Diagnosis, evaluation, and management of acute kidney injury: A KDIGO summary (Part 1)

Critical Care

Volumn 17, Issue 1, 2013, Pages

  Kellum, John A ^a   Lameire, Norbert ^b   Aspelin, Peter ^c   Barsoum, Rashad S ^d   Burdmann, Emmanuel A ^e   Goldstein, Stuart L ^f   Herzog, Charles A ^g   Joannidis, Michael ^h   Kribben, Andreas ⁱ   Levey, Andrew S ^j   Macleod, Alison M ^k   Mehta, Ravindra L ^l   Murray, Patrick T ^m   Naicker, Saraladevi ⁿ   Opal, Steven M ^o   Schaefer, Franz ^p   Schetz, Miet ^q   Uchino, Shigehiko ^r  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b GHENT UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Belgium)

^c KAROLINSKA INSTITUTE   (Sweden)

^d CAIRO UNIVERSITY   (Egypt)

^e UNIVERSITY OF SÃO PAULO   (Brazil)

^f CINCINNATI CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^g HENNEPIN COUNTY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^h INNSBRUCK MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (Austria)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY OF DUISBURG ESSEN   (Germany)

^j TUFTS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^k UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN   (United Kingdom)

^l UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^m UNIVERSITY COLLEGE DUBLIN   (Ireland)

ⁿ UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND   (South Africa)

^o BROWN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^p UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL HEIDELBERG   (Germany)

^q UNIVERSITY OF LEUVEN   (Belgium)

^r JIKEI UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (Japan)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALBUMIN; AMILORIDE PLUS HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE; AMINOGLYCOSIDE; AMPHOTERICIN; CONTRAST MEDIUM; CREATININE; DOPAMINE; FENOLDOPAM MESILATE; FUROSEMIDE; HETASTARCH; HYPERTENSIVE FACTOR; INSULIN; INTERLEUKIN 18; MANNITOL; NESIRITIDE; NORADRENALIN; ROLOFYLLINE; THEOPHYLLINE; CREATINE; DIURETIC AGENT; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; VASOCONSTRICTOR AGENT; VASODILATOR AGENT;

ACUTE KIDNEY FAILURE; ARTICLE; BLOOD CELL COUNT; BURN; CONTRAST INDUCED NEPHROPATHY; CREATININE BLOOD LEVEL; DISEASE SEVERITY; FLUID RESUSCITATION; FOLLOW UP; GLYCEMIC CONTROL; HEART SURGERY; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN TREATMENT; KIDNEY FUNCTION; OXYGENATION; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; RENAL PROTECTION; RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY; RISK ASSESSMENT; SEPSIS; SHOCK; UREA NITROGEN BLOOD LEVEL; URINE VOLUME; ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY; ANALYSIS; BLOOD; DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM; FLUID THERAPY; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT; OFF PUMP CORONARY SURGERY; URINE;

ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY; BLOOD GLUCOSE; CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS, OFF-PUMP; CREATINE; DECISION SUPPORT TECHNIQUES; DIURETICS; FLUID THERAPY; HUMANS; NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; RISK ASSESSMENT; VASOCONSTRICTOR AGENTS; VASODILATOR AGENTS;

EID: 84873522208     PISSN: 13648535     EISSN: 1466609X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/cc11454     Document Type: Article

References (150)

