Understanding the catalyst-free transformation of amorphous carbon into graphene by current-induced annealing

Scientific Reports

Volumn 3, Issue , 2013, Pages

  Barreiro, Amelia ^a   Börrnert, Felix ^b   Avdoshenko, Stanislav M ^c,d   Rellinghaus, Bernd ^b   Cuniberti, Gianaurelio ^c,e   Rümmeli, Mark H ^b,c   Vandersypen, Lieven M K ^a  

^a DELFT UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Netherlands)

^b IFW DRESDEN   (Germany)

^c DRESDEN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Germany)

^d PURDUE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^e Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)   (South Korea)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84873135584     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20452322     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/srep01115     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. Novoselov, K. S. et al. Two-dimensional atomic crystals. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 102, 10451-10453 (2005). (Pubitemid 41061574)
2. Zhang, Y., Tan, Y.-W. Stormer, H. L. & Kim, P. Experimental observation of the quantum Hall effect and Berry? phase in graphene. Nature 438, 201-204 (2005). (Pubitemid 41599868)
3. Novoselov, K. S. et al. Two-dimensional gas of massless Dirac fermions. Nature 438, 197-200 (2005). (Pubitemid 41599867)
4. Bolotin, K. I., Ghahari, F., Shulman, M. D., Stormer, H. L. & Kim, P. Observation of the Fractional Quantum Hall Effect in Graphene. Nature 462, 196-199 (2009).
5. Du, X., Skachko, I., Duerr, F., Luican, A. & Andrei, E. Y. Fractional quantum Hall effect and insulating phase of Dirac electrons in graphene. Nature 462, 192-195 (2009).
6. Schwierz, F. Graphene Transistors. Nature Nanotechnology 5, 487-496 (2010).
7. Ruemmeli,M. H. et al. Graphene: Piecing it Together. Adv. Mat. 23, 4471-4490 (2011).
8. Rodruez-Manzo, J. I., Pham-Huu, C. & Banhart, F. Graphene Growth by a Metal-Catalyzed Solid-State Transformation of Amorphous Carbon. ACS Nano 5, 1529-1534 (2011).
9. Zheng, M. et al.Metal-catalyzed crystallization of amorphous carbon to graphene. Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 063110-063112 (2010).
10. Orofeo, C. M., Ago, H., Hu, B. & Tsuji, M. Synthesis of large area, homogeneous, single layer graphene films by annealing amorphous carbon on Co and Ni. Nano Res. 4, 531-540 (2011).
11. Rumeli, M. H. et al. On the graphitization nature of oxides for the formation of carbon nanostructures. Chem. Mater. 19, 4105-4107 (2007).
12. Rumeli, M. H. et al. Direct low-temperature nanographene CVD synthesis over a dielectric insulator. ACS Nano 4, 4206-4210 (2010).
13. Scott, A. et al. The catalytic potential of high-K dielectrics for graphene formation. Appl. Phys. Lett. 98, 073110 (2011).
14. Chen, J. et al. Oxygen-Aided Synthesis of Polycrystalline Graphene on Silicon Dioxide Substrates. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133, 17548-17551 (2011).
15. Liu, B. et al. Metal-Catalyst-Free Growth of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131, 2082-2083 (2009).
16. Huang, S., Cai, Q., Chen, J., Qian, Y. & Zhang, L. Metal-Catalyst-Free Growth of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes on Substrates. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131, 2094-2095 (2009).
17. Rumeli, M. H. et al. Synthesis of carbon nanotubes with and without catalyst particles. Nano. Res. 6, 303 (2011).
18. Iijima, S. Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon. Nature 354, 56-58 (1991). (Pubitemid 21896780)
19. Bacon, R. & Bowman, J. C. Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 2, 131 (1957).
20. Ebbesen, T. W. Carbon Nanotubes: Preparation and Properties, CRC Press: New York, 1997.
21. Huang, J. Y. In Situ Observation of Quasimelting of Diamond and Reversible Graphite2Diamond Phase Transformations. Nano Lett. 7, 2335-2338 (2007).
22. Lin, J.-H., Chen, C.-S., Rumeli, M. H. & Zeng, Z.-Y. Self-assembly formation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes on gold surfaces. Nanoscale 2, 2835-2840 (2010).
23. Lin, J. H. et al. Growth of carbon nanotubes catalyzed by defect-rich graphite surfaces. Chem. Mater. 23, 1637-1639 (2011).
24. Dato, A., Radmilovic, V., Lee, Z., Phillips, J. & Frenklach, M. Substrate-Free Gas-Phase Synthesis of Graphene Sheets. Nano Lett. 8, 2012-2015 (2008).
