The game frame: Systemizing a goffmanian approach to video game theory

Breaking New Ground: Innovation in Games, Play, Practice and Theory - Proceedings of DiGRA 2009

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages

  Deterding, Sebastian ^a  

^a Hans Bredow Institute   (Germany)

Author keywords

Alternate reality games; Fiction; Frame; Frame analysis; Games; Key; Magic circle; Metacommunication; Pervasive games; Play; Playbour; Practice theory; Upkeying

Indexed keywords

ALTERNATE REALITY GAMES; FICTION; FRAME; FRAME ANALYSIS; GAMES; KEY; MAGIC CIRCLE; META-COMMUNICATION; PERVASIVE GAME; PLAY; PLAYBOUR; PRACTICE THEORY; UPKEYING;

GAME THEORY; INTERACTIVE COMPUTER GRAPHICS;

HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION;

EID: 84873357729     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Conference Proceeding    
DOI: None     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (88)

1. Alexander, B. "Antecedents to Alternate Reality Games", in Martin, A., Thompson, B. and Chatfield, T. (eds.), 2006 Alternate Reality Games Whitepaper. IGDA Alternate Reality Games SIG. Available at: http://igda.org/arg/ whitepaper.html.
2. Barnes, B. "The Macro/micro Problem and the Problem of Structure and Agency", in Ritzer, G. and Smart, B. (eds.), Handbook of Social Theory, London: Sage, 2001, pp. 339-352.
3. Bateson, G. "A Theory of Play and Fantasy", in Steps to an Ecology of Mind. Collected Essays in Anthropology, Psychiatry, Evolution and Epistemology. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1972, pp. 191-222. [1955]
4. Benford, S., et al. "The Frame of the Game. Blurring the Boundary between Fiction and Reality in Mobile Experiences", in Proceedings of the 2006 ACM CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Montreal, April 2006). ACM Press, 2006, pp. 427-436.
5. Bennerstedt, U. "Avatars & interaction in gaming: Dysfunctional Interaction or a Practice of Players", paper presented at the Game in' Action Conference (Göteborg, Sweden, June 2007). Available at: http://www.learnit.org.gu.se/digitalAssets/889/889141-ben nerstedt.pdf.
6. Blumer, Herbert. Symbolic Interactionism: Perspective and Method. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, 1986. [1969]
7. Bopp, M. "Immersive Didaktik: Versteckte Lernhilfen und Framingprozesse in Computerspielen", in kommunikation@gesellschaft 6 (2005). Available at: http://www.soz.uni-frankfurt.de/K.G/B2-2005-Bopp.pdf.
8. Boyd, B. On the Origin of Stories. Evolution, Cognition, and Fiction. Harvard et al.: Harvard University Press, 2009.
9. Brenne, G. T. Making and maintaining frames: A study of metacommunication in laiv play. University of Oslo, Oslo, 2005.
10. Burghardt, G. M. The Genesis of Animal Play. Testing the Limits. Cambridge, London: MIT Press, 2005.
11. Caillois, R. Man, Play and Games. Urbana, Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2001. [1958]
12. Center for Computer Games Research, "The [Player] Conference" Call for Papers. Available at http://game.itu.dk/player/index.html.
13. Chen, V. H. and Duh, H. B. "Understanding Social Interaction in World of Warcraft", in Proceedings of the ACE'07 (Salzburg, Austria, June 2007). ACM Press, 2007, pp. 21-24.
14. Choy, E. "Tilting at Windmills: The Theatricality of Role-Playing Games", in Montola, M. and Stenros, J. (eds.), Beyond Role and Play. Tools, toys and theory for harnessing the imagination. Ropecon ry: Helsinki, 2003, pp. 52-63.
15. Consalvo, M. "There is No Magic Circle", in Games and Culture vol 4, no. 4, pp. 408-417.
16. Copier, M. "Connecting Worlds. Fantasy Role-Playing Games, Ritual Acts and the Magic Circle", in Proceedings of DiGRA 2005 Conference. Available at: http://www.digra.org/dl/db/06278.50594.pdf.
17. Copier, M. Beyond the magic circle: A network perspective on role-play in online games. Dissertation, Utrecht University, 2007.