1. KDIGO AKI Work Group KDIGO clinical practice guideline for acute kidney injury. Kidney Int Suppl 2012, 2:1-138. KDIGO AKI Work Group.
2. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes. , http://www.kdigo.org
3. KDIGO Clinical Practice Guidelines: Online Appendix F. , http://www.kdigo.org/clinical_practice_guidelines/AKI.php
4. Uhlig K, Macleod A, Craig J, Lau J, Levey AS, Levin A, Moist L, Steinberg E, Walker R, Wanner C, Lameire N, Eknoyan G. Grading evidence and recommendations for clinical practice guidelines in nephrology. A position statement from Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). Kidney Int 2006, 70:2058-2065.
5. Atkins D, Best D, Briss PA, Eccles M, Falck-Ytter Y, Flottorp S, Guyatt GH, Harbour RT, Haugh MC, Henry D, Hill S, Jaeschke R, Leng G, Liberati A, Magrini N, Mason J, Middleton P, Mrukowicz J, O'Connell D, Oxman AD, Phillips B, Schünemann HJ, Edejer TT, Varonen H, Vist GE, Williams JW, Zaza S, GRADE Working Group Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ 2004, 328:1490. 428525, 15205295, GRADE Working Group.
6. Hoste EA, Clermont G, Kersten A, Venkataraman R, Angus DC, De Bacquer D, Kellum JA. RIFLE criteria for acute kidney injury are associated with hospital mortality in critically ill patients: a cohort analysis. Crit Care 2006, 10:R73. 10.1186/cc4915, 1550961, 16696865.
7. Uchino S, Bellomo R, Goldsmith D, Bates S, Ronco C. An assessment of the RIFLE criteria for acute renal failure in hospitalized patients. Crit Care Med 2006, 34:1913-1917. 10.1097/01.CCM.0000224227.70642.4F, 16715038.
8. Bellomo R, Ronco C, Kellum JA, Mehta RL, Palevsky P. Acute renal failure - definition, outcome measures, animal models, fluid therapy and information technology needs: the Second International Consensus Conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) Group. Crit Care 2004, 8:R204-R212. 10.1186/cc2872, 522841, 15312219.
9. Bagshaw SM, George C, Dinu I, Bellomo R. A multi-centre evaluation of the RIFLE criteria for early acute kidney injury in critically ill patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008, 23:1203-1210.
10. Kellum JA, Bellomo R, Ronco C. Classification of acute kidney injury using RIFLE: what's the purpose?. Crit Care Med 2007, 35:1983-1984. 10.1097/01.CCM.0000277518.67114.F8, 17667247.
11. Ricci Z, Cruz D, Ronco C. The RIFLE criteria and mortality in acute kidney injury: a systematic review. Kidney Int 2008, 73:538-546. 10.1038/sj.ki.5002743, 18160961.
12. Thakar CV, Christianson A, Freyberg R, Almenoff P, Render ML. Incidence and outcomes of acute kidney injury in intensive care units: a Veterans Administration study. Crit Care Med 2009, 37:2552-2558. 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181a5906f, 19602973.
13. Joannidis M, Metnitz B, Bauer P, Schusterschitz N, Moreno R, Druml W, Metnitz PG. Acute kidney injury in critically ill patients classified by AKIN versus RIFLE using the SAPS 3 database. Intensive Care Med 2009, 35:1692-1702. 10.1007/s00134-009-1530-4, 19547955.
14. Ostermann M, Chang RW. Acute kidney injury in the intensive care unit according to RIFLE. Crit Care Med 2007, 35:1837-1843. 10.1097/01.CCM.0000277041.13090.0A, 17581483.
15. Mehta RL, Kellum JA, Shah SV, Molitoris BA, Ronco C, Warnock DG, Levin A. Acute Kidney Injury Network: report of an initiative to improve outcomes in acute kidney injury. Crit Care 2007, 11:R31. 10.1186/cc5713, 2206446, 17331245.
16. Akcan-Arikan A, Zappitelli M, Loftis LL, Washburn KK, Jefferson LS, Goldstein SL. Modified RIFLE criteria in critically ill children with acute kidney injury. Kidney Int 2007, 71:1028-1035. 10.1038/sj.ki.5002231, 17396113.
17. Hoste EA, Kellum JA. Acute renal failure in the critically ill: impact on morbidity and mortality. Contrib Nephrol 2004, 144:1-11.
18. Hackworth LA, Wen X, Clermont G, Kellum JA. Hospital versus community-acquired acute kidney injury in the critically ill: differences in epidemiology [abstract]. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009, 20:115A.
19. Stewart J, Findlay G, Smith N, Kelly K, Mason M. Adding Insult to Injury: A Review of the Care of Patients who died in Hospital with a Primary Diagnosis of Acute Kidney Injury (Acute Renal Failure) 2009, 1-98. London: National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death.
20. Hall IE, Coca SG, Perazella MA, Eko UU, Luciano RL, Peter PR, Han WK, Parikh CR. Risk of poor outcomes with novel and traditional biomarkers at clinical AKI diagnosis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2011, 6:2740-2749. 10.2215/CJN.04960511, 3255362, 22034509.
21. Ali T, Khan I, Simpson W, Prescott G, Townend J, Smith W, Macleod A. Incidence and outcomes in acute kidney injury: a comprehensive population-based study. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007, 18:1292-1298. 10.1681/ASN.2006070756, 17314324.
22. Bouchard J, Soroko SB, Chertow GM, Himmelfarb J, Ikizler TA, Paganini EP, Mehta RL. Fluid accumulation, survival and recovery of kidney function in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury. Kidney Int 2009, 76:422-427. 10.1038/ki.2009.159, 19436332.
23. Payen D, de Pont AC, Sakr Y, Spies C, Reinhart K, Vincent JL. A positive fluid balance is associated with a worse outcome in patients with acute renal failure. Crit Care 2008, 12:R74. 10.1186/cc6916, 2481469, 18533029.
