Youth as Partners, Participants or Passive Recipients: A Review of Children and Adolescents in Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR)

American Journal of Community Psychology

Volumn 51, Issue 1-2, 2013, Pages 176-189

  Jacquez, Farrah ^a   Vaughn, Lisa M ^b   Wagner, Erin ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI   (United States)

^b CINCINNATI CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Adolescents; Children; Community based participatory research; Youth

Indexed keywords

EID: 84873999715     PISSN: 00910562     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10464-012-9533-7     Document Type: Review

References (93)

1. Adler, C., Chung-Do, J., & Ongalibang, O. (2008). Safe school task force: university-community partnership to promote student development and a safer school environment. Progress in Community Health Partnerships: Research, Education, and Action, 2(4), 301-306. doi: 10. 1353/cpr. 0. 0041.
2. Bardwell, G., Morton, C., Chester, A., Penchoska, P., Buch, S., Ceccehetti, A., et al. (2009). Feasibility of adolescents to conduct community-based participatory research on obesity and diabetes in rural Appalachia. Clinical and Translational Science, 2(5), 340-349. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1752-8062. 2009. 00155. x.
3. Bogart, L. M., Elliot, M. N., Uyeda, K., Hawes-Dawson, J., Klein, D. J., & Schuster, M. A. (2011). Preliminary healthy eating outcomes of SNaX, a pilot community-based intervention for adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 48(2), 196-202. doi: 10. 1016/j. jadohealth. 2010. 06. 004.
4. Branch, R., & Chester, A. (2009). Community-based participatory clinical research in obesity by adolescents: Pipeline for researchers of the future. CTS: Clinical & Translational Science, 2(5), 350-354. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1752-8062. 2009. 00149. x.
5. Chen, P., Weiss, F. L., Nicholson, H. J., & Girls, I. (2010). Girls Study Girls, Inc.: Engaging girls in evaluation through participatory action research. American Journal of Community Psychology, 46(1-2), 228-237. doi: 10. 1007/s10464-010-9328-7.
6. Chomitz, V. R., McGowan, R. J., Wendel, J. M., Williams, S. A., Cabral, H. J., King, S. E., et al. (2010). Healthy Living Cambridge Kids: a community-based participatory effort to promote healthy weight and fitness. Obesity, 18(S1), S45-S53. doi: 10. 1038/oby. 2009. 431.
7. Christiansen, E. D. (2010). Adolescent Cape Verdean girls' experiences of violence, incarceration and deportation: Developing resources through participatory community based groups. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 34(2), 127-140. doi: 10. 1016/j. ijintrel. 2009. 11. 003.
8. Chung, P. J., Borneo, H., Kilpatrick, S. D., Lopez, D. M., Travis, R., Lui, C., et al. (2005). Parent-adolescent communication about sex in Filipino American families: A demonstration of community-based participatory research. Ambulatory Pediatrics, 5(1), 50-55. doi: 10. 1016/S1530-1567(05)60006-8.
9. Clark, A. (2010). Young children as protagonists and the role of participatory, visual methods in engaging multiple perspectives. American Journal of Community Psychology, 46(1-2), 115-123. doi: 10. 1007/s10464-010-9332-y.
10. Clark, A., & Moss, P. (2011). Listening to young children: The Mosaic approach (2nd ed.). London: National Children's Bureau and Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
11. Cornwall, A., & Jewkes, R. (1995). What is participatory research? Social Science and Medicine, 41(12), 1667-1676. doi: 10. 1016/0277-9536(95)00127-S.
12. Correa N. P., Murray, N. G., Mei, C. A., Baun, W. B., Gor, B. J., Hare, N. B., et al. (2010). CAN DO Houston: A community-based approach to preventing childhood obesity. Preventing Chronic Disease, 7(4), A88. Retrieved from http://www. cdc. gov/pcd/issues/2010/jul/09_0184. htm.
13. Coughey, K., Klein, G., West, C., Diamond, J. J., Santana, A., McCarville, E., et al. (2010). The child asthma link line: A coalition-initiated, telephone-based, care coordination intervention for childhood asthma. Journal of Asthma, 47(3), 303-309. doi: 10. 3109/02770900903580835.
14. Davis, D. S., Sbrocco, T., & Williams, J. (2009). Understanding body image in African American and Caucasian first-graders: A partnership with the YWCA. Progress in Community Health Partnerships, 3(4), 277-286. doi: 10. 1353/cpr. 0. 0092.
