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Ogden CL, Carroll M, Kit B, Flegal K. Prevalence of obesity and trends in body mass index among US children and adolescents, 1999-2010. JAMA. 2012; 307: 483-90.
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2
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This is a nice summary of the evidence and the current published recommendations regarding the epidemiology of risk factors (mainly traditional) for atherosclerotic CVD in childhood. The authors have also outlined the recommended clinical approaches to prevent risk factor development and review cut points for identifying risk factors and approaches for ameliorating high-risk status once it has developed
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•• Daniels SR, Pratt CA, Hayman LL. Reduction of risk for cardiovascular disease in children and adolescents. Circulation. 2011; 124: 1673-86. This is a nice summary of the evidence and the current published recommendations regarding the epidemiology of risk factors (mainly traditional) for atherosclerotic CVD in childhood. The authors have also outlined the recommended clinical approaches to prevent risk factor development and review cut points for identifying risk factors and approaches for ameliorating high-risk status once it has developed.
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Daniels, S.R.1
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3
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Here the authors analyzed data from four prospective cohort studies and showed that persons who had normal BMI in childhood but who became obese as adults had adverse risk-factor profiles, whereas those who were overweight or obese as children but who became non-obese as adults had a cardiovascular-risk profile that was similar to that of persons who were never obese. Although the study did not include any nontraditional risk factors for CVD, the clinical, research and therapeutic implications of this study are significant
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•• Juonala M, Magnussen CG, Berenson GS, et al. Childhood adiposity, adult adiposity, and cardiovascular risk factors. N Engl J Med. 2011; 365: 1876-85. Here the authors analyzed data from four prospective cohort studies and showed that persons who had normal BMI in childhood but who became obese as adults had adverse risk-factor profiles, whereas those who were overweight or obese as children but who became non-obese as adults had a cardiovascular-risk profile that was similar to that of persons who were never obese. Although the study did not include any nontraditional risk factors for CVD, the clinical, research and therapeutic implications of this study are significant.
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Juonala, M.1
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Progress and challenges in metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents: a scientific statement from the American heart association atherosclerosis, hypertension, and obesity in the young committee of the council on cardiovascular disease in the young; council on cardiovascular nursing; and council on nutrition, physical activity, and metabolism
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This AHA-statement paper is comprehensive account of the progress and challenges related to metabolic syndrome and risk factors for CVD in children
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•• Steinberger J, Daniels SR, Eckel RH, et al. Progress and challenges in metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents: a scientific statement from the American heart association atherosclerosis, hypertension, and obesity in the young committee of the council on cardiovascular disease in the young; council on cardiovascular nursing; and council on nutrition, physical activity, and metabolism. Circulation. 2009; 119: 628-47. This AHA-statement paper is comprehensive account of the progress and challenges related to metabolic syndrome and risk factors for CVD in children.
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Steinberger, J.1
Daniels, S.R.2
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7
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79959553466
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Nontraditional risk factors and biomarkers for cardiovascular disease: mechanistic, research, and clinical considerations for youth: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association
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This AHA-statement paper provides a comprehensive account of the current state of science of traditional and nontraditional risk factors/biomarkers with emphasis on those related to insulin resistance, oxidative stress and inflammation and potential cross talk between organs in regulating these risk factors
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•• Balagopal P, de Ferranti SD, Cook S, et al. Nontraditional risk factors and biomarkers for cardiovascular disease: mechanistic, research, and clinical considerations for youth: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2011; 123: 2749-69. This AHA-statement paper provides a comprehensive account of the current state of science of traditional and nontraditional risk factors/biomarkers with emphasis on those related to insulin resistance, oxidative stress and inflammation and potential cross talk between organs in regulating these risk factors.
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Balagopal, P.1
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9
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Libby P, Ridker PM. Inflammation and atherosclerosis: role of CRP in risk assessment. Am J Med. 2004; 116: 9S-16S.
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Packard RR, Libby P. Inflammation in atherosclerosis: from vascular biology to biomarker discovery and risk prediction. Clin Chem. 2008; 54: 24-38.
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Hummasti S, Hotamisligil GS. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and inflammation in obesity and diabetes. Circ Res. 2010; 107: 579-91.
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Libby P, Ridker PM, Hansson GK. Progress and challenges in translating the biology of atherosclerosis. Nature. 2011; 473: 317-25.
