Biomarkers for Environmental Exposure

Biomarkers: In Medicine, Drug Discovery, and Environmental Health

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 517-547

  Gallagher, Jane E ^a   Hubal, Elaine A Cohen ^b   Edwards, Stephen W ^b  

^a U S ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY   (United States)

^b U S ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY   (United States)

Author keywords

Biomonitoring data; Biomonitoring studies; Environmental exposure; Environmental risk assessment; Molecular epidemiology

Indexed keywords

EID: 84873279678     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9780470918562.ch20     Document Type: Chapter

References (99)

1. NRC. Science and Decisions: Advancing Risk Assessment. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences;2009. Available at: http://www.nap.edu/catalog. php?record_id= 12209.
2. NRC. Risk Assessment in the Federal Government: Managing the Process. Washington, D. C: NRC Committee on the Institutional Means for Assessment of Risks to Public Health;July 2006. Available at: http://www.nap.edu/openbook. php?record_id=366.
3. NRC. Biological Markers in Environmental Health Research. Committee on Biological Markers of the National Research Council. Environ. Health Perspect. Oct 1987;74:3-9.
4. Ryan P. B., Burke, T. A., Cohen Hubal, E. A., Cura, J. J., and McKone, T. E. Using Biomarkers to Inform Cumulative Risk Assessment. Environ. Health Perspect. May 2007;115(5):833-840.
5. Shields, P. G. Tobacco Smoking, Harm Reduction, and Biomarkers. J. Nad. Cancer Inst. Oct 2, 2002;94(19): 1435-1444.
6. Mumtaz, M. M., Ruiz, P., and De Rosa, C. T. Toxicity Assessment of Unintentional Exposure to Multiple Chemicals. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. Sep 1, 2007;223(2):104-113.
7. ACGIH. Annual Reports of the Committees on Tlvs® and Beis®: American Conference of Governmental and Industrial Hygienists;2006. Available at: http:// www.acgih.org/tlv.
8. ATSDR. Minimal Risk Levels (Mrls) for Hazardous Substances (2006): Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry; 2006 Available at: http://www.atsdr. cdc.gov/mrls.html.
9. USEPA. Reference Dose Rfd: Description and Use in Health Risk Assessments. "U.S. EPA/ORD/NCEA, Washington, D.C." 2006 Available at: http://www.epa. gov/iris/rfd.htm.
10. Vineis, P. and Perera, F. Molecular Epidemiology and Biomarkers in Etiologic Cancer Research: The New in Light of the Old. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. Oct 2007;16(10):1954-1965.
11. Schettgen, T., Broding, H. C, Angerer, J., and Drexler, H. Hemoglobin Adducts of Ethylene Oxide, Propylene Oxide, Acrylonitrile and Acrylamide-Biomarkers in Occupational and Environmental Medicine. Toxicol. Lett. Aug 5, 2002;134 (1-3):65-70.
12. USEPA. Guidance on Cumulative Risk Assessment of Pesticide Chemicals That Have a Common Mechanism of Toxicity.: "U.S. EPA/OPP, Washington, D.C." 2002 Available at: http://www.epa.gov/oppfeadl/trac/science/cumulative_guidance. pdf.
13. USEPA. Framework for Cumulative Risk Assessment.: U.S. EPA/ORD/NCEA, Washington, D.C.;2003. Available at: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/cfrn/recordisplay. cfm?deid=54944.
14. USEPA. "Concepts, Methods and Data Sources for Health Risk Assessment of Multiple Chemicals Exposures and Effects": "U.S. EPA/ORD/NCEA, Cincinnati, OH";2007. Available at: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/cfm/recordisplay.cfm? deid=190187.
15. Callahan, M. A and Sexton, K. If Cumulative Risk Assessment Is the Answer, What Is the Question? Environ. Health. Perspect. May 2007;115(5):799-806.
16. Defur, P. L., Evans, G. W., Cohen Hubal, E. A., Kyle, A. D., Morello-Frosch, R. A., and Williams, D. R. Vulnerability as a Function of Individual and Group Resources in Cumulative Risk Assessment. Environ. Health Perspect. May 2007; 115(5): 817-824.
17. Menzie, C. A., MacDonell, M. M., and Mumtaz, M. A Phased Approach for Assessing Combined Effects from Multiple Stressors. Environ. Health Perspect. May2007;115(5):807-816.
18. Meek, M. E., Bucher, J. R., and Cohen, S. M., et al. A Framework for Human Relevance Analysis of Information on Carcinogenic Modes of Action. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 2003;33(6):591-653.