15. Dennis, S. F., Faulocher, S., Carpiano, R. M., & Brown, D. (2009). Participatory photo mapping (PPM): Exploring an integrated method for health and place research with young people. Health and Place, 15(2), 466-473. doi: 10. 1016/j. healthplace. 2008. 08. 004.
16. Diamond, S., Schensul, J. J., Snyder, L. B., Bermudez, A., D'Alessandro, N., & Morgan, D. S. (2009). Building Xperience: A multilevel alcohol and drug prevention intervention. American Journal of Community Psychology, 43(3-4), 292-312. doi: 10. 1007/s10464-009-9230-3.
17. Downs, T. J., Ross, L., Patton, S., Sinha, D. R., Mucciarone, D., Calvache, M., et al. (2009). Complexities of holistic community-based participatory research for a low income, multi-ethnic population exposed to multiple built-environment stressors in Worcester. Massachusetts. Environmental Research, 109(8), 1028-1040. doi: 10. 1016/j. envres. 2009. 08. 005.
18. Duckett, P., Kagan, C., & Sixsmith, J. (2010). Consultation and participation with children in healthy schools: Choice, conflict and context. American Journal of Community Psychology, 46(1-2), 167-178. doi: 10. 1007/s10464-010-9327-8.
19. Filbert, E., Chesser, A., Hawley, S. R., & St. Romain, T. (2009). Community-based participatory research in developing an obesity intervention in a rural county. Journal of Community Health Nursing, 26(1), 35-43. doi: 10. 1080/07370010802605804.
20. Findholt, N. E., Michael, Y. L., & Davis, M. M. (2011). Photovoice engages rural youth in childhood obesity prevention. Public Health Nursing, 28(2), 186-192. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1525-1446. 2010. 00895. x.
21. Flicker, S. (2008). Who benefits from community-based participatory research? A case study of the Positive Youth Project. Health Education & Behavior, 35(1), 70-86. doi: 10. 1177/1090198105285927.
22. Flicker, S., Goldber, E., Read, S., Veinot, T., McClelland, A., Saulnier, P., et al. (2004). HIV-positive youth's perspectives on the internet and eHealth. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 6(3), e32. doi: 10. 2196/jmir. 6. 3. e32.
23. Flicker, S., Guta, A., Larkin, J., Flynn, S., Fridkin, A., Travers, R., et al. (2010). Survey design from the ground up: Collaboratively creating the Toronto Teen Survey. Health Promotion and Practice, 11(1), 112-122. doi: 10. 1177/1524839907309868.
24. Flicker, S., Maley, O., Ridgley, A., Biscope, S., & Skinner, H. (2008). e-PAR: Using technology and participatory action research to engage youth in health promotion. Journal of Action Research, 6(3), 285-303. doi: 10. 1177/1476750307083711.
25. Flicker, S., Skinner, H., Read, S., Veinot, T., McClelland, A., Saulnier, P., et al. (2005). Falling through the cracks of the big cities: Who is meeting the needs of HIV-positive youth? Canadian Journal of Public Health, 96(4), 308-312. Retrieved from http://journal. cpha. ca/index. php/cjph/article/view/624/624.
26. Fort, J. G., & McClellan, L. (2006). REACH-Meharry community-campus partnership: developing culturally competent health care providers. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 17(2S), 78-87. doi: 10. 1353/hpu. 2006. 0085.
27. Foster-Fishman, P. G., Law, K. M., Lichty, L. F., & Aoun, C. (2010). Youth ReACT for social change: A method for youth participatory action research. American Journal of Community Psychology, 46(1-2), 67-83. doi: 10. 1007/s10464-010-9316-y.
28. Gadin, K. G., Weiner, G., & Ahlgren, C. (2009). Young students as participants in school health promotion: An intervention study in a Swedish elementary school. International Journal of Circumpolar Health, 65(5), 498-507. Retrieved from http://www. ijch. fi/show_issue. php?issue_id=61.
29. Garcia, C. M., Gilchrist, L., Campesino, C., Raymond, N., Naughton, S., & de Patino, J. G. (2008). Using community-based participatory research to develop a bilingual mental health survey for Latinos. Progress in Community Health Partnerships, 2(2), 105-120. doi: 10. 1353/cpr. 0. 0011.