24. Prowle JR, Bellomo R. Continuous renal replacement therapy: recent advances and future research. Nat Rev Nephrol 2010, 6:521-529. 10.1038/nrneph.2010.100, 20644583.
25. Finfer S, Bellomo R, Boyce N, French J, Myburgh J, Norton R. A comparison of albumin and saline for fluid resuscitation in the intensive care unit. N Engl J Med 2004, 350:2247-2256.
26. Perel P, Roberts I, Pearson M. Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007, 4:CD000567.
27. Wiedermann CJ, Dunzendorfer S, Gaioni LU, Zaraca F, Joannidis M. Hyperoncotic colloids and acute kidney injury: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Crit Care 2010, 14:R191. 10.1186/cc9308, 3219298, 21029460.
28. Prowle JR, Bellomo R. Fluid administration and the kidney. Curr Opin Crit Care 2010, 16:332-336. 10.1097/MCC.0b013e32833be90b, 20543683.
29. Kaplan LJ, Kellum JA. Fluids, pH, ions and electrolytes. Curr Opin Crit Care 2010, 16:323-331. 10.1097/MCC.0b013e32833c0957, 20613504.
30. De Backer D, Biston P, Devriendt J, Madl C, Chochrad D, Aldecoa C, Brasseur A, Defrance P, Gottignies P, Vincent JL. Comparison of dopamine and norepinephrine in the treatment of shock. N Engl J Med 2010, 362:779-789. 10.1056/NEJMoa0907118, 20200382.
31. Delmas A, Leone M, Rousseau S, Albanese J, Martin C. Clinical review: Vasopressin and terlipressin in septic shock patients. Crit Care 2005, 9:212-222. 10.1186/cc3275, 1175907, 15774080.
32. Russell JA, Walley KR, Singer J, Gordon AC, Hébert PC, Cooper DJ, Holmes CL, Mehta S, Granton JT, Storms MM, Cook DJ, Presneill JJ, Ayers D, VASST Investigators Vasopressin versus norepinephrine infusion in patients with septic shock. N Engl J Med 2008, 358:877-887. 10.1056/NEJMoa067373, 18305265, VASST Investigators.
33. Gordon AC, Russell JA, Walley KR, Singer J, Ayers D, Storms MM, Holmes CL, Hébert PC, Cooper DJ, Mehta S, Granton JT, Cook DJ, Presneill JJ. The effects of vasopressin on acute kidney injury in septic shock. Intensive Care Med 2010, 36:83-91. 10.1007/s00134-009-1687-x, 19841897.
34. Brienza N, Giglio MT, Marucci M, Fiore T. Does perioperative hemodynamic optimization protect renal function in surgical patients? A meta-analytic study. Crit Care Med 2009, 37:2079-2090. 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181a00a43, 19384211.
35. Wiener RS, Wiener DC, Larson RJ. Benefits and risks of tight glucose control in critically ill adults: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2008, 300:933-944. 10.1001/jama.300.8.933, 18728267.
36. Griesdale DE, de Souza RJ, van Dam RM, Heyland DK, Cook DJ, Malhotra A, Dhaliwal R, Henderson WR, Chittock DR, Finfer S, Talmor D. Intensive insulin therapy and mortality among critically ill patients: a meta-analysis including NICE-SUGAR study data. CMAJ 2009, 180:821-827. 2665940, 19318387.
37. Finfer S, Chittock DR, Su SY, Blair D, Foster D, Dhingra V, Bellomo R, Cook D, Dodek P, Henderson WR, Hébert PC, Heritier S, Heyland DK, McArthur C, McDonald E, Mitchell I, Myburgh JA, Norton R, Potter J, Robinson BG, Ronco JJ. NICE-SUGAR Study Investigators Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 2009, 360:1283-1297. NICE-SUGAR Study Investigators.
38. Btaiche IF, Mohammad RA, Alaniz C, Mueller BA. Amino acid requirements in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury treated with continuous renal replacement therapy. Pharmacotherapy 2008, 28:600-613. 10.1592/phco.28.5.600, 18447659.
39. Cano N, Fiaccadori E, Tesinsky P, Toigo G, Druml W, Kuhlmann M, Mann H, Horl WH. ESPEN guidelines on enteral nutrition: adult renal failure. Clin Nutr 2006, 25:295-310. 10.1016/j.clnu.2006.01.023, 16697495.
40. Druml W. Nutritional management of acute renal failure. J Ren Nutr 2005, 15:63-70. 10.1053/j.jrn.2004.09.012, 15648010.
41. McClave SA, Hurt RT. Clinical guidelines and nutrition therapy: better understanding and greater application to patient care. Crit Care Clin 2010, 26:451-466. 10.1016/j.ccc.2010.04.008, 20643299.
42. McClave SA, Martindale RG, Vanek VW, McCarthy M, Roberts P, Taylor B, Ochoa JB, Napolitano L, Cresci G. Guidelines for the provision and assessment of nutrition support therapy in the adult critically ill patient: Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) and American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (A.S.P.E.N.). JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2009, 33:277-316. 10.1177/0148607109335234, 19398613.
43. Druml W. Metabolic aspects of continuous renal replacement therapies. Kidney Int Suppl 1999, 72:S56-S61.
44. Chima CS, Meyer L, Hummell AC, Bosworth C, Heyka R, Paganini EP, Werynski A. Protein catabolic rate in patients with acute renal failure on continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration and total parenteral nutrition. J Am Soc Nephrol 1993, 3:1516-1521.
45. Leblanc M, Garred LJ, Cardinal J, Pichette V, Nolin L, Ouimet D, Geadah D. Catabolism in critical illness: estimation from urea nitrogen appearance and creatinine production during continuous renal replacement therapy. Am J Kidney Dis 1998, 32:444-453. 10.1053/ajkd.1998.v32.pm9740161, 9740161.