19. Seed, J., Carney, E. W, and Corley, R. A., et al. Overview: Using Mode of Action and Life Stage Information to Evaluate the Human Relevance of Animal Toxicity Data. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. Oct/Nov 2005;35(8-9):664-672.
20. Boobis, A. R., Cohen, S. M., and Dellarco, V., et al. IPCS Framework for Analyzing the Relevance of a Cancer Mode of Action for Humans. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. Nov/Dec 2006;36(10):781-792.
21. Boobis, A. R., Doe, J. E., and Heinrich-Hirsch, B., et al. IPCS Framework for Analyzing the Relevance of a Non-cancer Mode of Action for Humans. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 2008;38(2):87-96.
22. USEPA. Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (Final): U.S. Environmental Protection Agency;2005. Available at: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/cfm/recordisplay.cfm?deid=l 16283.
23. EC. Technical Guidance Document on Risk Assessment: European Commission; 2003. Available at: http://ecb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/documents/TECHNICAL_ GUIDANCE_DOCUMENT/EDITION_2/Tgdpart 1 _2ed.pdf.
24. OECD. Guidance Notes for Analysis and Evaluation of Chronic Toxicity and Carcinogenicity Studies: Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Devel 25.
25. UNECE. Amendments to the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS): Geneva: United Nations. Document;2007. Available at: http://www.unece.org/trans/danger/publi/ghs/ghs_rev01/01amend_ehtml.
26. Preston, R. J. Extrapolations are the Achilles Heel of Risk Assessment. Mutat. Res. May 2005;589(3): 153-157.
27. Groopman, J. D. and Kensler, T. W. The Light at the End of the Tunnel for Chemical-Specific Biomarkers: Daylight or Headlight? Carcinogenesis. Jan 1999;20(1):1-11.
28. Hulka, B. S. ASPO Distinguished Achievement Award Lecture. Epidemiological Studies Using Biological Markers: Issues for Epidemiologists. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. Nov/Dec 1991;1(1): 13-19.
29. Henderson, R. K, Bechtold, W. E., Bond, J. A., and Sun, J. D. The Use of Biological Markers in Toxicology. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 1989;20(2):65-82.
30. Bartell, S. M., Griffith, W. C, and Faustman, E. M. Temporal Error in Biomarker- Based Mean Exposure Estimates for Individuals. J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. Mar2004;14(2):173-179.
31. Angerer, J., Ewers, U., and Wilhelm, M. Human Biomonitoring: State of The Art. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health. May 2007;210(3-4):201-228.
32. Rockett, J. C, Burczynski, M. E., Fornace, A. J., Herrmann, P. C, Krawetz, S. A., and Dix, D. J. Surrogate Tissue Analysis: Monitoring Toxicant Exposure and Health Status of Inaccessible Tissues Through the Analysis of Accessible Tissues and Cells. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. Jan 15, 2004;194(2):189-199.
33. Neri, M., Ugolini, D., and Bonassi, S., et al. Children's Exposure to Environmental Pollutants and Biomarkers of Genetic Damage. II. Results of A Comprehensive Literature Search and Meta-Analysis. Mutat. Res. Jan 2006;612(1):14-39.
34. Barr, D. B., Wang, R. Y., and Needham, L. L. Biologic Monitoring of Exposure to Environmental Chemicals Throughout the Life Stages: Requirements and Issues for Consideration for the National Children's Study. Environ. Health Perspect. Aug2005;113(8):1083-1091.
35. NCS. The National Children's Study Research Plan-Version 1.3.: National Children's Study;2007. Available at: http://www.nationalchildrensstudy.gov/ research/studydesign/researchplan/pages/appendices.aspx.
36. CDC. National Biomonitoring Program: "Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention";2009. Available at: http:// www.cdc.gov/biomonitoring.
37. Albertini, R., Bird, M., and Doerrer, N., et al. The Use of Biomonitoring Data in Exposure and Human Health Risk Assessments. Environ. Health Perspect. Nov 2006;114(11): 1755-1762.
38. Paustenbach, D. and Galbraith, D. Biomonitoring and Biomarkers: Exposure Assessment Will Never Be the Same. Environ. Health Perspect. Aug 2006; 114(8): 1143-1149.