30. Gulati, S., Paterson, M., Medves, J., & Luce-Kapler, R. (2011). Adolescent group empowerment: Group centred occupations to empower adolescents with disabilities in the urban slums of North India. Occupational Therapy International, 18(2), 67-84. doi: 10. 1002/Oti. 294.
31. Hill, K. S., Freeman, L. C., Yucel, R. M., & Kuhlthau, K. A. (2007). Unmet need among children with special health care needs in Massachusetts. Maternal and Child Health, 12(5), 650-661. doi: 10. 1007/s10995-007-0283-3.
32. Horn, K., McCracken, L., Dino, G., & Brayboy, M. (2008). Applying community-based participatory research principles to the development of a smoking-cessation program for American Indian teens: "Telling our story". Health Education & Behavior, 35(1), 44-69. doi: 10. 1177/1090198105285372.
33. Israel, B. A., Eng, E., Schulz, A. J., & Parker, E. A. (Eds.). (2005). Methods in community-based participatory research for health. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
34. Israel, B. A., Eng, E., Schulz, A. J., & Parker, E. A. (Eds.). (in press). Methods in Community-Based Participatory Research for Health 2nd Edn. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
35. Israel, B. A., Krieger, J., Vlahov, D., Ciske, S., Foley, M., et al. (2006). Challenges and facilitating factors in sustaining community-based participatory research partnerships: Lessons learned from the Detroit, New York City and Seattle urban research centers. Journal of Urban Health, 83(6), 1022-1040. doi: 10. 1007/s11524-006-9110-1.
36. Israel, B. A., Schulz, A. J., Parker, E. A., & Becker, A. B. (1998). Review of community-based research: Assessing partnership approaches to improve public health. Annual Review of Public Health, 19, 173-202. doi: 10. 1146/annurev. publhealth. 19. 1. 173.
37. Jackson, C. J., Mullis, R., & Hughes, M. (2010). Development of a theater-based nutrition and physical activity intervention for low-income, urban, African American adolescents. Progress in Community Health Partnerships: Research, Education and Action, 4(2), 89-98. doi: 10. 1353/cpr. 0. 0115.
38. Johnson, C. V., Bartgis, J., Worley, J. A., Hellman, C. M., & Burkhart, R. (2010). Urban Indian voices: A community-based participatory research health and needs assessment. American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research, 17(1), 49-70.
39. Kellet, M. (2010). Small shoes, big steps! Empowering children as active researchers. American Journal of Community Psychology, 46(1-2), 195-203. doi: 10. 1007/s10464-010-9324-y.
40. Kloos, H., & Sloutsky, V. M. (2005). Do preschoolers understand causality? A critical look. In B. G. Bara, L. Barsalou, & M. Bucciarelli (Eds.), Proceedings of the XXVII Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 1154-1159). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
41. Langhout, R. D., & Thomas, E. (2010). Imagining participatory action research in collaboration with children: An introduction. American Journal of Community Psychology, 46, 60-66. doi: 10. 1007/s10464-010-9321-1.
42. Langsted, O. (1994). Looking at quality from the child's perspective. In P. Moss & A. Pence (Eds.), Valuing quality in early childhood services: New approaches to defining quality (pp. 28-42). London: Paul Chapman.
43. Leipert, B. D., Plunkett, R., Meagher-Stewart, D., Scruby, L., Mair, H., & Wamsley, K. B. (2011). "I can't imagine my life without it!" Curling and health promotion: A photovoice study. Can J Nurs Res, 43(1), 60-78.
44. Lerner, R. M., Almerigi, J. B., Theokas, C., & Lerner, J. (2005a). Positive youth development: A view of the issues. Journal of Early Adolescence, 25, 10-16. doi: 10. 1177/0272431604273211.
45. Lerner, R. M., Lerner, J. V., Almerigi, J. B., Theokas, C., Phelps, E., Gestsdottir, S., et al. (2005b). Positive youth development, participation in community youth development programs, and community contributions of fifth-grade adolescents: Findings from the first wave of the 4-H study of positive youth development. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 25, 17-71. doi: 10. 1177/0272431604272461.