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Nature
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Ford ES. C-reactive protein concentration and cardiovascular disease risk factors in children: findings from the national health and nutrition examination survey 1999-2000. Circulation. 2003; 108: 1053-8.
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Pearson TA, Mensah GA, Alexander RW, et al. Markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease: application to clinical and public health practice: a statement for healthcare professionals from the centers for disease control and prevention and the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2003; 107: 499-511.
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Pearson, T.A.1
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Cook DG, Mendall MA, Whincup PH, et al. C-reactive protein concentration in children: relationship to adiposity and other cardiovascular risk factors. Atherosclerosis. 2000; 149: 139-50.
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16
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Ford ES, Galuska DA, Gillespie C, Will JC, Giles WH, Dietz WH. C-reactive protein and body mass index in children: findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. J Pediatr. 2001; 138: 486-92.
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Ford, E.S.1
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18
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Zieske AW, Tracy RP, McMahan CA, et al. Elevated serum C-reactive protein levels and advanced atherosclerosis in youth. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005; 25: 1237-43.
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McMahan, C.A.3
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19
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This study examined the physical and social risk correlates of C-reactive protein concentrations in >6000 children aged 3 to 16 in a nationally representative sample of U.S. children (NHANES 1999-2004). The authors conclude that increased adiposity is associated with higher CRP concentrations in U.S children aged 3-16 years, and both socioeconomic and race/ethnic differences exist in systemic inflammation in this cohort
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•• Dowd JB, Zajacova A, Aiello AE. Predictors of Inflammation in U. S. Children aged 3-16 years. Am J Prev Med. 2010; 39: 314-20. This study examined the physical and social risk correlates of C-reactive protein concentrations in > 6000 children aged 3 to 16 in a nationally representative sample of U. S. children (NHANES 1999-2004). The authors conclude that increased adiposity is associated with higher CRP concentrations in U. S children aged 3-16 years, and both socioeconomic and race/ethnic differences exist in systemic inflammation in this cohort.
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Am J Prev Med
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Dowd, J.B.1
Zajacova, A.2
Aiello, A.E.3
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20
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Vikram NK, Misra A, Dwivedi M, et al. Correlations of C-reactive protein levels with anthropometric profile, percentage of body fat and lipids in healthy adolescents and young adults in urban North India. Atherosclerosis. 2003; 168: 305-13.
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Vikram, N.K.1
Misra, A.2
Dwivedi, M.3
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21
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Juonala M, Viikari JSA, Ronnemaa T, Taittonen L, Marniemi J, Raitakari OT. Childhood C-reactive protein in predicting CRP and carotid intima-media thickness in adulthood: the cardiovascular risk in young Finns study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2006; 26: 1883-8.
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Jarvisalo MJ, Harmoinen A, Hakanen M, et al. Elevated serum C-reactive protein levels and early arterial changes in healthy children. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2002; 22: 1323-8.
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Haddy N, Sass C, Droesch S, et al. IL-6, TNF-a and atherosclerosis risk indicators in a healthy family population: the STANISLAS cohort. Atherosclerosis. 2003; 170: 277-83.
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Haddy, N.1
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25
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Desideri G, De Simone M, Iughetti L, et al. Early activation of vascular endothelial cells and platelets in obese children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005; 90: 3145-52.
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26
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de Ferranti SD, Gauvreau K, Ludwig DS, Newburger JW, Rifai N. Inflammation and changes in metabolic syndrome abnormalities in US adolescents: findings from the 1988-1994 and 1999-2000 National Health and nutrition examination surveys. Clin Chem. 2006; 52: 1325-30.
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Balagopal P, George D, Patton N, et al. Lifestyle-only intervention attenuates the inflammatory state associated with obesity - a randomized controlled study in adolescents. J Pediatr. 2005; 146: 342-8.
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Kelly AS, Wetzsteon RJ, Kaiser DR, Steinberger J, Bank AJ, Dengel DR. Inflammation, insulin, and endothelial function in overweight children and adolescents: the role of exercise. J Pediatr. 2004; 145: 731-6.
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29
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Ford ES, Gillespie C, Ballew C, Sowell A, Mannino DM. Serum carotenoid concentrations in US children and adolescents. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002; 76: 818-27.