18. Crawford, G. "Forget the Magic Circle (or Towards a Sociology of Video Games)", in Proceedings of the Under the Mask 2 Conference 2009 (Luton, UK June 2009). Available at: http://bit.ly/DsU7s.
19. Cronbach, L. J., and Meehl, P. E. "Construct validity in psychological tests", in Psychological Bulletin 52 (1955), pp. 281-302.
20. Dansey, N., Stevens, B. and Eglin, R. "Contextually-Ambiguous Pervasive Games: An Exploratory Study", in Breaking New Ground: Innovation in Games, Play, Practice and Theory. Proceedings of DiGRA 2009.
21. Dena, C. "Emerging Participatory Culture Practices. Player-Created Tiers in Alternate Reality Games", in Convergence vol. 14, no. 1 (2008), pp. 41-57.
22. Deterding, S. "Fiction as Play: Reassessing the Relation of Games, Play, and Fiction", in Proceedings of the 3rd Philosophy of Computer Games Conference Proceedings (Oslo, Norway, August 2009). Available at http://bit.ly/5Rjsx.
23. Deterding, S. "Framing Video Games. Applying Frame Analysis to Video Games", paper presented at the First Postgraduate Conference Digital Games Theory & Design, (Uxbridge, UK, September 2007).
24. Deterding, S. "Frame Games. Frame Analysis and the Distinction of Real and Mediated Experience", paper presented at the Annual Conference of the Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Volkskunde (Halle/Saale, Germany, October 2007).
25. DiGRA 2007 Conference Committee, "DiGRA 2007: Situated Play: Overview". Available at http://www.digra2007.jp/Overview.html.
26. Fine, G. A. Shared Fantasy. Role-Playing Games as Social Worlds. Chicago, London: University of Chicago Press, 1983.
27. Fritz, J. "So wirklich wie die Wirklichkeit. Über Wahrnehmung und kognitive Verarbeitung realer und medialer Ereignisse", in Fritz, J., and Fehr, W. (eds.), Computerspiele. Virtuelle Spiel-und Lernwelten. Bonn: Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung, 2003.
28. Fritz, J. "Wie virtuelle Welten wirken. Über die Struktur von Transfers aus der medialen in die reale Welt", in Fritz, J., and Fehr, W. (eds.), Computerspiele. Virtuelle Spiel-und Lernwelten. Bonn: Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung, 2003.
29. Fritz, J. "Lebenswelt und Wirklichkeit", in Fritz, J., and Fehr, W. (eds.), Handbuch Medien: Computerspiele. Theorie, Forschung, Praxis. Bonn: Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung, 1997, pp. 13-30.
30. Fron, J. et. al. "Playing Dress-Up: Costumes, roleplay and imagination". Paper presented at the 1st Philosophy of Computer Games Conference (Modena, January 2007).
31. Genette, G. Paratexts. Thresholds of Interpretation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
32. Goffman, E. "Fun in Games", in Encounters. Two Studies in the Sociology of Interaction. New York: Penguin, 1972, pp. 15-81. [1961]
33. Goffman, E. "The Interaction Order", in American Sociological Review 48 (February 1983), pp. 1-17.
34. Goffman, E. Frame Analysis. An Essay on the Organization of Experience. New York, Evanston, San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1974.
35. Handelman, D. "Play, Anthropology of", in: Smelser, N. J., and Baltes, P. B. (eds.), International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavorial Sciences. Elsevier: Amsterdam et al. 2001, Vol. 17, pp. 11503-11507.
36. Handelman, D. Models and Mirrors. Towards an anthropology of public events. 2nd Ed. with a new preface by the author. New York, Oxford: Berghahn Books, 1988.
37. Handelman, D., and Shulman, D. D. God inside out: ?iva's Game of Dice. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.
38. Henriksen, T. D., "Role conceptions and role consequences: investigating the different consequences of different role conceptions", in Donnis, J, Garde, M. and Thorup, L. (eds.), life-like, Knudepunkt 2008, pp. 51-71.
39. Huizinga, J. Homo ludens. A study of the play element in culture. Boston: Beacon Press, 1955. [1938]
