Treatment of type 2 diabetes in the elderly;Tratamiento de la diabetes tipo 2 en el paciente anciano

Medicina Clinica

Volumn 140, Issue 3, 2013, Pages

  Gómez Huelgas, Ricardo ^a   Díez Espino, Javier ^a   Formiga, Francesc ^a   Lafita Tejedor, Javier ^a   Rodríguez Mañas, Leocadio ^a   González Sarmiento, Enrique ^a   Menéndez, Edelmiro ^a   Sangrós, Javier ^a  

^a Sociedad Española de Medicina Interna ^*  (Spain)

Author keywords

Elderly; Treatment; Type 2 diabetes

Indexed keywords

ANTIDIABETIC AGENT; HEMOGLOBIN A1C;

AGING; ARTICLE; DIABETES CONTROL; FRAIL ELDERLY; GLYCEMIC CONTROL; HEMOGLOBIN DETERMINATION; HUMAN; HYPOGLYCEMIA; LIFE EXPECTANCY; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; PATIENT SAFETY; QUALITY OF LIFE; RISK FACTOR;

AGED; ALGORITHMS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; COGNITION DISORDERS; COMBINED MODALITY THERAPY; COMORBIDITY; DIABETES COMPLICATIONS; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; DIABETIC DIET; EXERCISE THERAPY; FEMALE; HEMOGLOBIN A, GLYCOSYLATED; HUMANS; HYPOGLYCEMIA; HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS; INSULIN, SHORT-ACTING; LIFE STYLE; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; POLYPHARMACY; POPULATION DYNAMICS; PREVALENCE; QUALITY OF LIFE; SPAIN;

EID: 84872939487     PISSN: 00257753     EISSN: 15788989     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2012.10.003     Document Type: Article

References (94)

