Does Gender Matter? The Effect of Gender Representation of Public Bureaucracy on Governmental Performance

American Review of Public Administration

Volumn 43, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 221-242

  Park, Sanghee ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

gender representation; governmental performance; public bureaucracy

Indexed keywords

EID: 84873691247     PISSN: 02750740     EISSN: 15523357     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0275074012439933     Document Type: Article

References (103)

1. Adams G. B.Racism, community, and democracy: The ethics of affirmative action.Public Productivity and Management Review. 1997;20:243-257.
2. Andersen K.The gender gap and experiences with the welfare state.Political Science and Politics. 1999;32 (1): 17-19.
3. Andrew C.Women and the welfare state.Canadian Journal of Political Science. 1984;17:667-684.
4. Andrews R.,Boyne A. G.,Meier K. J.,O'Toole L. J.,Walker R. M.Representative bureaucracy, organizational strategy, and public service performance: An empirical analysis of English local government.Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory. 2005;15:489-504.
5. Bardach E.,Kagan R. A.Going by the Book: The Problem of Regulatory Unreasonableness. Temple University Press; 1981:.
6. Baumgartner F. R.,Jones B. D.Agendas and instability in American politics. The University of Chicago Press; 2009:.
7. Bell A.The language of news media. Oxford: Blackwell; 1991:.
8. Box G.,Jenkins G. M.,Reinsel G. C.Time series analysis: Forecasting and control. 2008). Time series analysis: Forecasting and control (4th ed.). New York, NY: Wiley.New York, NY: Wiley; 2008:.
9. Boyne A. G.,Jenkins G.,Poole M.Human resource management in the public and private sectors: An empirical comparison.Public Administration. 1999;77:407-420.
10. Boyne A. G.,Walker R. M.Introducing the determinants of performance in public organizations" symposium.Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory. 2005;15:483-488.
11. Bradbury M. D.,Kellough E. J.Representative bureaucracy: Exploring the potential for active representation in local government.Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory. 2007;18:697-714.
12. Bratton K. A.Critical mass theory revisited: The behavior and success of token women in state legislatures.Politics and Gender. 2005;1 (1): 97-125.
13. Bratton K. A.,Haynie K. L.Agenda setting and legislative success in state legislatures: The effects of gender and race.Journal of Politics. 1999;61:658-679.
14. Brudney J. L.,Hebert F. T.,Wright D. S.From organizational values to organizational roles: Examining representative bureaucracy in state administration.Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory. 2000;16:244-257.
15. Bullard A. M.,Wright D. S.Circumventing the glass ceiling: Women executives in American state governments.Public Administration Review. 1993;53:189-202.
16. Caiden N. J.,Caiden G. E.Managing Diversity in Civil Service. Amsterdam: IOS Press; 2001:123-136.
17. Carroll S. J.The politics of difference: Women public officials as agents of change.Stanford Law and Policy Review. 1994;5 (2): 11-20.
18. Choi S.Diversity in the US federal government: Diversity management and employee turnover in federal agencies.Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory. 2009;19:603-630.
19. Cook F. L.,Tyler T. R.,Goetz E. G.,Gordon M. T.,Protess D.,Leff D. R.,Molotch H. L.Media and Agenda Setting: Effects on the Public, Interest Group Leaders, Policy Makers, and Policy.Public Opinion Quarterly. 1983;47 (1): 16-35.
20. Cornwell C.,Kellough J. E.Women and minorities in federal agencies: Examining new evidence from panel data.Public Administration Review. 1994;54:265-270.
21. Curtis E. F.,Dreachslin J. L.Intergrative literature review: Diversity management interventions and organizati0onal performance: A synthesis of current literature.Human Resource Development Review. 2008;7 (1): 107-134.
22. Dodson D. L.The impact of women in Congress. Oxford University Press; 2006:.
23. Dolan J. A.The senior executive service: Gender, attitudes, and representative bureaucracy.Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory. 2000;10:513-529.
24. Dolan J. A.Representative bureaucracy in the federal executive: Gender and spending priorities.Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory. 2002;12:353-375.
25. Edley C. F.Administrative law: Rethinking judicial control of bureaucracy. Yale University Press; 1992:.
26. Esptein D.,O'Halloran S.Divided government and the design of administrative procedures: A formal model and empirical test.Journal of Politics. 1996;58:373-397.
27. Gallas N. M.Representativeness: A new merit principle.Public Personnel Management. 1985;14:25-31.
28. Gamson W. A.,Modigliani A.Media discourse and public opinion on nuclear power: A constructionist approach.American Journal of Sociology. 1989;95 (1): 1-37.
29. Geller-Schwartz L.Comparative state feminism. Stetson D. M.Mazur A. G., ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 1995:40-58.
30. Gidengil E.,Everitt J.Metaphors and misrepresentation: Gendered mediation in news coverage of the 1993 Canadian leaders' debates.Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics. 1999;4:48-65.
31. Golembiewski R.Managing diversity in organizations. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press; 1995:.
32. Gujarati D. N.Essentials of econometrics. 2005). Essentials of econometrics (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill/ Irwin.McGraw-Hill/ Irwin; 2005:.