46. Lewin, K. (1946). Action research and minority problems. Journal of Social Issues, 2, 34-46.
47. Lipman, T. H., Schucker, M. M., Ratcliffe, S. J., Holmber, T., Baier, S., & Deatrick, J. A. (2011). Diabetes risk factors in children: A partnership between nurse practitioner and high school students. MCN, The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing, 36(1), 56-62. doi: 10. 1097/NMC. 0b013e3181fc0d06.
48. Loh, P., Sugerman-Brozan, J., Wiggins, S., Noiles, D., & Archibald, C. (2002). From asthma to airbeat: Community-driven monitoring of fine particles and black carbon in Roxbury, Massachusetts. Environmental Health Perspectives, 110(S-2), 297-301. doi: 10. 1289/ehp. 02110s2297.
49. Maconochie, H., & McNeil, F. (2010). User involvement: children's participation in a parent-baby group. Community Practitioner, 83(8), 17-20.
50. Maglajlic, R. A. (2010). "Big organisations" supporting "small involvement": Lessons from Bosnia and Herzegovina on enabling community-based participation of children through PAR. American Journal of Community Psychology, 46(1-2), 204-214. doi: 10. 1007/s10464-010-9322-0.
51. Mance, G. A., Mendelson, T., Byrd, B., Jones, J., & Tandon, D. (2010). Utilizing community-based participatory research to adapt a mental health intervention for African American emerging adults. Progress in Community Health Partnerships: Research, Education, and Action, 4(2), 131-140. doi: 10. 1353/cpr. 0. 0112.
52. Mathews, J. R., Mathews, T. L., & Mwaja, E. (2010). "Girls take charge": A community-based participatory research program for adolescent girls. Progress in Community Health Partnerships: Research, Education, and Action, 4(1), 17-24. doi: 10. 1353/cpr. 0. 0101.
53. Meininger, J. C., Reyes, L. R., Selwyn, B. J., Upchurch, S. L., Brosnan, C. A., Taylor, W., et al. (2010). A structured, interactive method for youth participation in a school district-university partnership to prevent obesity. Journal of School Health, 80(10), 493-500. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1746-1561. 2010. 00533. x.
54. Mendenhall, T., Harper, P., Stephenson, H., & Haas, G. S. (2011). The SANTA project (Students Against Nicotine and Tobacco Addiction): Using community-based participatory research to reduce smoking in a high-risk young adult population. Action Research, 9(2), 199-213. doi: 10. 1177/1476750310388051.
55. Minkler, M., & Wallerstein, N. (Eds.). (2008). Community-based participatory research in health, process to outcomes (2nd ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
56. Mooney-Somers, J., Erick, W., Scott, R., Akee, A., Kaldor, J., & Maher, L. (2009). Enhancing Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander young people's resilience to blood-borne and sexually transmitted infections: Findings from a community-based participatory research project. Health Promotion Journal of Australia, 20(3), 195-201.
57. Morsillo, J., & Prilleltensky, I. (2007). Social action with youth: Interventions, evaluation, and psychopolitical validity. Journal of Community Psychology, 35(6), 725-740. doi: 10. 1002/jcop. 20175.
58. Necheles, J. W., Chung, E. Q., Hawes-Dawson, J., Ryan, G. W., Williams, S. B., Holmes, H., et al. (2007). The teen photovoice project: A pilot study to promote health through advocacy. Progress in Community Health Partnerships: Education, Research, and Action, 1(3), 221-229. doi: 10. 1353/cpr. 2007. 0027.
59. O'Fallon, L. R. & Dearry, A. (2002). Community-based participatory research as a tool to advance environmental health sciences. Environmental Health Perspectives, 110(S2), 155-159. Retrieved from http://ehp03. niehs. nih. gov/article/fetchArticle. action?articleURI=info: doi/10. 1289/ehp. 02110s2155.
60. Oliver, K. L., & Hamzeh, M. (2010). "The boys won't let us play:" Fifth-grade Mestizas challenge physical activity discourse at school. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 81(1), 38-51.
61. Ozer, E. J., Cantor, J. P., Cruz, G. W., Fox, B., Hubbard, E., & Moret, L. (2008). The diffusion of youth-led participatory research in urban schools: The role of the prevention support system in implementation and sustainability. American Journal of Community Psychology, 41(3-4), 278-289. doi: 10. 1007/s10464-008-9173-0.