1. E. Selvin, J. Coresh, and F.L. Brancati The burden and treatment of diabetes in elderly individuals in the u.s Diabetes Care 29 2006 2415 2419
2. F. Soriguer, A. Goday, A. Bosch-Comas, E. Bordiu, A. Calle-Pascual, and R. Carmena Prevalence of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose regulation in Spain: the Di@bet.es Study Diabetologia 55 2012 88 93
3. D. Helmer, C.L. Tseng, J. Wrobel, A. Tiwari, M. Rajan, and L. Pogach Assessing the risk of lower extremity amputations using an administrative data-based foot risk index in elderly patients with diabetes J Diabetes 3 2011 248 255
4. L. Rodriguez-Manas A call for action in diabetes care for older people Diabet Med 28 2011 757 758
5. American Diabetes Association Standards of medical care in diabetes - 2012 Diabetes Care 35 Supl 1 2012 S11 S63
6. C.L. Li, H.Y. Chang, H.H. Wang, and Y.B. Bai Diabetes, functional ability, and self-rated health independently predict hospital admission within one year among older adults: a population based cohort study Arch Gerontol Geriatr 52 2011 147 152
7. A. Ferrer, G. Padros, F. Formiga, S. Rojas-Farreras, J.M. Perez, and R. Pujol Diabetes mellitus: prevalence and effect of morbidities in the oldest old. The Octabaix study J Am Geriatr Soc 60 2012 462 467
8. J. Hewitt, L. Smeeth, C.J. Bulpitt, and A.E. Fletcher The prevalence of type 2 diabetes and its associated health problems in a community-dwelling elderly population Diabet Med 26 2009 370 376
9. Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Esperanza de vida [revista electrónica] [consultado 28 Mar 2012]: Disponible en: http://ine.es/ss/Satellite?c=INESeccion-C¶m3=1259926137287&p= 1254735110672&pagename=ProductosYServicios%2FPYSLayout&cid= 1259926380048&L=0
10. R. Gispert, M. Ruiz-Ramos, M.A. Bares, F. Viciana, and G. Clot-Razquin Differences in disability-free life expectancy by gender and autonomous regions in Spain Rev Esp Salud Publica 81 2007 155 165
11. A.V. Schwartz, E. Vittinghoff, D.C. Bauer, T.A. Hillier, E.S. Strotmeyer, and K.E. Ensrud Association of BMD and FRAX score with risk of fracture in older adults with type 2 diabetes JAMA 305 2011 2184 2192
12. J. Hewitt, L. Smeeth, N. Chaturvedi, C.J. Bulpitt, and A.E. Fletcher Self management and patient understanding of diabetes in the older person Diabet Med 28 2011 117 122
13. B. Stuart, L. Simoni-Wastila, X. Yin, A. Davidoff, I.H. Zuckerman, and J. Doshi Medication use and adherence among elderly Medicare beneficiaries with diabetes enrolled in part D and retiree health plans Med Care 49 2011 511 515
14. A.K. Braun, T. Kubiak, J. Kuntsche, M. Meier-Hofig, U.A. Muller, and I. Feucht SGS: a structured treatment and teaching programme for older patients with diabetes mellitus - a prospective randomised controlled multi-centre trial Age Ageing 38 2009 390 396
15. G.J. Biessels, S. Staekenborg, E. Brunner, C. Brayne, and P. Scheltens Risk of dementia in diabetes mellitus: a systematic review Lancet Neurol 5 2006 64 74
16. A. Verdelho, S. Madureira, C. Moleiro, J.M. Ferro, C.O. Santos, and T. Erkinjuntti White matter changes and diabetes predict cognitive decline in the elderly: the LADIS study Neurology 75 2010 160 167
17. J.A. Luchsinger, W. Palmas, J.A. Teresi, S. Silver, J. Kong, and J.P. Eimicke Improved diabetes control in the elderly delays global cognitive decline J Nutr Health Aging 15 2011 445 449
18. K. Alagiakrishnan, and A. Sclater Psychiatric disorders presenting in the elderly with type 2 diabetes mellitus Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 20 2012 645 652
19. U. Bulugahapitiya, S. Siyambalapitiya, J. Sithole, and I. Idris Is diabetes a coronary risk equivalent? Systematic review and meta-analysis Diabet Med 26 2009 142 148
20. C.S. Fox, L. Sullivan, R.B.S. D'Agostino, and P.W. Wilson Framingham Heart Study. The significant effect of diabetes duration on coronary heart disease mortality: the Framingham Heart Study Diabetes Care 27 2004 704 708
21. S.G. Wannamethee, A.G. Shaper, P.H. Whincup, L. Lennon, and N. Sattar Impact of diabetes on cardiovascular disease risk and all-cause mortality in older men: influence of age at onset, diabetes duration, and established and novel risk factors Arch Intern Med 17 2011 404 410
