Pharmacologic management of chronic reno-cardiac syndrome

Current Heart Failure Reports

Volumn 10, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 54-62

  Hawwa, Nael ^a   Schreiber Jr , Martin J ^b   Tang, W H Wilson ^b  

^a Medicine Institute   (United States)

^b LERNER RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

Cardiorenal syndrome; Hypervolemia; Management; Renin angiotensin aldosterone system; Renocardiac syndrome; Sympathetic nervous system

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; AMLODIPINE; ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ATORVASTATIN; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CANDESARTAN; CARVEDILOL; CINACALCET; CLOPIDOGREL; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; ENALAPRIL; ERYTHROPOIETIN; EZETIMIBE PLUS SIMVASTATIN; FOSINOPRIL; HOMOCYSTEINE; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; IRON; LOSARTAN; METOPROLOL; PATIROMER; PERINDOPRIL; PHOSPHATE BINDING AGENT; PHOSPHORUS; PLACEBO; PRAVASTATIN; RAMIPRIL; ROSUVASTATIN; SEVELAMER; SPIRONOLACTONE; TELMISARTAN;

ADRENERGIC SYSTEM; AMINO ACID BLOOD LEVEL; ANEMIA; ARTICLE; CALCIUM METABOLISM; CARDIORENAL SYNDROME; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR MORTALITY; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CONTINUOUS AMBULATORY PERITONEAL DIALYSIS; CORONARY ARTERY CALCIFICATION; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY; HEART FAILURE; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE FAILURE; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE OVERLOAD; HEMODIALYSIS; HEMODIALYSIS PATIENT; HEMOGLOBIN BLOOD LEVEL; HEMOGLOBIN DETERMINATION; HUMAN; HYPERKALEMIA; HYPERLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERVOLEMIA; KIDNEY FAILURE; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); MICROALBUMINURIA; MICROANGIOPATHY; MORTALITY; NEPHROSCLEROSIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHOSPHATE METABOLISM; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT;

EID: 84873713195     PISSN: 15469530     EISSN: 15469549     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11897-012-0122-8     Document Type: Article

References (95)