25. Yuan, G. D. et al. Graphene sheets via microwave chemical vapor deposition. Chem. Phys. Lett. 467, 361-364 (2009).
26. Westenfelder, B. et al. Transformations of Carbon Adsorbates on Graphene Substrates under Extreme Heat. Nano Lett. 11, 5123-5127 (2011).
27. Asaka, K., Karita, M. & Saito, Y. Graphitization of amorphous carbon on a multiwall carbon nanotube surface by catalyst-free heating. Appl. Phys. Lett. 99, 091907 (2011).
28. Chen, S. et al. High-bias-induced structure and the corresponding electronic property changes in carbon nanotubes. Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 263107 (2005).
29. Huang, J. Y., Chen, S., Ren, Z. F., Chen, G. & Dresselhaus, M. S. Real-Time Observation of Tubule Formation from Amorphous Carbon Nanowires under High-Bias Joule Heating. Nano Lett. 6, 1699-175 (2006).
30. Kelly, B. T. Physics of Graphite. Applied Science Publishers: London, 1981.
31. Wang, Y., Page, A. J., Qian, H.-J., Morokuma, K. & Irle, S. Template Effect in the Competition Between Haeckelite and Graphene Growth on Ni(111): Quantum Chemical Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133, 18837-18842 (2011).
32. Zahradnik, R. & Hobza P. Pure & Appl. Chem. 60, 245-252 (1988).
33. Moser, J., Barreiro, A.&Bachtold, A. Current-induced cleaning of graphene. Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 163513 (2007).
34. Barreiro, A., Rurali, R., Hernadez E. R. & Bachtold, A. Structured graphene devices for mass transport. Small 7, 775-780 (2011).
35. Barreiro, A., Bornert, F., Rumeli, M. H., Buhner, B. & Vandersypen, L. M. K. Graphene at high bias: cracking, layer by layer evaporation and switching behaviour. Nano Lett. 12, 1873-1878 (2012).
36. Huang, J. Y. et al. In situ observation of graphene sublimation and multi-layer edge reconstructions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106, 10103-10108 (2009).
37. Song, B. et al. Atomic-Scale Electron-Beam Sculpting of Near-Defect-Free Graphene Nanostructures. Nano Lett. 11, 2247-2250 (2011).
38. Warner, J. H. et al. Investigating the diameter-dependent stability of single-walled carbon nanotubes. ACS Nano 3, 1557-1661 (2009).
39. Please see the electronic supplementary material.
40. Banhart, F. Irradiation effects in carbon nanostructures. Rep. Prog. Phys. 62, 1181 (1999).
41. Meyer, J. C., Chuvilin, A. & Kaiser, U. Graphene-Two dimensional carbon at atomic resolution. Materials Science 3, 347-348 (2009).
42. Warner, J. H. et al. Investigating the diameter-dependent stability of single-walled carbon nanotubes. ACS Nano 3, 1557-1661 (2009).
43. Zan, R., Ramasse, Q. M., Bangert, U.&Novoselov, K. S. Graphene reknits its holes. Nano Lett. 12, 3936-3940 (2012).
44. Bornert, F. et al. In situ observations of self-repairing single-walled carbon nanotubes. Phys. Rev. B 81, 201401R (2010).
45. Irle, S., Zheng, G., Elstner, M. &Morokuma, K. Formation of Fullerene Molecules from Carbon Nanotubes: A Quantum Chemical Molecular Dynamics Study. Nano Lett. 3, 465-468 (2003).
46. Saha, B., Shindo, S., Irle, S. & Morokuma, K. Quantum Chemical Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Dynamic Fullerene Self-Assembly in Benzene Combustion. ACS Nano 3, 2241-2245 (2009).
47. Zheng, G., Irle, S. & Morokuma, K. Towards Formation of Buckminsterfullerene C60 in Quantum Chemical Molecular Dynamics. J. Chem. Phys. 122, 014708 (2005).
48. Usachov, D. et al. Quasifreestanding single-layer hexagonal boron nitride as a substrate for graphene synthesis. Phys. Rev. B 82, 075415 (2010).
49. Barreiro, A. et al. Subnanometer Motion of Cargoes Driven by Thermal Gradients Along Carbon Nanotubes. Science 320, 775-778 (2008). (Pubitemid 351934170)
50. Xu, X., Gabor, N. M., Alden, J. S., van der Zande, A. M. & McEuen, P. L. Photo-Thermoelectric Effect at a Graphene Interface Junction. Nano Lett. 10, 562-566 (2010).
51. Dean, C. R. et al. Boron nitride substrates for high quality graphene electronics. Nature Nanotechnology 5, 722-726 (2010).
52. Cross, S., Kuttel, M. M., Stone, J. E. & Gain, J. E. Visualisation of cyclic and multibranched molecules with VMD. J Mol Graph Model. 28, 131-139 (2009).
53. Bornert, F. et al. Lattice expansion in seamless bi-layer graphene constrictions at high bias. Nano Letters 12, 4455-4459 (2012).