22. B.V. Howard, L.G. Best, J.M. Galloway, W.J. Howard, K. Jones, and E.T. Lee Coronary heart disease risk equivalence in diabetes depends on concomitant risk factors Diabetes Care 29 2006 391 397
23. Prospective Studies Collaboration S. Lewington, G. Whitlock, R. Clarke, P. Sherliker, J. Emberson, and J. Halsey Blood cholesterol and vascular mortality by age, sex, and blood pressure: a meta-analysis of individual data from 61 prospective studies with 55,000 vascular deaths Lancet 370 2007 1829 1839
24. R. Gabriel Sánchez, B. Novella Arribas, M. Alonso Arroyo, S. Vega Quiroga, I. López García, and C. Suárez Fernández The EPICARDIAN project, a cohort study on cardiovascular diseases and risk factors among the elderly in Spain: methodological aspects and major demographic findings Rev Esp Salud Publica 78 2004 243 255
25. S. Bineau, C. Dufouil, C. Helmer, K. Ritchie, J.P. Empana, and P. Ducimetiere Framingham stroke risk function in a large population-based cohort of elderly people: the 3C study Stroke 40 2009 1564 1570
26. W. De Ruijter, R.G. Westendorp, W.J. Assendelft, W.P. den Elzen, A.J. de Craen, and S. le Cessie Use of Framingham risk score and new biomarkers to predict cardiovascular mortality in older people: population based observational cohort study BMJ 2009
27. C. Beer, H. Alfonso, L. Flicker, P.E. Norman, G.J. Hankey, and O.P. Almeida Traditional risk factors for incident cardiovascular events have limited importance in later life compared with the health in men study cardiovascular risk score Stroke 42 2011 952 959
28. G.W. Landman, K.J. van Hateren, N. Kleefstra, K.H. Groenier, R.O. Gans, and H.J. Bilo Health-related quality of life and mortality in a general and elderly population of patients with type 2 diabetes (ZODIAC-18) Diabetes Care 28 2010 2378 2382
29. M.A. Munger Polypharmacy and combination therapy in the management of hypertension in elderly patients with co-morbid diabetes mellitus Drugs Aging 27 2010 871 883
30. H.D. Berlie, and C.L. Garwood Diabetes medications related to an increased risk of falls and fall-related morbidity in the elderly Ann Pharmacother 44 2010 712 717
31. E.S. Huang, J.Y. Liu, H.H. Moffet, P.M. John, and A.J. Karter Glycemic control, complications, and death in older diabetic patients: the diabetes and aging study Diabetes Care 34 2011 1329 1336
32. M. Janghorbani, R.M. van Dam, W.C. Willett, and F.B. Hu Systematic review of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus and risk of fracture Am J Epidemiol 166 2007 495 505
33. B. Vega Piñero Aspectos diferenciales de la nutrición en los pacientes ancianos con diabetes Av Diabetol 26 2010 307 313
34. V. Suominen, J. Salenius, P. Sainio, A. Reunanen, and T. Rantanen Peripheral arterial disease, diabetes and postural balance among elderly Finns: a population-based study Aging Clin Exp Res 20 2008 540 546
35. D.S. Budnitz, M.C. Lovegrove, N. Shehab, and C.L. Richards Emergency hospitalizations for adverse drug events in older Americans N Engl J Med 365 2011 2002 2012
36. A. Chelliah, and M.R. Burge Hypoglycaemia in elderly patients with diabetes mellitus: causes and strategies for prevention Drugs Aging 21 2004 511 530
37. J.P. Bremer, K. Jauch-Chara, M. Hallschmid, S. Schmid, and B. Schultes Hypoglycemia unawareness in older compared with middle-aged patients with type 2 diabetes Diabetes Care 32 2009 1513 1517
38. D.G. Bruce, W.A. Davis, G.P. Casey, R.M. Clarnette, S.G. Brown, and I.G. Jacobs Severe hypoglycaemia and cognitive impairment in older patients with diabetes: the Fremantle Diabetes Study Diabetologia 52 2009 1808 1815
39. R.A. Whitmer, A.J. Karter, K. Yaffe, C.P. Quesenberry Jr., and J.V. Selby Hypoglycemic episodes and risk of dementia in older patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus JAMA 301 2009 1565 1572
40. M.E. Miller, D.E. Bonds, H.C. Gerstein, E.R. Seaquist, R.M. Bergenstal, and J. Calles-Escandon The effects of baseline characteristics, glycaemia treatment approach, and glycated haemoglobin concentration on the risk of severe hypoglycaemia: post hoc epidemiological analysis of the ACCORD study BMJ 340 2010 b5444
41. W. Duckworth, C. Abraira, T. Moritz, D. Reda, N. Emanuele, and P.D. Reaven Glucose control and vascular complications in veterans with type 2 diabetes N Engl J Med 360 2009 129 139