1. Ronco C, Haapio M, House AA, et al. Cardiorenal syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52(19):1527-39.
2. Muntner P, He J, Hamm L, et al. Renal insufficiency and subsequent death resulting from cardiovascular disease in the United States. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002;13(3):745-53.
3. Collins AJ. Cardiovascular mortality in end-stage renal disease. Am J Med Sci. 2003;325(4):163-7.
4. Go AS, Chertow GM, Fan D, et al. Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalization. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(13):1296-305.
5. Sarnak MJ, Levey AS. Cardiovascular disease and chronic renal disease: a new paradigm. Am J Kidney Dis. 2000;35(4 Suppl 1):S117-31.
6. Muntner P, Hamm LL, Kusek JW, et al. The prevalence of nontraditional risk factors for coronary heart disease in patients with chronic kidney disease. Ann Intern Med. 2004;140(1):9-17.
7. • Shastri S, Sarnak MJ. Cardiovascular disease and CKD: core curriculum 2010. Am J Kidney Dis. 2010;56(2):399-417. A comprehensive evidence-based review of cardiovascular disease in CKD including its epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment.
8. FHN Trial Group, Chertow GM, Levin NW, Beck GJ, et al. In-center hemodialysis six times per week versus three times per week. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(24):2287-300.
9. Wali RK, Wang GS, Gottlieb SS, et al. Effect of kidney transplantation on left ventricular systolic dysfunction and congestive heart failure in patients with end-stage renal disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45(7):1051-60.
10. Julius S, Nesbitt S. Clinical consequences of the autonomic imbalance in hypertension and congestive heart failure. Scand Cardiovasc J Suppl. 1998;47:23-30.
11. Winton FR. The influence of venous pressure on the isolated mammalian kidney. J Physiol. 1931;72(1):49-61.
12. Mullens W, Abrahams Z, Skouri HN, et al. Elevated intra-abdominal pressure in acute decompensated heart failure: a potential contributor to worsening renal function? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51(3):300-6.
13. Anavekar NS, McMurray JJ, Velazquez EJ, et al. Relation between renal dysfunction and cardiovascular outcomes after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(13):1285-95.
14. Coca SG, Krumholz HM, Garg AX, Parikh CR. Underrepresentation of renal disease in randomized controlled trials of cardiovascular disease. JAMA. 2006;296(11):1377-84.
15. Berger AK, Duval S, Krumholz HM. Aspirin, beta-blocker, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy in patients with end-stage renal disease and an acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42(2):201-8.
16. Sohal AS, Gangji AS, Crowther MA, Treleaven D. Uremic bleeding: pathophysiology and clinical risk factors. Thromb Res. 2006;118(3):417-22.
17. Jardine MJ, Ninomiya T, Perkovic V, et al. Aspirin is beneficial in hypertensive patients with chronic kidney disease: a post-hoc subgroup analysis of a randomized controlled trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56(12):956-65.
18. Best PJ, Steinhubl SR, Berger PB, et al. The efficacy and safety of short- and long-term dual antiplatelet therapy in patients with mild or moderate chronic kidney disease: results from the Clopidogrel for the Reduction of Events During Observation (CREDO) trial. Am Heart J. 2008;155(4):687-93.
19. Dasgupta A, Steinhubl SR, Bhatt DL, et al. Clinical outcomes of patients with diabetic nephropathy randomized to clopidogrel plus aspirin versus aspirin alone (a post hoc analysis of the clopidogrel for high atherothrombotic risk and ischemic stabilization, management, and avoidance [CHARISMA] trial). Am J Cardiol. 2009;103(10):1359-63.
20. Turnbull F, Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists' Collaboration. Effects of different blood-pressure-lowering regimens on major cardiovascular events: results of prospectively-designed overviews of randomised trials. Lancet. 2003;362(9395):1527-35.
21. Perkovic V, Ninomiya T, Arima H, et al. Chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular events, and the effects of perindopril-based blood pressure lowering: data from the PROGRESS study. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;18(10):2766-72.
22. Mann JF, Gerstein HC, Pogue J, et al. Renal insufficiency as a predictor of cardiovascular outcomes and the impact of ramipril: the HOPE randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2001;134(8):629-36.
23. Zager PG, Nikolic J, Brown RH, et al. «U» curve association of blood pressure and mortality in hemodialysis patients. Medical Directors of Dialysis Clinic, Inc. Kidney Int. 1998;54(2):561-9.
24. Chen CL, Huang SS, Huang JS. Cholesterol modulates cellular TGF-beta responsiveness by altering TGF-beta binding to TGF-beta receptors. J Cell Physiol. 2008;215(1):223-33.