33. Gupta S.,Verhoeven M.,Tiongson E. R.The effectiveness of government spending on education and health care in developing and transaction economies.European Journal of Political Economy. 2002;18:717-737.
34. Hilgartner S.,Bosk C. L.The rise and fall of social problems: A public arenas model.American Journal of Sociology. 1988;94 (1): 53-78.
35. Hindera J. J.Representative bureaucracy: Further evidence of active representation in the EEOC district offices.Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory. 1993;3:415-429.
36. Jacobson W. S.,Palus C. K.,Bowling C. J.A woman's touch? Gendered mangement and performance in state administration.Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory. 2009;20:477-504.
37. Jehn K. A.,Northcraft G. B.,Neale M. A.Why some differences make a difference: A field study of diversity, conflict, and performance in workgroups.Administrative Science Quarterly. 1999;44:741-763.
38. Jones D. B.,Baumgartner F. R.The politics of attention: How government prioritizes problems. The University of Chicago Press; 2005:.
39. Kanter R. M.Men and women of the corporation. New York, NY: Basic Books; 1977a:.
40. Kanter R. M.Some effects of proportions on group life: Skewed sex ratios and responses to token women.American Journal of Sociology. 1977b;82:965-990.
41. Kanthak K.,Krause G. A.Valuing diversity in political organizations: Gender and token minorities in the U.S. House of Representatives.American Journal of Political Science. 2010;54:839-854.
42. Keiser L. R.,Wilkins V. M.,Meier K. J.,Holland C. A.Lipstick and Logarithms: Gender, Institutional Context, and Representative Bureaucracy.American Political Science Review. 2002;96:553-564.
43. Kettl D. F.,Fesler J. W.The politics of the administrative process. 2005). The politics of the administrative process (3rd ed). CQ Press, Washington. D.C.Washington. D.C: CQ Press; 2005:.
44. Kim C.,Jung Y. D.Institutionalizing the National Assembly in Korea, 1948-2006.Korean Journal of Public Administration. 2006;44 (4): 91-129.
45. Kingsley J. D.Representative bureaucracy. Yellow Springs, OH: Antioch press; 1944:.
46. Klijn E.-H.,Skelcher C.Democracy and governance networks: Compatible or not?".Public Administration. 2007;85:587-608.
47. Kranz H.The participatory bureaucracy: Women and minorities in a more representative public service. Lexington, MA.: Health; 1976:.
48. Krislov S.Representative bureaucracy. Englewood Cliffs. NJ: Prentice-Hall; 1974:.
49. Lim H.-H.Representative bureaucracy: Rethinking substantive effects and active representation.Public Administration Review. 2006;66:193-204.
50. Long N. E.Bureaucracy and constitutionalism.American Political Science Review. 1952;46:808-818.
51. Lovenduski J.State feminism and political representation. Cambridge University Press; 2005:.
52. Majone G.From the positive to the regulatory state: Causes and consequences of changes in the mode of governance.Journal of Public Policy. 1997;17:139-167.
53. McCombs M. E.,Shaw D. L.The agenda-setting function of mass media.Public Opinion Quarterly. 1972;36:176-187.
54. Meier K. J.Latinos and representative bureaucracy: Testing the Thompson and Henderson Hypotheses.Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory. 1993a;3:393-414.
55. Meier K. J.Representative bureaucracy: A theoretical and empirical exposition.Research in Public Administration. 1993b;2:1-35.
56. Meier K. J.Politics and the bureaucracy: Policymaking in the Fourth Branch of Government. 2000). Politics and the bureaucracy: Policymaking in the Fourth Branch of Government (4th ed.). Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt.Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt; 2000:.
57. Meier K. J.,Bohte J.Structure and discretion: Missing links in representative bureaucracy.Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory. 2001;11:455-470.
58. Meier K. J.,Nigro L.Representative bureaucracy and policy preferences: A study in the attitudes of federal executives.Public Administration Review. 1976;36:458-469.
59. Meier K. J.,O'Toole L. J.Bureaucracy in a democratic state: A governance perspective. Johns Hopkins University Press; 2006:.
60. Meier K. J.,O'Toole L. J.,Goerdel H. T.Management activity and program performance: Gender as management capital.Public Administration Review. 2006;:24-36.
61. Mintzberg H.Power in and around organizations. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall; 1983:.
62. Mosher F. M.Democracy and the public service. 1982). Democracy and the public service (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1982:.
63. Moynihan D. P.,Pandey S. K.Testing how management matters in an era of government by performance management.Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory. 2004;15:421-439.
64. Naff K. C.,Kellough C.Ensuring employment equity: Are federal diversity programs making a difference?".International Journal of Public Administration. 2003;26:1307-1336.
65. OECD Factbook: Economic, Environmental and Social Statistics. Paris, France: Author; 2008:.
66. Page P.African-Americans in executive branch agencies.Review of Public Personnel Administration. 1994;14 (1): 24-51.
67. Park S. H.,Kim B. S.An analysis of the effects of affirmative action on the representative bureaucracy in Korea.Korean Public Administration Review. 2006;40:179-203.
68. Pitkin H. F.The concept of representation. Los Angeles: University of California Press; 1967:.
69. Pitts D. W.Diversity, representation, and performance: Evidence about race and ethnicity in public organizations.Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory. 2005;15:615-631.