42. B. Hemmingsen, S.S. Lund, C. Gluud, A. Vaag, T. Almdal, and C. Hemmingsen Intensive glycaemic control for patients with type 2 diabetes: systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis of randomised clinical trials BMJ 343 2011 d6898
43. P.E. Cryer, S.N. Davis, and H. Shamoon Hypoglycemia in diabetes Diabetes Care 26 2003 1902 1912
44. Z. Reiner, A.L. Catapano, G. de Backer, I. Graham, M.R. Taskinen, O. Wiklund European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation, ESC Committee for Practice Gidelines (CPG) 2008-2010 and 2010-2012 Committees ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: the Task Force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS) Eur Heart J 44 2011 1769 1818
45. P.J. Fagan, A.B. Schuster, C. Boyd, J.A. Marsteller, M. Griswold, and S.M. Murphy Chronic care improvement in primary care: evaluation of an integrated pay-for-performance and practice-based care coordination program among elderly patients with diabetes Health Serv Res 45 Pt 1 2010 1763 1782
46. G. Worrall, and J. Knight Continuity of care is good for elderly people with diabetes: retrospective cohort study of mortality and hospitalization Can Fam Physician 57 2011 e16 e20
47. R. Gadsby, M. Galloway, P. Barker, and A. Sinclair Prescribed medicines for elderly frail people with diabetes resident in nursing homes-issues of polypharmacy and medication costs Diabet Med 29 2012 136 139
48. A. Kalogeropoulos, V. Georgiopoulou, T.B. Harris, S.B. Kritchevsky, D.C. Bauer, and A.L. Smith Glycemic status and incident heart failure in elderly without history of diabetes mellitus: the health, aging, and body composition study J Card Fail 15 2009 593 599
49. M.S. Maurer, J. Burcham, and H. Cheng Diabetes mellitus is associated with an increased risk of falls in elderly residents of a long-term care facility J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 60 2005 1157 1162
50. A.A. Rizvi Management of diabetes in older adults Am J Med Sci 333 2007 35 47
51. A.J. Sinclair, G. Paolisso, M. Castro, I. Bourdel-Marchasson, R. Gadsby, and L. Rodriguez Manas European Diabetes Working Party for Older People 2011 clinical guidelines for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Executive summary Diabetes Metab 37 2011 S27 S38
52. A. Migdal, S.S. Yarandi, D. Smiley, and G.E. Umpierrez Update on diabetes in the elderly and in nursing home residents J Am Med Dir Assoc 12 2011 627 632.e2
53. K.N. Eggleston, N.D. Shah, S.A. Smith, A.E. Wagie, A.R. Williams, and J.H. Grossman The net value of health care for patients with type 2 diabetes, 1997 to 2005 Ann Intern Med 151 2009 386 393
54. F. Ismail-Beigi, T. Craven, M.A. Banerji, J. Basile, J. Calles, and R.M. Cohen Effect of intensive treatment of hyperglycaemia on microvascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes: an analysis of the ACCORD randomised trial Lancet 376 2010 419 430
55. ADVANCE Collaborative Group A. Patel, S. MacMahon, J. Chalmers, B. Neal, L. Billot, and M. Woodward Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes N Engl J Med 358 2008 2560 2572
56. S.E. Inzucchi, R.M. Bergenstal, J.B. Buse, M. Diamant, E. Ferrannini, and M. Nauck Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: a patient-centered approach: position statement of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) Diabetes Care 35 2012 1364 1379
57. A.F. Brown, C.M. Mangione, D. Saliba, C.A. Sarkisian California Healthcare Foundation/American Geriatrics Society Panel on Improving Care for Elders with Diabetes Guidelines for improving the care of the older person with diabetes mellitus J Am Geriatr Soc 51 Suppl Guidelines 2003 S265 S280
58. National Institute for Health, Clinical Excellence (NICE). Type 2 diabetes: treatment of type 2 diabetes. NICE clinical guideline CG66 (updated). London: NICE, 2008 [online]. [revista electrónica] [consultado 1 Abr 2011]: Disponible en: http://www.nice. org.uk/CG87
59. Canadian Diabetes Association Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Management of Diabetes in Canada Can J Diabetes 32 2008 S1 S201