39. Sexton, K. and Hattis, D. Assessing Cumulative Health Risks From Exposure to Environmental Mixtures-Three Fundamental Questions. Environ. Health Perspect. May 2007;115(5):825-832.
40. Williams, B. L., Barr, D. B., Wright, J. M., Buckley, B., and Magsumbol, M. S. Interpretation of Biomonitoring Data in Clinical Medicine and the Exposure Sciences. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. Nov 15, 2008;233(l):76-80.
41. ACC. Summary Report: International Council of Chemical Associations (ICCA) Workshop: Making Sense of Human Biomonitoring Data. Paper Presented at: International Council of Chemical Associations (ICCA) Workshop: Making Sense of Human Biomonitoring Data; July 26-27, 2006; Minneapolis, Minnesota.
42. Robison, S., Needham, L., Faustman, E., Zenick, H., and Sheldon, L. Abstract #1291: Integration of Biomonitoring Data Into the Risk Assessment Process. Paper Presented at: Society of Toxicology Annual Meeting, 2005;New Orleans, LA.
43. USEPA. Air Quality Criteria for Lead, Vol I and II of II.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency;2006. Available at: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/cfm/recordisplay. cfm?deid=15882.
44. Lakind, J. S., Hays, S. M., Aylward, L. L., and Naiman, D. Q. Perspective on Serum Dioxin Levels in the United States: An Evaluation of the NHANES Data. J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. May 2009;19(4):435-441.
45. Birnbaum, L.S. and Cohen Hubal, E.A. Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers: A Case Study for Using Biomonitoring Data to Address Risk Assessment Questions. Environ. Health Perspect. Nov 2006;114(11):1770-1775.
46. Braverman, L.E., He, X., and Pino, S., et al. The Effect of Perchlorate, Thiocyanate, and Nitrate on Thyroid Function in Workers Exposed to Perchlorate Long- Term. / Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. Feb 2005;90(2):700-706.
47. Guruge, K.S., Taniyasu, S., and Yamashita, N., et al. Perfluorinated Organic Compounds in Human Blood Serum and Seminal Plasma: A Study of Urban and Rural Tea Worker Populations in Sri Lanka. J. Environ. Monit. Apr 2005;7(4):371-377.
48. Kaiser, R., Marcus, M., and Blanck, H.M., et al. Polybrominated Biphenyl Exposure and Benign Breast Disease in a Cohort of U.S. Women. Ann. Epidemiol. Jan2003;13(l):16-23.
49. CDC. National Environmental Public Health Tracking: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention;2005. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/tracking/ biomonitoring.htm.
50. CDPH. California Environmental Contaminant Biomonitoring Program: California Department of Public Health;2007. Available at: http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/ biomonitoring/pages/default.aspx.
51. AHS. Agricultural Health Study. National: National Institutes of Health (NCI and NIEHS) and the U.S. EPA;2006. Available at: http://www.aghealth.org.
52. HC. Canadian Health Measures Survey. Chemical Substances: An Ecoaction Initiative: Health Canada;2008. Available at: http://www.chemicalsubstanceschimiques. gc.ca/bio_e.html#5.
53. UBA. Health and Environmental Hygiene: German Environmental Survey (Geres);2009. Available at: http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/gesundheit-e/survey/ index.htm.
54. CDC. Third National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals: "National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA"; 2005 Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/exposurereport/pdf/thirdreport.pdf.
55. Bahadori, T., Phillips, R.D., and Money, C.D., et al. Making Sense of Human Biomonitoring Data: Findings and Recommendations of a Workshop. J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. Jul 2007;17(4):308-313.
56. Calafat, A.M. and McKee, R.H. Integrating Biomonitoring Exposure Data Into the Risk Assessment Process: Phthalates [Diethyl Phthalate and Di(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate] as a Case Study. Environ. Health Perspect. Nov 2006; 114(11): 1783-1789.
57. NRC. Human Biomonitoring for Environmental Chemicals: NRC Committee on Human Biomonitoring for Environmental Toxicants; July 2006. Available at: http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php ?record_id=l 1700.