70. Pitts D. W.Diversity management, job satisfaction, and performance: Evidence from U.S. federal agencies.Public Administration Review. 2009;69:328-338.
71. Powell G. N.Women and men in management. 1993). Women and men in management (2nd ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Newbury Park, CA: Sage; 1993:.
72. Rainey H. G.Understanding and managing public organizations. 2003). Understanding and managing public organizations (3rd ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass; 2003:.
73. Riccucci N. M.Unsung heroes: Federal execucrats making a difference. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press; 1995:.
74. Riccucci N. M.Managing diversity in public sector workforces. Boulder, CO: Westview Press; 2002:.
75. Riccucci N. M.,Meyers M. K.Linking passive and active representation: The case of frontline workers in welfare agencies.Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory. 2004;14:585-597.
76. Rosenbloom D. H.Editorial: Have an administrative Rx? Don't forget the politics!".Public Administration Review. 1993;53:503-507.
77. Rosenbloom D. H.,Kravchuk R. S.Public administration: Understanding management, politics, and law in the public sector. 2005). Public administration: Understanding management, politics, and law in the public sector (6th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2005:.
78. Rubin E. L.Law and legislation in the administrative state.Columbia Law Review. 1989;89:369-426.
79. Saidel J. R.,Loscocco K.Agency Leaders, Gendered Institutions, and Representative Bureaucracy.Public Administration Review. 2005;65 (2): 158-170.
80. Saint-Germain M.Does their difference make a difference? The impact of women on public policy in the Arizona legislature.Social Science Quarterly. 1989;70:956-968.
81. Salamon L. M.The tools of government: A guide to the new governance. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 2002:.
82. Saltzstein G. H.Representative bureaucracy and bureaucratic responsibility: Problems and prospects.Administration and Society. 1979;10:464-475.
83. Saltzstein G. H.Conceptualizing bureaucratic responsiveness.Administration and Society. 1985;17:283-306.
84. Selden S. C.Representative bureaucracy: Examining the linkage between passive and active representation in the farmers home administration.American Review of Public Administration. 1997;27:22-42.
85. Selden S. C.,Brudney J. L.,Kellough J. E.Bureaucracy as a representative institution: Toward a reconciliation of bureaucratic government and democratic theory.American Journal of Political Science. 1998;42:717-744.
86. Shapiro R. Y.,Mahajan H.Gender differences in policy preferences: A summary of trends from the 1960s to the 1980s.Public Opinion Quarterly. 1986;50 (1): 42-61.
87. Skocpol T.Protecting soldiers and mothers: The political origins of social policy in the United States. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University; 1992:.
88. Sowa J. E.,Selden S. C.Administrative discretion and active representation: An expansion of the theory of representative bureaucracy.Public Administration Review. 2003;63:700-710.
89. Stivers C.The listening bureaucrat: Responsiveness in public administration.Public Administration Review. 1994;54:364-369.
90. Stivers C.Gender images in public administration: Legitimacy and the administrative state. 2002). Gender images in public administration: Legitimacy and the administrative state (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 2002:.
91. Swers M. L.The difference women make: The policy impact of women in Congress. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 2002:.
92. Thomas S.The impact of women on state legislative policies.Journal of Politics. 1991;53:958-976.
93. Thomas S.,Welch S.The impact of gender on activities and priorities of state legislators.Western Political Quarterly. 1991;44:445-456.
94. Thompson F. J.Minority groups in public bureaucracies: Are passive and active representation linked?".Administration and Society. 1976;8:201-226.
95. Tsui A.,Egan T.,O'Reilly C.Being different: Relational demography and organizational attachment.Administrative Science Quarterly. 1992;37:549-579.
96. Van Slyke D. M.,Alexander R. W.Public service leadership: Opportunities for clarity and coherence.American Review of Public Administration. 2006;36:362-374.
97. Walker R. M.,Boyne G. A.,Brewer G. A.Public management and performance. Cambridge University Press; 2010:.
98. Watson W.,Kumar K.,Michaelson L.Cultural diversity's impact on interaction process and performance: Comparing homogeneous and diverse task groups.Academy of Management Journal. 1993;36:590-602.
99. Whitford A. B.,Wilkins V. M.,Ball M. G.Descriptive representation and policymaking authority: Evidence from women in cabinets and bureaucracies.Governance. 2007;20:559-580.
100. Wilkins V. M.Exploring the causal story: Gender, active representation, and bureaucratic priorities.Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory. 2006;17:77-94.
101. Wilkins V. M.,Keiser L. R.Linking passive and active representation by gender: The case of child support agencies.Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory. 2004;16:87-102.
102. Wise L. R.,Tschirhart M.Examining empirical evidence on diversity effects: How useful is diversity research for public-sector managers?".Public Administration Review. 2000;60:386-394.
103. Wood D. B.,Bohte J.Political transaction costs and the politics of administrative design.Journal of Politics. 2004;66:176-202.