46. Marshall MR, Golper TA, Shaver MJ, Alam MG, Chatoth DK. Urea kinetics during sustained low-efficiency dialysis in critically ill patients requiring renal replacement therapy. Am J Kidney Dis 2002, 39:556-570. 10.1053/ajkd.2002.31406, 11877575.
47. Metnitz PG, Krenn CG, Steltzer H, Lang T, Ploder J, Lenz K, Le Gall JR, Druml W. Effect of acute renal failure requiring renal replacement therapy on outcome in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 2002, 30:2051-2058. 10.1097/00003246-200209000-00016, 12352040.
48. Scheinkestel CD, Kar L, Marshall K, Bailey M, Davies A, Nyulasi I, Tuxen DV. Prospective randomized trial to assess caloric and protein needs of critically Ill, anuric, ventilated patients requiring continuous renal replacement therapy. Nutrition 2003, 19:909-916. 10.1016/S0899-9007(03)00175-8, 14624937.
49. Caldwell MD, Kennedy-Caldwell C. Normal nutritional requirements. Surg Clin North Am 1981, 61:489-507.
50. Zappitelli M, Goldstein SL, Symons JM, Somers MJ, Baum MA, Brophy PD, Blowey D, Fortenberry JD, Chua AN, Flores FX, Benfield MR, Alexander SR, Askenazi D, Hackbarth R, Bunchman TE, Prospective Pediatric Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy Registry Group Protein and calorie prescription for children and young adults receiving continuous renal replacement therapy: a report from the Prospective Pediatric Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy Registry Group. Crit Care Med 2008, 36:3239-3245. 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31818f3f40, 18936697, Prospective Pediatric Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy Registry Group.
51. Cantarovich F, Rangoonwala B, Lorenz H, Verho M, Esnault VL. High-dose furosemide for established ARF: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. Am J Kidney Dis 2004, 44:402-409.
52. Lassnigg A, Donner E, Grubhofer G, Presterl E, Druml W, Hiesmayr M. Lack of renoprotective effects of dopamine and furosemide during cardiac surgery. J Am Soc Nephrol 2000, 11:97-104.
53. Lombardi R, Ferreiro A, Servetto C. Renal function after cardiac surgery: adverse effect of furosemide. Ren Fail 2003, 25:775-786. 10.1081/JDI-120024293, 14575286.
54. Solomon R, Werner C, Mann D, D'Elia J, Silva P. Effects of saline, mannitol, and furosemide to prevent acute decreases in renal function induced by radiocontrast agents. N Engl J Med 1994, 331:1416-1420. 10.1056/NEJM199411243312104, 7969280.
55. Karajala V, Mansour W, Kellum JA. Diuretics in acute kidney injury. Minerva Anestesiol 2009, 75:251-257.
56. Ponto LL, Schoenwald RD. Furosemide (frusemide). A pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic review (Part II). Clin Pharmacokinet 1990, 18:460-471. 10.2165/00003088-199018060-00003, 2191821.
57. Ponto LL, Schoenwald RD. Furosemide (frusemide). A pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic review (Part I). Clin Pharmacokinet 1990, 18:381-408. 10.2165/00003088-199018050-00004, 2185908.
58. Mehta RL, Pascual MT, Soroko S, Chertow GM. Diuretics, mortality, and nonrecovery of renal function in acute renal failure. JAMA 2002, 288:2547-2553. 10.1001/jama.288.20.2547, 12444861.
59. Uchino S, Doig GS, Bellomo R, Morimatsu H, Morgera S, Schetz M, Tan I, Bouman C, Nacedo E, Gibney N, Tolwani A, Ronco C, Kellum JA, Beginning and Ending Supportive Therapy for the Kidney (B.E.S.T. Kidney) Investigators Diuretics and mortality in acute renal failure. Crit Care Med 2004, 32:1669-1677. 10.1097/01.CCM.0000132892.51063.2F, 15286542, Beginning and Ending Supportive Therapy for the Kidney (B.E.S.T. Kidney) Investigators.
60. Ho KM, Sheridan DJ. Meta-analysis of frusemide to prevent or treat acute renal failure. BMJ 2006, 333:420. 10.1136/bmj.38902.605347.7C, 1553510, 16861256.
61. Ho KM, Power BM. Benefits and risks of furosemide in acute kidney injury. Anaesthesia 2010, 65:283-293. 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2009.06228.x, 20085566.
62. van der Voort PH, Boerma EC, Koopmans M, Zandberg M, de Ruiter J, Gerritsen RT, Egbers PH, Kingma WP, Kuiper MA. Furosemide does not improve renal recovery after hemofiltration for acute renal failure in critically ill patients: a double blind randomized controlled trial. Crit Care Med 2009, 37:533-538. 10.1097/CCM.0b013e318195424d, 19114909.
63. Uchino S, Bellomo R, Morimatsu H, Morgera S, Schetz M, Tan I, Bouman C, Macedo E, Gibney N, Tolwani A, Straaten HO, Ronco C, Kellum JA. Discontinuation of continuous renal replacement therapy: a post hoc analysis of a prospective multicenter observational study. Crit Care Med 2009, 37:2576-2582. 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181a38241, 19623048.
64. Schetz M. Should we use diuretics in acute renal failure?. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2004, 18:75-89. 10.1016/j.bpa.2003.09.003, 14760875.
65. Yallop KG, Sheppard SV, Smith DC. The effect of mannitol on renal function following cardio-pulmonary bypass in patients with normal pre-operative creatinine. Anaesthesia 2008, 63:576-582. 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2008.05540.x, 18477268.
66. Smith MN, Best D, Sheppard SV, Smith DC. The effect of mannitol on renal function after cardiopulmonary bypass in patients with established renal dysfunction. Anaesthesia 2008, 63:701-704. 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2007.05408.x, 18582254.