25. Bottinger EP, Bitzer M. TGF-beta signaling in renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002;13(10):2600-10.
26. Sandhu S, Wiebe N, Fried LF, Tonelli M. Statins for improving renal outcomes: a meta-analysis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;17(7):2006-16.
27. Tonelli M, Moye L, Sacks FM, Kiberd B, Curhan G, Cholesterol and Recurrent Events (CARE) Trial Investigators. Pravastatin for secondary prevention of cardiovascular events in persons with mild chronic renal insufficiency. Ann Intern Med. 2003;138(2):98-104.
28. Baigent C, Landray MJ, Reith C, et al. The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with simvastatin plus ezetimibe in patients with chronic kidney disease (Study of Heart and Renal Protection): a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2011;377(9784):2181-92.
29. Degoulet P, Legrain M, Reach I, et al. Mortality risk factors in patients treated by chronic hemodialysis. Report of the Diaphane collaborative study. Nephron. 1982;31(2):103-10.
30. Liu Y, Coresh J, Eustace JA, et al. Association between cholesterol level and mortality in dialysis patients: role of inflammation and malnutrition. JAMA. 2004;291(4):451-9.
31. Wanner C, Krane V, Marz W, et al. Atorvastatin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus undergoing hemodialysis. N Engl J Med. 2005;353(3):238-48.
32. Fellstrom BC, Jardine AG, Schmieder RE, et al. Rosuvastatin and cardiovascular events in patients undergoing hemodialysis. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(14):1395-407.
33. Marz W, Genser B, Drechsler C, et al. Atorvastatin and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients on hemodialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;6(6):1316-25.
34. Gerstein HC, Mann JF, Pogue J, et al. Prevalence and determinants of microalbuminuria in high-risk diabetic and nondiabetic patients in the Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study. The HOPE Study Investigators. Diabetes Care. 2000;23 Suppl 2:B35-9.
35. Ibsen H, Olsen MH, Wachtell K, et al. Reduction in albuminuria translates to reduction in cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy and diabetes. J Nephrol. 2008;21(4):566-9.
36. Araki S, Haneda M, Koya D, et al. Reduction in microalbuminuria as an integrated indicator for renal and cardiovascular risk reduction in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2007;56(6):1727-30.
37. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet 1998;352(9131):837-853.
38. Selvin E, Marinopoulos S, Berkenblit G, et al. Meta-analysis: glycosylated hemoglobin and cardiovascular disease in diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med. 2004;141(6):421-31.
39. ADVANCE Collaborative Group, Patel A, MacMahon S, Chalmers J, et al. Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(24):2560-72.
40. Duckworth W, Abraira C, Moritz T, et al. Glucose control and vascular complications in veterans with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(2):129-39.
41. Nathan DM, Cleary PA, Backlund JY, et al. Intensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2005;353(25):2643-53.
42. Metivier F, Marchais SJ, Guerin AP, et al. Pathophysiology of anaemia: focus on the heart and blood vessels. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2000;15 Suppl 3:14-8.
43. Foley RN, Parfrey PS, Harnett JD, et al. The impact of anemia on cardiomyopathy, morbidity, and and mortality in end-stage renal disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 1996;28(1):53-61.
44. Silverberg DS, Wexler D, Blum M, et al. The use of subcutaneous erythropoietin and intravenous iron for the treatment of the anemia of severe, resistant congestive heart failure improves cardiac and renal function and functional cardiac class, and markedly reduces hospitalizations. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;35(7):1737-44.
45. Silverberg DS, Wexler D, Sheps D, et al. The effect of correction of mild anemia in severe, resistant congestive heart failure using subcutaneous erythropoietin and intravenous iron: a randomized controlled study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;37(7):1775-80.
46. Besarab A, Bolton WK, Browne JK, et al. The effects of normal as compared with low hematocrit values in patients with cardiac disease who are receiving hemodialysis and epoetin. New Engl J Med. 1998;339(9):584-90.
47. Phrommintikul A, Haas SJ, Elsik M, Krum H. Mortality and target haemoglobin concentrations in anaemic patients with chronic kidney disease treated with erythropoietin: a meta-analysis. Lancet. 2007;369(9559):381-8.