40. Järvinnen, A. Games Without Frontiers. Theories and Methods for Game Studies and Design. PhD Dissertation, University of Tampere, 2007.
41. Juul, J. Half-Real. Video Games between Real Rules and Fictional Worlds. Cambridge, London: MIT Press, 2005.
42. Juul, J., "The Magic Circle and the Puzzle Piece", in Conference Proceedings of the Philosophy of Computer Games 2008. Potsdam University Press: Potsdam 2008, pp. 56-67.
43. Klimmt, C. Computerspielen als Handlung: Dimensionen und Determinanten des Erlebens interaktiver Unterhaltungsangebote. Cologne: von Halem, 2006.
44. Latour, B. Reassembling the Social. An Introduction to Actor-Network-Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
45. Lenz, K. "Goffman-ein Strukturalist?" in Hettlage, R., and Lenz, K. (eds.), Erving Goffman-ein soziologischer Klassiker der
46. Generation? Stuttgart, Bern: Haupt/UTB, 1991, pp. 243-300.
47. Lin, H. "The Role of Onlookers in Arcade Gaming: Frame Analysis of Public Behaviours", in Sociology (under review).
48. Lin, H., and Sun, C. "Invisible Gameplay Participants: The Role of Onlookers in Arcade Gaming", in Proceedings of the Under the Mask: Perspectives on the Gamer Conference (Luton, UK, June 2008). Available at: http://bit.ly/1rNoZM
49. Linderoth, J. "Animated game pieces. Avatars as roles, tools and props", in Online Proceedings of the Aesthetics of Play Conference (Bergen, Norway, October 2005). Available at: http://www.aestheticsofplay.org/linderoth. php.
50. Linderoth, J. and Bennerstedt, U. "This is not a Door: an Ecological approach to Computer Games", in Situated Play. Proceedings of the DiGRA 2007 Conference. DiGRA, 2007, pp. 600-609.
51. Linderoth, J., Lindström, B. and Alexandersson, M. "Learning With Computer Games", in Goldstein, J. H., Buckingham, D. and Brougère, G. (eds.), Toys, games, and media. Routledge: London 2004, pp. 157-178.
52. Mackay, D. The Fantasy Role-Playing Game: A New Performing Art. McFarland: Jefferson, 2001.
53. Malaby, T.M., "Anthropology and Play: The Contours of Playful Experience", in New Literary History 40 (2009), pp. 205-218.
54. Malaby, T.M., "Beyond Play: A New Approach to Games, " in Games and Culture vol. 2, no. 2 (2007), pp. 95-113.
55. Manning, R. Erving Goffman and Modern Sociology. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992.
56. Mason, P. "In Search of the Self: A Survey of the First 25 Years of Anglo-American Role-Playing Game Theory", in Montola, M. and Stenros, J. (eds.), Beyond Role and Play. Tools, toys and theory for harnessing the imagination. Ropecon ry: Helsinki, 2003, pp. 1-14.
57. McGonigal, J. "This Is Not A Game. Immersive Aesthetics and Collective Play", in 5th International Digital Arts and Culture 2003 Conference Proceedings (Melbourne, May 2003). Available at: hypertext.rmit.edu. au/dac/papers/McGonigal.pdf.
58. Montola, M. "Exploring the Edge of the Magic Circle. Defining Pervasive Games", in Proceedings of DAC Conference (Copenhagen, December 2005). Available at: http://users.tkk.fi/~montola/exploringtheedge.pdf.
59. Neitzel, B. "Metacommunicative Circles", in Conference Proceedings of the Philosophy of Computer Games 2008. Potsdam: Potsdam University Press 2008, pp. 278-295.
60. Nickel-Bacon, I., Groeben, N., and Schreier, M. "Fiktionssignale pragmatisch. Ein medienübergreifendes Modell zur Unterscheidung von Fiktion(en) und Realität(en)", in Poetica vol. 32, no. 3-4 (2000), pp. 267-299.
61. Nieuwdorp, E. "The Pervasive Interface. Tracing the Magic Circle", in Proceedings of DiGRA 2005 Conference. Available at: http://www.digra.org/dl/db/06278.53356.pdf.
62. Oerter, R. Psychologie des Spiels. Ein handlungstheoretischer Ansatz. Weinheim, Basel: Beltz 1999.
63. Ohler, P., and Nieding, G. "Why Play? An Evolutionary Perspective", in Vorderer, P. and Bryant, J. (eds.). Playing Video Games. Motives, Responses, and Consequences. Mahwah, London: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2006, pp. 101-114.