67. Schnuelle P, Johannes van der Woude F. Perioperative fluid management in renal transplantation: a narrative review of the literature. Transpl Int 2006, 19:947-959. 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2006.00356.x, 17081224.
68. van Valenberg PL, Hoitsma AJ, Tiggeler RG, Berden JH, van Lier HJ, Koene RA. Mannitol as an indispensable constituent of an intraoperative hydration protocol for the prevention of acute renal failure after renal cadaveric transplantation. Transplantation 1987, 44:784-788. 10.1097/00007890-198712000-00012, 3122381.
69. Weimar W, Geerlings W, Bijnen AB, Obertop H, van Urk H, Lameijer LD, Wolff ED, Jeekel J. A controlled study on the effect of mannitol on immediate renal function after cadaver donor kidney transplantation. Transplantation 1983, 35:99-101.
70. Better OS, Rubinstein I, Winaver JM, Knochel JP. Mannitol therapy revisited (1940-1997). Kidney Int 1997, 52:886-894. 10.1038/ki.1997.409, 9328926.
71. Sever MS, Vanholder R, Lameire N. Management of crush-related injuries after disasters. N Engl J Med 2006, 354:1052-1063. 10.1056/NEJMra054329, 16525142.
72. Vanholder R, Sever MS, Erek E, Lameire N. Rhabdomyolysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2000, 11:1553-1561.
73. Sever MS, Vanholder R. Recommendation for the management of crush victims in mass disasters. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2012, 27(Suppl 1):i1-i67. 10.1093/ndt/gfs156, 22467763.
74. Friedrich JO, Adhikari N, Herridge MS, Beyene J. Meta-analysis: low-dose dopamine increases urine output but does not prevent renal dysfunction or death. Ann Intern Med 2005, 142:510-524.
75. Kellum JA, J MD. Use of dopamine in acute renal failure: a meta-analysis. Crit Care Med 2001, 29:1526-1531. 10.1097/00003246-200108000-00005, 11505120.
76. Marik PE. Low-dose dopamine: asystematic review. Intensive Care Med 2002, 28:877-883. 10.1007/s00134-002-1346-y, 12122525.
77. Murray PT. Use of dopaminergic agents for renoprotection in the ICU. Yearbook of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine 2003, 637-648. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
78. Murray PT. Fenoldopam: renal-dose dopamine redux?. Crit Care Med 2006, 34:910-911. 10.1097/01.CCM.0000202437.86001.44, 16505681.
79. Landoni G, Biondi-Zoccai GG, Marino G, Bove T, Fochi O, Maj G, Calabrò MG, Sheiban I, Tumlin JA, Ranucci M, Zangrillo A. Fenoldopam reduces the need for renal replacement therapy and in-hospital death in cardiovascular surgery: a meta-analysis. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2008, 22:27-33. 10.1053/j.jvca.2007.07.015, 18249327.
80. Morelli A, Ricci Z, Bellomo R, Ronco C, Rocco M, Conti G, De Gaetano A, Picchini U, Orecchioni A, Portieri M, Coluzzi F, Porzi P, Serio P, Bruno A, Pietropaoli P. Prophylactic fenoldopam for renal protection in sepsis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial. Crit Care Med 2005, 33:2451-2456. 10.1097/01.CCM.0000186413.04875.EF, 16276165.
81. Tumlin JA, Finkel KW, Murray PT, Samuels J, Cotsonis G, Shaw AD. Fenoldopam mesylate in early acute tubular necrosis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Am J Kidney Dis 2005, 46:26-34. 10.1053/j.ajkd.2005.04.002, 15983954.
82. Brienza N, Malcangi V, Dalfino L, Trerotoli P, Guagliardi C, Bortone D, Faconda G, Ribezzi M, Ancona G, Bruno F, Fiore T. A comparison between fenoldopam and low-dose dopamine in early renal dysfunction of critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 2006, 34:707-714. 10.1097/01.CCM.0000201884.08872.A2, 16505657.
83. Nigwekar SU, Navaneethan SD, Parikh CR, Hix JK. Atrial natriuretic peptide for management of acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2009, 4:261-272. 10.2215/CJN.03780808, 2637582, 19073785.
84. Allgren RL, Marbury TC, Rahman SN, Weisberg LS, Fenves AZ, Lafayette RA, Sweet RM, Genter FC, Kurnik BR, Conger JD, Sayegh MH. Anaritide in acute tubular necrosis. Auriculin Anaritide Acute Renal Failure Study Group. N Engl J Med 1997, 336:828-834. 10.1056/NEJM199703203361203, 9062091.
85. Lewis J, Salem MM, Chertow GM, Weisberg LS, McGrew F, Marbury TC, Allgren RL. Atrial natriuretic factor in oliguric acute renal failure. Anaritide Acute Renal Failure Study Group. Am J Kidney Dis 2000, 36:767-774. 10.1053/ajkd.2000.17659, 11007679.
86. Sackner-Bernstein JD, Kowalski M, Fox M, Aaronson K. Short-term risk of death after treatment with nesiritide for decompensated heart failure: a pooled analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA 2005, 293:1900-1905. 10.1001/jama.293.15.1900, 15840865.
87. Sackner-Bernstein JD, Skopicki HA, Aaronson KD. Risk of worsening renal function with nesiritide in patients with acutely decompensated heart failure. Circulation 2005, 111:1487-1491. 10.1161/01.CIR.0000159340.93220.E4, 15781736.
88. Topol EJ. Nesiritide - not verified. N Engl J Med 2005, 353:113-116. 10.1056/NEJMp058139, 16014879.
89. Iglesias JI, DePalma L, Hom D, Antoniotti M, Ayoub S, Levine JS. Predictors of mortality in adult patients with congestive heart failure receiving nesiritide - retrospective analysis showing a potential adverse interaction between nesiritide and acute renal dysfunction. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008, 23:144-153.