48. Palmer SC, Navaneethan SD, Craig JC, et al. Meta-analysis: erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in patients with chronic kidney disease. Ann Intern Med. 2010;153(1):23-33.
49. Block G, Port FK. Calcium phosphate metabolism and cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic kidney disease. Semin Dial. 2003;16(2):140-7.
50. Okechukwu CN, Lopes AA, Stack AG, et al. Impact of years of dialysis therapy on mortality risk and the characteristics of longer term dialysis survivors. Am J Kidney Dis. 2002;39(3):533-8.
51. Chertow GM, Burke SK, Raggi P, Treat to Goal Working Group. Sevelamer attenuates the progression of coronary and aortic calcification in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int. 2002;62(1):245-52.
52. Amgen. 2012; Available at: http://www.amgen.com/media/media-pr-detail. jsp?releaseID=1703773. Accessed September 21st, 2012.
53. Navaneethan SD, Palmer SC, Vecchio M, et al. Phosphate binders for preventing and treating bone disease in chronic kidney disease patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;2(2):CD006023.
54. Eikelboom JW, Lonn E, Genest Jr J, et al. Homocyst(e)ine and cardiovascular disease: a critical review of the epidemiologic evidence. Ann Intern Med. 1999;131(5):363-75.
55. Wollesen F, Brattstrom L, Refsum H, et al. Plasma total homocysteine and cysteine in relation to glomerular filtration rate in diabetes mellitus. Kidney Int. 1999;55(3):1028-35.
56. Homocysteine Studies Collaboration. Homocysteine and risk of ischemic heart disease and stroke: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2002;288(16):2015-22.
57. Bonaa KH, Njolstad I, Ueland PM, et al. Homocysteine lowering and cardiovascular events after acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(15):1578-88.
58. Wrone EM, Hornberger JM, Zehnder JL, et al. Randomized trial of folic acid for prevention of cardiovascular events in end-stage renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004;15(2):420-6.
59. Welch GN, Loscalzo J. Homocysteine and atherothrombosis. N Engl J Med. 1998;338(15):1042-50.
60. Kittleson M, Hurwitz S, Shah MR, et al. Development of circulatory-renal limitations to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors identifies patients with severe heart failure and early mortality. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41(11):2029-35.
61. Ljungman S, Kjekshus J, Swedberg K. Renal function in severe congestive heart failure during treatment with enalapril (the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study [CONSENSUS] Trial). Am J Cardiol. 1992;70(4):479-87.
62. Testani JM, Kimmel SE, Dries DL, Coca SG. Prognostic importance of early worsening renal function after initiation of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy in patients with cardiac dysfunction. Circ Heart Fail. 2011;4(6):685-91.
63. Hou FF, Zhang X, Zhang GH, et al. Efficacy and safety of benazepril for advanced chronic renal insufficiency. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(2):131-40.
64. • Cice G, Di Benedetto A, D'Isa S, et al. Effects of telmisartan added to Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on mortality and morbidity in hemodialysis patients with chronic heart failure a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56(21):1701-8. One of the few double-blinded, randomized controlled trials of cardiovascular medications in CKD.
65. Takahashi A, Takase H, Toriyama T, et al. Candesartan, an angiotensin II type-1 receptor blocker, reduces cardiovascular events in patients on chronic haemodialysis-a randomized study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2006;21(9):2507-12.
66. Shibasaki Y, Masaki H, Nishiue T, et al. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist, losartan, causes regression of left ventricular hypertrophy in end-stage renal disease. Nephron. 2002;90(3):256-61.
67. Suzuki H, Nakamoto H, Okada H, et al. A selective angiotensin receptor antagonist, Valsartan, produced regression of left ventricular hypertrophy associated with a reduction of arterial stiffness. Adv Perit Dial. 2003;19:59-66.
68. Edwards NC, Steeds RP, Stewart PM, et al. Effect of spironolactone on left ventricular mass and aortic stiffness in early-stage chronic kidney disease: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54(6):505-12.
69. Edwards NC, Ferro CJ, Kirkwood H, et al. Effect of spironolactone on left ventricular systolic and diastolic function in patients with early stage chronic kidney disease. Am J Cardiol. 2010;106(10):1505-11.
70. Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D, et al. Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(12):861-9.
71. Bianchi S, Bigazzi R, Campese VM. Antagonists of aldosterone and proteinuria in patients with CKD: an uncontrolled pilot study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2005;46(1):45-51.