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Sinaiko AR, Steinberger J, Moran A, et al. Relation of body mass index and insulin resistance to cardiovascular risk factors, inflammatory factors, and oxidative stress during adolescence. Circulation. 2005; 111: 1985-91.
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Sinaiko, A.R.1
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Giannini C, de Giorgis T, Scarinci A, et al. Obese related effects of inflammatory markers and insulin resistance on increased carotid intima media thickness in pre-pubertal children. Atherosclerosis. 2008; 197: 448-56.
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32
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Metformin Use in children with obesity and normal glucose tolerance - effects on cardiovascular markers and intrahepatic fat
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This study showed physical activity-induced reduction in elevated levels of thrombotic and inflammatory factors. Further it showed that addition of metformin to the physical activity-based intervention did not enhance the beneficial changes in these factors elicited through physical activity alone, despite improved weight loss. The study also reported profound changes in intrahepatic fat in response to the physical activity-based intervention
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•• Mauras N, DelGiorno C, Hossain J, et al. Metformin Use in children with obesity and normal glucose tolerance - effects on cardiovascular markers and intrahepatic fat. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2012; 25: 33-40. This study showed physical activity-induced reduction in elevated levels of thrombotic and inflammatory factors. Further it showed that addition of metformin to the physical activity-based intervention did not enhance the beneficial changes in these factors elicited through physical activity alone, despite improved weight loss. The study also reported profound changes in intrahepatic fat in response to the physical activity-based intervention.
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(2012)
J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab
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Mauras, N.1
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Hossain, J.3
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33
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78049530445
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In this study the authors reported a relationship between adiposity (DEXA) and CRP in prepubascent children, independent of the effects of fitness or physical activity. Further physical acitivity (pedometers) was inversely associated with CRP levels in this cohort
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• Parrett AL, Valentine RJ, Arngrimsson SA, Castelli DM, Evans EM. Adiposity, activity, fitness, and C-reactive protein in children. Med Sci Spor Exer. 2010; 42. In this study the authors reported a relationship between adiposity (DEXA) and CRP in prepubascent children, independent of the effects of fitness or physical activity. Further physical acitivity (pedometers) was inversely associated with CRP levels in this cohort.
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Med Sci Spor Exer.
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Parrett, A.L.1
Valentine, R.J.2
Arngrimsson, S.A.3
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Evans, E.M.5
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34
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77950569526
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Multiple Markers of Inflammation and Weight Status: Cross-sectional Analyses Throughout Childhood
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eds. This study demonstrated a strong and consistent association among multiple inflammatory markers and obesity in a in a large, recent nationally representative sample of US children from the NHANES data set (years 1999-2006). Although associations between inflammatory markers and obesity were greatest for older children, this relationship was observed among children as young as age 3
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•• Skinner A. C., Steiner M. J., Henderson F. W., Perrin E. M. Multiple Markers of Inflammation and Weight Status: Cross-sectional Analyses Throughout Childhood. Pediatrics 2010; eds. This study demonstrated a strong and consistent association among multiple inflammatory markers and obesity in a in a large, recent nationally representative sample of US children from the NHANES data set (years 1999-2006). Although associations between inflammatory markers and obesity were greatest for older children, this relationship was observed among children as young as age 3.
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(2010)
Pediatrics
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Skinner, A.C.1
Steiner, M.J.2
Henderson, F.W.3
Perrin, E.M.4
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35
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Inverse Association Between Birth Weight and C-Reactive Protein Concentrations in the MIDSPAN Family Study
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Sattar N, McConnachie A, O'Reilly D, et al. Inverse Association Between Birth Weight and C-Reactive Protein Concentrations in the MIDSPAN Family Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2004; 24: 583-7.
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O'Reilly, D.3
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36
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Size at birth, weight gain over the life course, and low-grade inflammation in young adulthood: northern Finland 1966 birth cohort study
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Tzoulaki I, Jarvelin MR, Hartikainen AL, et al. Size at birth, weight gain over the life course, and low-grade inflammation in young adulthood: northern Finland 1966 birth cohort study. Eur Heart J. 2008; 29: 1049-56.