90. Ejaz AA, Martin TD, Johnson RJ, Winterstein AG, Klodell CT, Hess PJ, Ali AK, Whidden EM, Staples NL, Alexander JA, House-Fancher MA, Beaver TM. Prophylactic nesiritide does not prevent dialysis or all-cause mortality in patients undergoing high-risk cardiac surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2009, 138:959-964. 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2009.05.014, 19660420.
91. Lingegowda V, Van QC, Shimada M, Beaver TM, Dass B, Sood P, Ejaz AA. Long-term outcome of patients treated with prophylactic nesiritide for the prevention of acute kidney injury following cardiovascular surgery. Clin Cardiol 2010, 33:217-221. 10.1002/clc.20750, 20394042.
92. Karlowicz MG, Adelman RD. Nonoliguric and oliguric acute renal failure in asphyxiated term neonates. Pediatr Nephrol 1995, 9:718-722. 10.1007/BF00868721, 8747112.
93. Gouyon JB, Guignard JP. Theophylline prevents the hypoxemia-induced renal hemodynamic changes in rabbits. Kidney Int 1988, 33:1078-1083. 10.1038/ki.1988.114, 3404810.
94. Bakr AF. Prophylactic theophylline to prevent renal dysfunction in newborns exposed to perinatal asphyxia - a study in a developing country. Pediatr Nephrol 2005, 20:1249-1252. 10.1007/s00467-005-1980-z, 15947981.
95. Bhat MA, Shah ZA, Makhdoomi MS, Mufti MH. Theophylline for renal function in term neonates with perinatal asphyxia: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Pediatr 2006, 149:180-184. 10.1016/j.jpeds.2006.03.053, 16887430.
96. Jenik AG, Ceriani Cernadas JM, Gorenstein A, Ramirez JA, Vain N, Armadans M, Ferraris JR. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the effects of prophylactic theophylline on renal function in term neonates with perinatal asphyxia. Pediatrics 2000, 105:E45. 10.1542/peds.105.4.e45, 10742366.
97. Cattarelli D, Spandrio M, Gasparoni A, B ottino R, Offer C, Chirico G. A randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial of the effect of theophylline in prevention of vasomotor nephropathy in very preterm neonates with respiratory distress syndrome. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2006, 91:F80-F84. 10.1136/adc.2005.073650, 2672685, 16204359.
98. Massie BM, O'Connor CM, Metra M, Ponikowski P, Teerlink JR, Cotter G, Weatherley BD, Cleland JG, Givertz MM, Voors A, DeLucca P, Mansoor GA, Salerno CM, Bloomfield DM, Dittrich HC, PROTECT Investigators and Committees Rolofylline, an adenosine A1-receptor antagonist, in acute heart failure. N Engl J Med 2010, 363:1419-1428. 10.1056/NEJMoa0912613, 20925544, PROTECT Investigators and Committees.
99. Franklin SC, Moulton M, Sicard GA, Hammerman MR, Miller SB. Insulin-like growth factor I preserves renal function postoperatively. Am J Physiol 1997, 272(2 Pt 2):F257-F259.
100. Hirschberg R, Kopple J, Lipsett P, Benjamin E, Minei J, Albertson T, Munger M, Metzler M, Zaloga G, Murray M, Lowry S, Conger J, McKeown W, O'shea M, Baughman R, Wood K, Haupt M, Kaiser R, Simms H, Warnock D, Summer W, Hintz R, Myers B, Haenftling K, Capra W, Pike M, Guler H-P. Multicenter clinical trial of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I in patients with acute renal failure. Kidney Int 1999, 55:2423-2432. 10.1046/j.1523-1755.1999.00463.x, 10354291.
101. Hladunewich MA, Corrigan G, Derby GC, Ramaswamy D, Kambham N, Scandling JD, Myers BD. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of IGF-1 for delayed graft function: a human model to study postischemic ARF. Kidney Int 2003, 64:593-602. 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00100.x, 12846755.
102. Zahar JR, Rioux C, Girou E, Hulin A, Sauve C, Bernier-Combes A, Brun-Buisson C, Lesprit P. Inappropriate prescribing of aminoglycosides: risk factors and impact of an antibiotic control team. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006, 58:651-656. 10.1093/jac/dkl288, 16867998.
103. Bliziotis IA, Michalopoulos A, Kasiakou SK, Samonis G, Christodoulou C, Chrysanthopoulou S, Falagas ME. Ciprofloxacin vs an aminoglycoside in combination with a beta-lactam for the treatment of febrile neutropenia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Mayo Clin Proc 2005, 80:1146-1156. 10.4065/80.9.1146, 16178494.
104. Cosgrove SE, Vigliani GA, Fowler VG, Abrutyn E, Corey GR, Levine DP, Rupp ME, Chambers HF, Karchmer AW, Boucher HW. Initial low-dose gentamicin for Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and endocarditis is nephrotoxic. Clin Infect Dis 2009, 48:713-721. 10.1086/597031, 19207079.
105. Falagas ME, Matthaiou DK, Bliziotis IA. The role of aminoglycosides in combination with a beta-lactam for the treatment of bacterial endocarditis: a meta-analysis of comparative trials. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006, 57:639-647. 10.1093/jac/dkl044, 16501057.
106. Falagas ME, Matthaiou DK, Karveli EA, Peppas G. Meta-analysis: randomized controlled trials of clindamycin/aminoglycoside vs. beta-lactam monotherapy for the treatment of intra-abdominal infections. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007, 25:537-556. 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.03240.x, 17305755.