64. Pargman, D. and Jakobsson, P., "Do you believe in magic? Computer games in everyday life", in European Journal of Cultural Studies, vol. 11, no. 2 (2008), pp. 225-243.
65. Pietraß, M. "Medienkompetenz als 'Framing'. Grundlagen einer rahmentheoretischen Bestimmung von Medienkompetenz", in Medienwissenschaft Schweiz vol. 2 (2003), pp. 4-9.
66. Pietraß, M. Bild und Wirklichkeit. Zur Unterscheidung von Realität und Fiktion bei der Medienrezeption. Opladen: Leske+Budrich, 2002.
67. Reckwitz, A. "Grundelemente einer Theorie sozialer Praktiken. Eine sozialtheoretische Perspektive", in Zeitschrift für Soziologie vol 32, no. 4 (2003), pp. 282-301.
68. Reckwitz, A. Die Transformation der Kulturtheorien. Zur Entwicklung eines Theorieprogramms. Weilerswist: Velbrück Wissenschaft, 2006.
69. Rettie, R., "Using Goffman's Frameworks to Explain Presence and Reality", in 7th Annual International Workshop on Presence, Presence 2004 Conference Proceedings (Valencia, October 2004). Available at: www.temple.edu/ispr/prev-conferences/proceedings/2004/Rettie.pdf.
70. Rothmund, J., Schreier, M. and Groeben, N. "Fernsehen und erlebte Wirklichkeit (I). Ein kritischer Überblick über die Perceived Reality-Forschung", in Zeitschrift für Medienpsychologie vol. 13, no. 1 (2001), pp. 33-44.
71. Rothmund, J., Schreier, M., and Groeben, N. "Fernsehen und erlebte Wirklichkeit (II). Ein integratives Modell zu Realitäts.Fiktions- Unterscheidungen bei der (kompetenten) Mediennutzung", in Zeitschrift für Medienpsychologie vol. 13, no. 2 (2001), pp. 85-95.
72. Salen, K., and Zimmerman, E. Rules of Play. Game Design Fundamentals. Cambridge, London: MIT Press, 2004.
73. Schatzki, T., Knorr Cetina, K, and von Savigny, E. (eds.). The Practice Turn in Contemporary Theory. London: Routledge, 2001.
74. Schechner, R. The Future of Ritual. London: Routledge, 1993.
75. Schick, L. Heroic Worlds. A History and Guide to Role-Playing Games. Amherst: Prometheus Books, 1991.
76. Schreier, M. "Pseudo-Dokumentationen: Zum Verschwimmen der Grenze zwischen Realität und Fiktion in den Medien", in Braungart, G., Eibl, K., and Jannidis, F. (eds.), Jahrbuch für Computerphilologie vol. 5 (2003), pp. 97-124. Available at: http://computerphilologie.unimuenchen. de/jg03/schreier.html.
77. Searle, J. "The Logical Status of Fictional Discourse", in Expression and Meaning. Studies in the Theory of Speech Acts. London, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979, pp. 58-75.
78. Simon, B. "Never Playing Alone: The Social Contextures of Digital Gaming", in Proceedings of the CGSA 2006 Symposium, 2006.
79. Sniderman, St. "Unwritten Rules", in The Life of Games 1 (October 1999). Available at: http://www.gamepuzzles.com/tlog/tlog2.htm
80. Suits, B. Grasshopper. Games, Life and Utopia. Boston: David R. Godine, 1990.
81. Sutton-Smith, B. The Ambiguity of Play. Cambridge, London: Harvard University Press, 1997.
82. Szulborski, D. This Is Not A Game. A Guide to Alternate Reality Gaming. 2nd Ed. Lulu.com, 2006.
83. Taylor, T. L. "The Assemblage of Play", in Games and Culture vol 4, no. 4 (2009), pp. 331-339.
84. Trevino, A. J. "Introduction. Erving Goffman and the Interaction Order", in Trevino, A. J. (ed.), Goffman's Legacy, Lanham, Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield, 2003, pp. 1-49.
85. v. Schultz, E. A., and Lavenda, R. H. Cultural Anthropology. A Perspective on the Human Condition. 6th Ed. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
86. Walton, K. L. Mimesis as Make-believe. On the Foundations of the Representational Arts. Cambridge: Hardvard University Press, 1990.
87. Waskul, D. and Lust, M. "Role-Playing and Playing Roles: The Person, Player and Persona in Fantasy Role-Playing", in Symbolic Interaction vol. 27, no. 3 (2004), pp. 333-356.
88. Witting, T. Wie Computerspiele uns beeinflussen. Transferprozess beim Bildschirmspiel im Erleben der User. Kopaed: München, 2007.