62. Ozer, E. J., Ritterman, M. L., & Wanis, M. G. (2010). Participatory action research (PAR) in middle school: Opportunities, constraints, and key processes. American Journal of Community Psychology, 46(1-2), 152-166. doi: 10. 1007/s10464-010-9335-8.
63. Paradis, G., Lévesque, L., Macaulay, A., Cargo, M., McComber, A. C., Kirby, R. C., et al. (2005). Impact of a diabetes prevention program on body size, physical activity, and diet among Kanien'kehá: ka (Mohawk) children 6 to 11 years old: 8-Year results from the Kahnawake Schools Diabetes Prevention Project. Pediatrics, 115(2), 333-339. doi: 10. 1542/peds. 2004-0745.
64. Pavlish, C. L., Noor, S., & Brandt, J. (2010). Somali immigrant women and the American health care system: Discordant beliefs, divergent expectations, and silent worries. Social Science and Medicine, 71(2), 353-361. doi: 10. 1016/j. socscimed. 2010. 04. 010.
65. Perry, C., & Hoffman, B. (2010). Assessing tribal youth physical activity and programming using a community-based participatory research approach. Public Health Nursing, 27(2), 104-114. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1525-1446. 2010. 00833. x.
66. Peterson, T. H., Dolan, T., & Hanft, S. (2010). Partnering with youth organizers to prevent violence: An analysis of relationships, power, and change. Progress in Community Health Partnerships: Research, Education, and Action, 4(3), 235-242. doi: 10. 1353/cpr. 2010. 0011.
67. Piaget, J., Tomlinson, J., & Tomlinson, A. (1973). The child's conception of the world. London: Paladin.
68. Porter, G., Hampshire, K., Bourdillon, M., Robson, E., Munthali, A., Abane, A., et al. (2010). Children as research collaborators: Issues and reflections from a mobility study in Sub-Saharan Africa. American Journal of Community Psychology, 46(1-2), 215-227. doi: 10. 1007/s10464-010-9317-x.
69. Postma, J. (2008). Balancing power among academic and community partners: The case of El Proyecto Bienestar. Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics, 3(2), 17-32. doi: 10. 1525/jer. 2008. 3. 1. 17.
70. Powers, J. L. & Tiffany, J. S. (2006). Engaging youth in participatory research and evaluation. Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, November (Suppl), S79-S87. Retrieved from http://journals. lww. com/jphmp/Fulltext/2006/11001/Engaging_Youth_in_Participatory_Research_and. 15. aspx.
71. Ren, J. Y., & Langhout, R. D. (2010). A recess evaluation with the players: Taking steps toward participatory action research. American Journal of Community Psychology, 46(1-2), 124-138. doi: 10. 1007/s10464-010-9320-2.
72. Rogoff, B., Goodman Turkanis, C., et al. (2001). Learning Together: Adults and children in a school community. New York: Oxford University Press.
73. Rosen-Reynoso, M., Kusminsky, M., Gragoudas, S., Putney, H., Crossman, M. K., Sinclair, J., et al. (2010). Youth-based participatory research: Lessons learned from a transition study. Pediatrics, 126, S177-S182. doi: 10. 1542/peds. 2010-1466N.
74. Roth, J. L., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2003). What exactly is a youth development program? Answers from research and practice. Applied Developmental Science, 7, 94-111. doi: 10. 1207/S1532480XADS0702_6.
75. Snider, C. E., Kirst, M., Abubakar, S., Ahmad, F., & Nathens, A. B. (2010). Community-based participatory research: Development of an emergency department-based youth violence intervention using concept mapping. Academic Emergency Medicine, 17(8), 877-885. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1553-2712. 2010. 00810. x.
76. Soleimanpour, S., Brindis, C., Geierstanger, S., Kandawalla, S., & Kurlaender, T. (2008). Incorporating youth-led community participatory research into school health center programs and policies. Public Health Reports, 123(6), 709-716. Retrieved from: http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC2556716/?tool=pmcentrez.
77. Stewart, S., Riecken, T., Scott, T., Tanaka, M., & Riecken, J. (2008). Expanding health literacy: Indigenous youth creating videos. Journal of Health Psychology, 13(2), 180-189. doi: 10. 1177/1359105307086709.
78. Streng, J. M., Rhodes, S. D., Ayala, G. X., Eng, E., Arceo, R., & Phipps, S. (2004). Realidad latina: Latino adolescents, their school, and a university use photovoice to examine and address the influence of immigration. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 18(4), 403-415. doi: 10. 1080/13561820400011701.