107. Glasmacher A, von Lilienfeld-Toal M, Schulte S, Hahn C, Schmidt-Wolf IG, Prentice A. An evidence-based evaluation of important aspects of empirical antibiotic therapy in febrile neutropenic patients. Clin Microbiol Infect 2005, 11(Suppl 5):17-23.
108. Paul M, Benuri-Silbiger I, Soares-Weiser K, Leibovici L. Beta lactam monotherapy versus beta lactam-aminoglycoside combination therapy for sepsis in immunocompetent patients: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. BMJ 2004, 328:668. 10.1136/bmj.38028.520995.63, 381218, 14996699.
109. Paul M, Silbiger I, Grozinsky S, Soares-Weiser K, Leibovici L. Beta lactam antibiotic monotherapy versus beta lactam-aminoglycoside antibiotic combination therapy for sepsis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006, 1:CD003344.
110. Baciewicz AM, Sokos DR, Cowan RI. Aminoglycoside-associated nephrotoxicity in the elderly. Ann Pharmacother 2003, 37:182-186.
111. Barclay ML, Kirkpatrick CM, Begg EJ. Once daily aminoglycoside therapy. Is it less toxic than multiple daily doses and how should it be monitored?. Clin Pharmacokinet 1999, 36:89-98. 10.2165/00003088-199936020-00001, 10092956.
112. Graham AC, Mercier RC, Achusim LE, Pai MP. Extended-interval aminoglycoside dosing for treatment of enterococcal and staphylococcal osteomyelitis. Ann Pharmacother 2004, 38:936-941. 10.1345/aph.1D514, 15084688.
113. Kiel PJ, Lo M, Stockwell D, Patel GP. An evaluation of amikacin nephrotoxicity in the hematology/oncology population. Am J Ther 2008, 15:131-136. 10.1097/MJT.0b013e31815adfde, 18356633.
114. Kraus DM, Pai MP, Rodvold KA. Efficacy and tolerability of extended-interval aminoglycoside administration in pediatric patients. Paediatr Drugs 2002, 4:469-484.
115. Nestaas E, Bangstad HJ, Sandvik L, Wathne KO. Aminoglycoside extended interval dosing in neonates is safe and effective: a meta-analysis. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2005, 90:F294-F300. 10.1136/adc.2004.056317, 1721925, 15857879.
116. Peloquin CA, Berning SE, Nitta AT, Simone PM, Goble M, Huitt GA, Iseman MD, Cook JL, Curran-Everett D. Aminoglycoside toxicity: daily versus thrice-weekly dosing for treatment of mycobacterial diseases. Clin Infect Dis 2004, 38:1538-1544. 10.1086/420742, 15156439.
117. Peters-Volleberg GW, Dortant PM, Speijers GJ. Comparison of tobramycin nephrotoxicity in young adult and aged female rats. Pharmacol Toxicol 1999, 84:147-153. 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1999.tb00891.x, 10227064.
118. Rougier F, Claude D, Maurin M, Sedoglavic A, Ducher M, Corvaisier S, Jelliffe R, Maire P. Aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity: modeling, simulation, and control. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003, 47:1010-1016. 10.1128/AAC.47.3.1010-1016.2003, 149325, 12604535.
119. Rougier F, Ducher M, Maurin M, Corvaisier S, Claude D, Jelliffe R, Maire P. Aminoglycoside dosages and nephrotoxicity: quantitative relationships. Clin Pharmacokinet 2003, 42:493-500. 10.2165/00003088-200342050-00007, 12739987.
120. Rybak MJ, Abate BJ, Kang SL, Ruffing MJ, Lerner SA, Drusano GL. Prospective evaluation of the effect of an aminoglycoside dosing regimen on rates of observed nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999, 43:1549-1555. 89322, 10390201.
121. Smyth AR, Tan KH. Once-daily versus multiple-daily dosing with intravenous aminoglycosides for cystic fibrosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006, 3:CD002009.
122. Ali MZ, Goetz MB. A meta-analysis of the relative efficacy and toxicity of single daily dosing versus multiple daily dosing of aminoglycosides. Clin Infect Dis 1997, 24:796-809. 10.1093/clinids/24.5.796, 9142772.
123. Bailey TC, Little JR, Littenberg B, Reichley RM, Dunagan WC. A meta-analysis of extended-interval dosing versus multiple daily dosing of aminoglycosides. Clin Infect Dis 1997, 24:786-795. 10.1093/clinids/24.5.786, 9142771.
124. Barza M, Ioannidis JP, Cappelleri JC, Lau J. Single or multiple daily doses of aminoglycosides: a meta-analysis. BMJ 1996, 312:338-345. 10.1136/bmj.312.7027.338, 2350289, 8611830.
125. Ferriols-Lisart R, Alos-Alminana M. Effectiveness and safety of once-daily aminoglycosides: a meta-analysis. Am J Health Syst Pharm 1996, 53:1141-1150.
126. Hatala R, Dinh T, Cook DJ. Once-daily a minoglycoside dosing in immunocompetent adults: a meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 1996, 124:717-725.
127. Munckhof WJ, Grayson ML, Turnidge JD. A meta-analysis of studies on the safety and efficacy of aminoglycosides given either once daily or as divided doses. J Antimicrob Chemother 1996, 37:645-663. 10.1093/jac/37.4.645, 8722531.
128. Cannella CA, Wilkinson ST. Acute renal failure associated with inhaled tobramycin. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2006, 63:1858-1861. 10.2146/ajhp060196, 16990632.
129. Izquierdo MJ, Gomez-Alamillo C, Ortiz F, Calabia ER, Ruiz JC, de Francisco AL, Arias M. Acute renal failure associated with use of inhaled tobramycin for treatment of chronic airway colonization with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Clin Nephrol 2006, 66:464-467.
130. Alexander BD, Wingard JR. Study of renal safety in amphotericin B lipid complex-treated patients. Clin Infect Dis 2005, 40(Suppl 6):S414-S421.