58. ECETOC. Guidance for the Interpretation of Biomonitoring Data: European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals;2005. Available at: http:// www.ecetoc.org/index.php?mact=mcsoap,cntnt01, details, 0&cntnt01by_ category=l&cntnt01order_by=reference%20desc&cntnt01template=display_ Iist_v2&cntnt01 display_template=display_details_v2&cntnt01 document_id=70&cntnt01 returnid=94.
59. Clewell, H.J., Tan, Y.M., Campbell, J.L., and Andersen, M.E. Quantitative Interpretation of Human Biomonitoring Data. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. Aug 15, 2008;231(1):122-133.
60. Georgopoulos, P.G., Sasso, A. E, and Isukapalli, S.S., et al. Reconstructing Population Exposures to Environmental Chemicals from Biomarkers: Challenges and Opportunities. J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. Feb 2009;19(2):149-171.
61. Hays, S.M. and Aylward, L.L. Using Biomonitoring Equivalents to Interpret Human Biomonitoring Data in a Public Health Risk Context. J. Appl. Toxicol. May 2009;29(4):275-288.
62. Tan, Y.M., Liao, K.H., and Clewell, H.J., III. Reverse Dosimetry: Interpreting Trihalomethanes Biomonitoring Data Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling. J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. Nov 2007;17(7):591-603.
63. Denison, M.S., Pandini, A., Nagy, S.R., Baldwin, E.P., and Bonati, L. Ligand Binding and Activation of the Ah Receptor. Chem. Biol. Interact. Sep 20, 2002;141(1-2):3-24.
64. Clark, R.F. Insecticides: Organic Phosphorus Compounds and Carbamates. In: Flomenbaum, N.E., Goldfrank, L.R., and Hoffman, R.S., Eds. Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies. 8th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill;2006:1497-1512.
65. Bhatnagar, A., Hustinx, R., and Alavi, A. Nuclear Imaging Methods for Non- Invasive Drug Monitoring. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. Mar 15, 2000;41(1):41-54.
66. USEPA. Supplementary Guidance for Conducting Health Risk Assessment of Chemical Mixtures.: "U.S. EPA/RAF, Washington, D.C." 2000. Available at: http://www.epa.gov/ncea/raf/pdfs/chem_mix/chem_mix_08_2001.pdf.
67. NTP. Report on Carcinogens (2006): National Toxicology Program;2006. Available at: http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/roc/toclO.html.
68. Lewtas, J. Genotoxicity of Complex Mixtures: Strategies for the Identification and Comparative Assessment of Airborne Mutagens and Carcinogens from Combustion Sources. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. May 1988;10(4):571-589.
69. Perera, F.P. and Weinstein, I.B. Molecular Epidemiology and Carcinogen-DNA Adduct Detection: New Approaches to Studies of Human Cancer Causation. J. Chronic. Dis. 1982;35(7):581-600.
70. McCarty, L.S., Power, M., and Munkittrick, K.R. Bioindicators versus Biomarkers in Ecological Risk Assessment. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment. Jan 2002;8(1): 159-164.
71. NRC. Toxicity Testing in the Twenty-First Century: A Vision and a Strategy. Washington, D.C.:National Academy of Sciences;2007. Available at: http://dels. nas.edu/best/reportdetail.php?link_id=4286&session_id=9aeebe6aab89fl66a4 2c0c2ad3269c37.
72. Crowell, J.A. The Chemopreventive Agent Development Research Program in the Division of Cancer Prevention of the U.S. National Cancer Institute: An Overview. Eur. J. Cancer. Sep 2005;41(13):1889-1910.
73. Potter, J.D. At the Interfaces of Epidemiology, Genetics and Genomics. Nat. Rev. Genet. Feb 2001 ;2(2): 142-147.
74. Potter, J.D. Epidemiology, Cancer Genetics and Microarrays: Making Correct Inferences, Using Appropriate Designs. Trends Genet. Dec 2003;19(12): 690-695.
75. Waters, M.D. and Fostel, J.M. Toxicogenomics and Systems Toxicology: Aims and Prospects. Nat. Rev. Genet. Dec 2004;5(12):936-948.
76. Webb, P.M., Merritt, M.A., Boyle, G.M., and Green, A.C. Microarrays and Epidemiology: Not the Beginning of the End but the End of the Beginning. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. Apr 2007;16(4):637-638.
77. Ballman, K.V. Genetics and Genomics: Gene Expression Microarrays. Circulation. Oct7, 2008;118(15):1593-1597.
