, Lu X, Huo T, Ge L, Yang J, Wu C, Li F. Urinary metabonomic study on biochemical changes in chronic unpredictable mild stress model of depression. Clin Chim Acta 411: 204-209, 2010.