79. Syme, L. (2001). Community participation, empowerment, and health: Development of a wellness guide for California. In M. Jamner Schneider & D. Stokols (Eds.), Promoting human wellness: New frontiers for research, practice, and policy (pp. 78-98). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
80. Tharenos, C. L., & Santorino, D. (2009). Photographing Ugandan physical activity: Perspectives from Mbararan youth. Progress in Community Health Partnerships: Research, Education, and Action, 3(2), 123-132. doi: 10. 1353/cpr. 0. 0069.
81. Trinidad, A. M. (2009). Toward kuleana (responsibility): A case study of a contextually grounded intervention for Native Hawaiian youth and young adults. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 14(6), 488-498. doi: 10. 1016/j. avb. 2009. 07. 008.
82. van Sluys, K. (2010). Trying on and trying out: Participatory action research as a tool for literacy and identity work in middle grades classrooms. American Journal of Community Psychology, 46, 139-151. doi: 10. 1007/s10464-010-9319-8.
83. Vaughn, L. M., Rojas-Guyler, L., & Howell, B. (2008). "Picturing" health: A Photovoice pilot of Latina girls' perceptions of health. Family & Community Health, 31, 305-316. doi: 10. 1097/01. FCH. 0000336093. 39066. e9.
84. Veinot, T. C., Flicker, S. E., Skinner, H. A., McClelland, A., Saulnier, P., Read, S. E., et al. (2006). "Supposed to make you better but it doesn't really": HIV-positive youths' perceptions of HIV treatment. Journal of Adolescent Health, 38(3), 261-267. doi: 10. 1016/j. jadohealth. 2005. 03. 008.
85. Viswanathan, M., Ammerman, A., Eng, E., Gartlehner, G., Lohr, K. N., Griffith, D., et al. (2004). Community-based participatory research: Assessing the evidence. Evidence Report/Technology Assessment No. 99 (Prepared by RTI-University of North Carolina Evidence-based Practice Center under Contract No. 290-02-0016). AHRQ Publication 04-E022-2. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Retrieved from http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/books/NBK37280/.
86. Wallerstein, N., & Duran, B. (2008). The theoretical, historical, and practice roots of community based participatory research. In M. Minkler & N. Wallerstein (Eds.), Community-based participatory research for health (pp. 27-52). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
87. Wang, C., & Burris, M. (1997). Photovoice: Concept, methodology, and use for participatory needs assessment. Health Education and Behaviour, 24, 369-387. doi: 10. 1177/109019819702400309.
88. Wang, C. C., & Pies, C. A. (2004). Family, maternal, and child health through photovoice. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 8(2), 95-102. doi: 10. 1023/B: MACI. 0000025732. 32293. 4f.
89. Weeks, M. R., Liao, S. B., Li, F. B., Li, J. A., Dunn, J. A., He, B., et al. (2010). Challenges, strategies, and lessons learned from a participatory community intervention study to promote female condoms among rural sex workers in Southern China. AIDS Education and Prevention, 22(3), 252-271. doi: 10. 1521/aeap. 2010. 22. 3. 252.
90. Wilson, N., Minkler, M., Dasho, S., Carrillo, R., Wallerstein, N., & Garcia, D. (2006). Training students as facilitators in the Youth Empowerment Strategies (YES!) project. Journal of Community Practice, 14(1-2), 201-217. doi: 10. 1300/J125v14n01_12.
91. Wilson, N., Minkler, M., Dasho, S., Wallerstein, N., & Martin, A. C. (2008). Getting into social action: The Youth Empowerment Strategies (YES!) project. Health Promotion Practice, 9(4), 395-403. doi: 10. 1177/1524839906289072.
92. Yonas, M. A., Burke, J. G., Rak, K., Bennett, A., Kelly, V., & Gielen, A. C. (2009). A picture's worth a thousand words: Engaging youth in CBPR using the creative arts. Progress in Community Health Partnerships: Research, Education, and Action, 3(4), 349-358. doi: 10. 1353/cpr. 0. 0090.
93. Zimmerman, C. (2005). The development of scientific reasoning skills: What psychologists contribute to an understanding of elementary science learning. Final draft of a report to the National Research Council Committee on Science Learning Kindergarten through Eighth Grade. Washington, DC: National Research Council.