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37
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79952062482
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Childhood body mass index and adult pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic risk factors: data from the New Delhi birth cohort
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In this longitudinal birth cohort study the authors demonstrate that thinness at birth and/or in infancy was associated with higher fibrinogen, CRP and PAI-1 in adulthood (after ~21 years
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•• Lakshmy R, Fall CH, Sachdev HS, et al. Childhood body mass index and adult pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic risk factors: data from the New Delhi birth cohort. Int J Epidemiol. 2011; 40: 102-11. In this longitudinal birth cohort study the authors demonstrate that thinness at birth and/or in infancy was associated with higher fibrinogen, CRP and PAI-1 in adulthood (after ~21 years.
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(2011)
Int J Epidemiol
, vol.40
, pp. 102-111
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Lakshmy, R.1
Fall, C.H.2
Sachdev, H.S.3
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38
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65449123789
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Life course weight gain and C-reactive protein levels in young adults: findings from a Brazilian birth cohort
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The authors report relationship between life course weight gain and CRP levels in this longitudinal Brazilian birth cohort study
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•• Nazmi A, Gonzalez DC, Oliveira IO, Horta BL, Gigante DP, Victora CG. Life course weight gain and C-reactive protein levels in young adults: findings from a Brazilian birth cohort. Am J Hum Biol. 2009; 21: 192-9. The authors report relationship between life course weight gain and CRP levels in this longitudinal Brazilian birth cohort study.
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(2009)
Am J Hum Biol
, vol.21
, pp. 192-199
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Nazmi, A.1
Gonzalez, D.C.2
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Horta, B.L.4
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Victora, C.G.6
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39
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79959685357
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Circulating oxidized LDL and inflammation in extreme pediatric obesity
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Data on CVD risk factors in extreme pediatric obesity is scarce. This cross-sectional study reports that extreme pediatric obesity, compared to milder forms of obesity and normal weight, is associated with high levels of CRP and oxidized-LDL
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•• Norris AL, Steinberger J, Steffen LM, Metzig AM, Schwarzenberg SJ, Kelly AS. Circulating oxidized LDL and inflammation in extreme pediatric obesity. Obesity. 2011; 19: 1415-9. Data on CVD risk factors in extreme pediatric obesity is scarce. This cross-sectional study reports that extreme pediatric obesity, compared to milder forms of obesity and normal weight, is associated with high levels of CRP and oxidized-LDL.
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(2011)
Obesity
, vol.19
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Norris, A.L.1
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Gomez-Ambrosi J, Azcona C, Patino-Garcia A, Frnhbeck G. Serum amyloid A concentration is increased in obese children and adolescents. J Pediatr. 2008; 153: 71-5.
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J Pediatr
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41
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This is an excellent review on obesity-driven inflammation in the pediatric population
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•• Tam CS, Clement K, Baur LA, Tordjman J. Obesity and low-grade inflammation: a paediatric perspective. Obesity Rev. 2010; 11: 118-26. This is an excellent review on obesity-driven inflammation in the pediatric population.
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Obesity Rev
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Tam, C.S.1
Clement, K.2
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Robertson K, Adolfsson P, Scheiner G, Hanas R, Riddell MC. Exercise in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2009; 10: 154-68.
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•• Lovely RS, Yang Q, Massaro JM, et al. Assessment of genetic determinants of the association of γ′-fibrinogen in relation to cardiovascular disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2011; 31: 2345-52. γ′-Fibrinogen is an isoform of fibrinogen that forms more fibrinolysis resistant clots. Very recently γ′-fibrinogen has been implicated in CVD. This study by Lovely et al. reported an independent association between γ′-Fibrinogen CVD.
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This represents the first report on γ′-fibrinogen levels in children. The demonstrated a higher concentration of γ′-fibrinogen in obese vs. lean adolescents. The presence of increased levels of γ′-fibrinogen at an early age in the clinical course of obesity is worrying because it the clots formed from γ′-fibrinogen is more fibrinolysis resistant
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•• Lovely RS, Ramsey JP, Hossain J, George D, Farrell DH, Balagopal P. Gamma' (γ′) fibrinogen and obesity-related cardiometabolic risk factors in children. Obesity. 2011; 19: S170. This represents the first report on γ′-fibrinogen levels in children. The demonstrated a higher concentration of γ′-fibrinogen in obese vs. lean adolescents. The presence of increased levels of γ′-fibrinogen at an early age in the clinical course of obesity is worrying because it the clots formed from γ′-fibrinogen is more fibrinolysis resistant.
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