131. Cornely OA, Maertens J, Bresnik M, Ebrahimi R, Ullmann AJ, Bouza E, Heussel CP, Lortholary O, Rieger C, Boehme A, Aoun M, Horst HA, Thiebaut A, Ruhnke M, Reichert D, Vianelli N, Krause SW, Olavarria E, Herbrecht R, AmBiLoad Trial Study Group Liposomal amphotericin B as initial therapy for invasive mold infection: a randomized trial comparing a high-loading dose regimen with standard dosing (AmBiLoad trial). Clin Infect Dis 2007, 44:1289-1297. 10.1086/514341, 17443465, AmBiLoad Trial Study Group.
132. Garbino J, Adam A. Use of high-dose liposomal amphotericin B: efficacy and tolerance. Acta Biomed 2006, 77(Suppl 4):19-22.
133. Girois SB, Chapuis F, Decullier E, Revol BG. Adverse effects of antifungal therapies in invasive fungal infections: review and meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2005, 24:119-130. 10.1007/s10096-005-1281-2, 15711785.
134. Hachem RY, Boktour MR, Hanna HA, Husni RN, Torres HA, Afif C, Kontoyiannis DP, Raad, II Amphotericin B lipid complex versus liposomal amphotericin B monotherapy for invasive aspergillosis in patients with hematologic malignancy. Cancer 2008, 112:1282-1287. 10.1002/cncr.23311, 18224662, Raad, II.
135. Johansen HK, Gotzsche PC. Amphotericin B lipid soluble formulations vs. amphotericin B in cancer patients with neutropenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000, 3:CD000969.
136. Johnson PC, Wheat LJ, Cloud GA, Goldman M, Lancaster D, Bamberger DM, Powderly WG, Hafner R, Kauffman CA, Dismukes WE. Safety and efficacy of liposomal amphotericin B compared with conventional amphotericin B for induction therapy of histoplasmosis in patients with AIDS. Ann Intern Med 2002, 137:105-109.
137. Kleinberg M. What is the current and future status of conventional amphotericin B?. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2006, 27(Suppl 1):12-16.
138. Olson JA, Adler-Moore JP, Schwartz J, Jensen GM, Proffitt RT. Comparative efficacies, toxicities, and tissue concentrations of amphotericin B lipid formulations in a murine pulmonary aspergillosis model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006, 50:2122-2131. 10.1128/AAC.00315-06, 1479157, 16723574.
139. Saliba F, Dupont B. Renal impairment and amphotericin B formulations in patients with invasive fungal infections. Med Mycol 2008, 46:97-112. 10.1080/13693780701730469, 18324488.
140. Ullmann AJ, Sanz MA, Tramarin A, Barnes RA, Wu W, Gerlach BA, Krobot KJ, Gerth WC. Prospective study of amphotericin B formulations in immunocompromised patients in 4 European countries. Clin Infect Dis 2006, 43:e29-e38. 10.1086/505969, 16838223.
141. Veerareddy PR, Vobalaboina V. Lipid-based formulations of amphotericin B. Drugs Today (Barc) 2004, 40:133-145. 10.1358/dot.2004.40.2.799425, 15045035.
142. Walsh TJ, Finberg RW, Arndt C, Hiemenz J, Schwartz C, Bodensteiner D, Pappas P, Seibel N, Greenberg RN, Dummer S, Schuster M, Holcenberg JS. Liposomal amphotericin B for empirical therapy in patients with persistent fever and neutropenia. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group. N Engl J Med 1999, 340:764-771. 10.1056/NEJM199903113401004, 10072411.
143. Boogaerts M, Winston DJ, Bow EJ, Garber G, Reboli AC, Schwarer AP, Novitzky N, Boehme A, Chwetzoff E, De Beule K. Intravenous and oral itraconazole versus intravenous amphotericin B deoxycholate as empirical antifungal therapy for persistent fever in neutropenic patients with cancer who are receiving broad-spectrum antibacterial therapy. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 2001, 135:412-422.
144. Johansen HK, Gotzsche PC. Amphotericin B versus fluconazole for controlling fungal infections in neutropenic cancer patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002, 2:CD000239.
145. Park SH, Choi SM, Lee DG, Choi JH, Yoo JH, Min WS, Shin WS. Intravenous itraconazole vs. amphotericin B deoxycholate for empirical antifungal therapy in patients with persistent neutropenic fever. Korean J Intern Med 2006, 21:165-172.
146. Hanna HA, Boktour M, Jiang Y, Torres HA, Afif C, Kontoyiannis DP, Hachem RY. Novel antifungal agents as salvage therapy for invasive aspergillosis in patients with hematologic malignancies: posaconazole compared with high-dose lipid formulations of amphotericin B alone or in combination with caspofungin. Leukemia 2008, 22:496-503. 10.1038/sj.leu.2405065, 18094720.
147. Wegner B, Baer P, Gauer S, Oremek G, Hauser IA, Geiger H. Caspofungin is less nephrotoxic than amphotericin B in vitro and predominantly damages distal renal tubular cells. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2005, 20:2071-2079. 10.1093/ndt/gfh948, 15998654.
148. Seabra VF, Alobaidi S, Balk EM, Poon AH, Jaber BL. Off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery and acute kidney injury: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2010, 5:1734-1744. 10.2215/CJN.02800310, 2974371, 20671222.
149. Ho KM, Morgan DJ. Meta-analysis of N-acetylcysteine to prevent acute renal failure after major surgery. Am J Kidney Dis 2009, 53:33-40. 10.1053/j.ajkd.2008.05.019, 18649982.
150. Komisarof JA, Gilkey GM, Peters DM, Koudelka CW, Meyer MM, Smith SM. N-acetylcysteine for patients with prolonged hypotension as prophylaxis for acute renal failure (NEPHRON). Crit Care Med 2007, 35:435-441. 10.1097/01.CCM.0000253816.83011.DB, 17205018.