72. Navaneethan SD, Nigwekar SU, Sehgal AR, Strippoli GF. Aldosterone antagonists for preventing the progression of chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;4(3):542-51.
73. Juurlink DN, Mamdani MM, Lee DS, et al. Rates of hyperkalemia after publication of the Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(6):543-51.
74. • Shavit L, Lifschitz MD, Epstein M. Aldosterone blockade and the mineralocorticoid receptor in the management of chronic kidney disease: current concepts and emerging treatment paradigms. Kidney Int. 2012;81(10):955-68. A comprehensive review of mineralocorticoid antagonism in the setting of CKD - renoprotective effects and safety.
75. Pitt B, Anker SD, Bushinsky DA, et al. Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of RLY5016, a polymeric potassium binder, in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study in patients with chronic heart failure (the PEARL-HF) trial. Eur Heart J. 2011;32(7):820-8.
76. Ghali JK, Wikstrand J, Van Veldhuisen DJ, et al. The influence of renal function on clinical outcome and response to beta-blockade in systolic heart failure: insights from Metoprolol CR/XL Randomized Intervention Trial in Chronic HF (MERIT-HF). J Card Fail. 2009;15(4):310-8.
77. Cice G, Ferrara L, Di Benedetto A, et al. Dilated cardiomyopathy in dialysis patients-beneficial effects of carvedilol: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;37(2):407-11.
78. Cice G, Ferrara L, D'Andrea A, et al. Carvedilol increases two-year survivalin dialysis patients with dilated cardiomyopathy: a prospective, placebo-controlled trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41(9):1438-44.
79. Wright Jr JT, Bakris G, Greene T, et al. Effect of blood pressure lowering and antihypertensive drug class on progression of hypertensive kidney disease: results from the AASK trial. JAMA. 2002;288(19):2421-31.
80. Foley RN, Herzog CA, Collins AJ. United States Renal Data System. Blood pressure and long-term mortality in United States hemodialysis patients: USRDS Waves 3 and 4 Study. Kidney Int. 2002;62(5):1784-90.
81. Badve SV, Roberts MA, Hawley CM, et al. Effects of beta-adrenergic antagonists in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58(11):1152-61.
82. Bakris GL, Hart P, Ritz E. Beta blockers in the management of chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2006;70(11):1905-13.
83. Giner V, Tormos C, Chaves FJ, et al. Microalbuminuria and oxidative stress in essential hypertension. J Intern Med. 2004;255(5):588-94.
84. Marchi F, Ciriello G. Efficacy of carvedilol in mild to moderate essential hypertension and effects on microalbuminuria: a multicenter, randomized, open-label, controlled study versus atenolol. Adv Ther. 1995;12(4):212-21.
85. Bock JS, Gottlieb SS. Cardiorenal syndrome: new perspectives. Circulation. 2010;121(23):2592-600.
86. Testani JM, Chen J, McCauley BD, et al. Potential effects of aggressive decongestion during the treatment of decompensated heart failure on renal function and survival. Circulation. 2010;122(3):265-72.
87. Chan CT, Floras JS, Miller JA, et al. Regression of left ventricular hypertrophy after conversion to nocturnal hemodialysis. Kidney Int. 2002;61(6):2235-9.
88. Chan C, Floras JS, Miller JA, Pierratos A. Improvement in ejection fraction by nocturnal haemodialysis in end-stage renal failure patients with coexisting heart failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2002;17(8):1518-21.
89. Enia G, Mallamaci F, Benedetto FA, et al. Long-term CAPD patients are volume expanded and display more severe left ventricular hypertrophy than haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2001;16(7):1459-64.
90. Konings CJ, Kooman JP, Schonck M, et al. Effect of icodextrin on volume status, blood pressure and echocardiographic parameters: a randomized study. Kidney Int. 2003;63(4):1556-63.
91. Asci G, Ozkahya M, Duman S, et al. Volume control associated with better cardiac function in long-term peritoneal dialysis patients. Perit Dial Int. 2006;26(1):85-8.
92. Li PK, Chow KM, Wong TY, et al. Effects of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor on residual renal function in patients receiving peritoneal dialysis. A randomized, controlled study. Ann Intern Med. 2003;139(2):105-12.
93. Wang AY, Lai KN. The importance of residual renal function in dialysis patients. Kidney Int. 2006;69(10):1726-32.
94. Trespalacios FC, Taylor AJ, Agodoa LY, et al. Heart failure as a cause for hospitalization in chronic dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;41(6):1267-77.
95. Zannad F, Kessler M, Lehert P, et al. Prevention of cardiovascular events in end-stage renal disease: results of a randomized trial of fosinopril and implications for future studies. Kidney Int. 2006;70(7):1318-24.