78. Van Leeuwen, D.M., Van Herwijnen, M.H., and Pedersen, M., et al. Genome- Wide Differential Gene Expression in Children Exposed to Air Pollution in the Czech Republic. Mutat. Res. Aug 30, 2006;600( 1-2): 12-22.
79. Jost-Albrecht, K. and Hofstetter, W Gene Expression by Human Monocytes from Peripheral Blood in Response to Exposure to Metals. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater. Feb 2006;76(2):449-455.
80. Fry, R. C, Navasumrit, P., and Valiathan, C, et al. Activation of Inflammation/ NF-Kappab Signaling in Infants Born to Arsenic-Exposed Mothers. Plos. Genet. Nov2007;3(ll):E207.
81. Wild, C.P. Environmental Exposure Measurement in Cancer Epidemiology. Mutagenesis. Mar 2009;24(2):117-125.
82. Sen, B., Mahadevan, B., and Demarini, D.M. Transcriptional Responses to Complex Mixtures: A Review. Mutat. Res. Nov/Dec 2007;636(1-3): 144-177.
83. Meek, M.E. Recent Developments in Frameworks to Consider Human Relevance of Hypothesized Modes of Action for Tumours in Animals. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. Mar 2008;49(2): 110-116.
84. Edwards, S. W and Preston, R.J. Systems Biology and Mode of Action Based Risk Assessment. Toxicol. Sci. Dec 2008;106(2):312-318.
85. Judson, R., Richard, A., and Dix, D.J., et al. The Toxicity Data Landscape for Environmental Chemicals. Environ. Health Perspect. May 2009; 117(5): 685-695.
86. Williams, E.S., Panko, J., and Paustenbach, D.J. The European Union's REACH Regulation: A Review of Its History and Requirements. Critical Reviews in Toxicology. 2009 DTBS-Pubmed MEDLINE. 2009;39(7):553-575.
87. USEPA. Framework for a Computational Toxicology Research Program: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 20460; 2003. EPA/600/R-03/065. Available at: http://www.epa.gov/ncct/comptox_framework. html.
88. NTP. NTP Vision & Roadmap National Toxicology Program: National Toxicology Program, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709;2004. Available at: http://ntp. niehs. nih.gov/fi les/ntprdmp .pdf.
89. Cohen Hubal, E.A., Richard, A.M., and Shah, I., et al. Exposure Science and the U.S. EPA National Center for Computational Toxicology. J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. Nov 5, 2008;111(2):226-232.
90. Cohen Hubal, E.A. Biologically-Relevant Exposure Science for 21st Century Toxicity Testing. Toxicol. Sci. Jul 14, 2009;lll(2):226-232.
91. Sheldon, L.S. and Cohen Hubal, E.A. Exposure as Part of a Systems Approach for Assessing Risk. Environ. Health Perspect. Aug 2009; 117(8): 119-1194.
92. Guyton, K.Z., Barone, S., Jr., Brown, R. C, Euling, S.Y., Jinot, J., and Makris, S. Mode of Action Frameworks: A Critical Analysis. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health B Crit. Rev. Jan 2008; 11(1): 16-31.
93. Bansal, M., Belcastro, V., Ambesi-Impiombato, A., and Di Bernardo, D. How to Infer Gene Networks from Expression Profiles. Mol. Syst. Biol. 2007;3:78.
94. Feist, A. M, Herrgard, M.J., Thiele, I., Reed, J.L., and Palsson, B.O. Reconstruction of Biochemical Networks in Microorganisms. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. Feb 2009;7(2): 129-143.
95. Hecker, M., Lambeck, S., Toepfer, S., Van Someren, E., and Guthke, R. Gene Regulatory Network Inference: Data Integration in Dynamic Models-A Review. Biosystems. Apr 2009;96(1):86-103.
96. Gohlke, J.M., Thomas, R., and Zhang, Y, et al. Genetic and Environmental Pathways to Complex Diseases. BMC Syst. Biol. 2009;3:46.
97. Loscalzo, J., Kohane, I., and Barabasi, A.L. Human Disease Classification in the Postgenomic Era: A Complex Systems Approach to Human Pathobiology. Mol. Syst. Biol. 2007;3:124.
98. Kavlock, R.J., Ankley, G., Blancato, J., Breen, M., Conolly, R., Dix, D., Houck, K., Hubal, E., Judson, R., Rabinowitz, J., Richard, A., Setzer, R.W., Shah, I., Villeneuve, D., and Weber, E. Computational Toxicology, a State of the Science Mini Review. Toxicol. Sci. May 2008;103(l):14-27.
99. Knudsen, T.B. and Kavlock, R.J. Comparative Bioinformatics and Computational Toxicology. In: Abbot, B., and Hansen, D., Eds. Developmental Toxicology. 3rd ed.:Informa Healthcare USA, Inc.;2008:311-360.