60. VA/DoD Diabetes Clinical Practice Guideline Working Group. VA/DoD clinical practice guideline for the management of diabetes mellitus. Version 4.0 Washington, DC: Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) and The Department of Defense (DoD), 2010 Aug [online]. [revista electrónica] [consultado 1 Abr 2011]: Disponible en: http://www.healthquality.va.gov/diabetes/DM2010-FUL-v4e. pdf
61. J.D. Curb, S.L. Pressel, J.A. Cutler, P.J. Savage, W.B. Applegate, and H. Black Effect of diuretic-based antihypertensive treatment on cardiovascular disease risk in older diabetic patients with isolated systolic hypertension. Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program Cooperative Research Group JAMA 276 1996 1886 1892
62. N.S. Beckett, R. Peters, A.E. Fletcher, J.A. Staessen, L. Liu, and D. Dumitrascu Treatment of hypertension in patients 80 years of age or older N Engl J Med 358 2008 1887 1898
63. IDF. Global Guidelines for Type 2 Diabetes [revista electrónica] [consultado 1 Abr 2011]: Disponible en: http://www.idf.org/webdata/docs/ IDF%20GGT2D.pdf
64. National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report Circulation 106 2002 3143 3421
65. A.L. Schafer, E. Vittinghoff, T.F. Lang, D.E. Sellmeyer, T.B. Harris, and A.M. Kanaya Fat infiltration of muscle, diabetes, and clinical fracture risk in older adults J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95 2010 E368 E372
66. J.S. Lee, T.W. Auyeung, J. Leung, T. Kwok, P.C. Leung, and J. Woo The effect of diabetes mellitus on age-associated lean mass loss in 3153 older adults Diabet Med 27 2010 1366 1371
67. R.S. Weinstock, G. Brooks, W. Palmas, P.C. Morin, J.A. Teresi, and J.P. Eimicke Lessened decline in physical activity and impairment of older adults with diabetes with telemedicine and pedometer use: results from the IDEATel study Age Ageing 40 2011 98 105
68. G.E. Bond, R.L. Burr, F.M. Wolf, and K. Feldt The effects of a web-based intervention on psychosocial well-being among adults aged 60 and older with diabetes: a randomized trial Diabetes Educ 36 2010 446 456
69. A. Qaseem, L.L. Humphrey, D.E. Sweet, M. Starkey, P. Shekelle Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians Oral pharmacologic treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians Ann Intern Med 156 2012 218 231
70. H. Ito, Y. Ohno, T. Yamauchi, Y. Kawabata, and H. Ikegami Efficacy and safety of metformin for treatment of type 2 diabetes in elderly Japanese patients Geriatr Gerontol Int 11 2011 55 62
71. R. Roussel, F. Travert, B. Pasquet, P.W. Wilson, S.C. Smith Jr., and S. Goto Metformin use and mortality among patients with diabetes and atherothrombosis Arch Intern Med 170 2010 1892 1899
72. D.M. Nathan, J.B. Buse, M.B. Davidson, R.J. Heine, R.R. Holman, and R. Sherwin Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: A consensus algorithm for the initiation and adjustment of therapy: a consensus statement from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes Diabetes Care 29 2006 1963 1972
73. S. Del Prato, R.J. Heine, L. Keilson, C. Guitard, S.G. Shen, and R.P. Emmons Treatment of patients over 64 years of age with type 2 diabetes: experience from nateglinide pooled database retrospective analysis Diabetes Care 26 2003 2075 2080
74. K.J. Lipska, C.J. Bailey, and S.E. Inzucchi Use of metformin in the setting of mild-to-moderate renal insufficiency Diabetes Care 24 2011 1431 1437
75. J. Gerich, P. Raskin, L. Jean-Louis, D. Purkayastha, and M.A. Baron PRESERVE-beta: two-year efficacy and safety of initial combination therapy with nateglinide or glyburide plus metformin Diabetes Care 28 2005 2093 2099
76. Z. Bloomgarden, and A. Drexler What role will 'gliptins' play in glycemic control? Cleve Clin J Med 75 2008 305 310
77. J.A. Dormandy, B. Charbonnel, D.J. Eckland, E. Erdmann, M. Massi-Benedetti, and I.K. Moules Secondary prevention of macrovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes in the PROactive Study (PROspective pioglitAzone Clinical Trial In macroVascular Events): a randomised controlled trial Lancet 366 2005 1279 1289
78. J. Waugh, G.M. Keating, G.L. Plosker, S. Easthope, and D.M. Robinson Pioglitazone: a review of its use in type 2 diabetes mellitus Drugs 66 2006 85 109
79. Pioglitazona: resultados de la evaluación europea sobre su possible asociación con el cáncer de vejiga [revista electrónica] [consultado 1 Abr 2011]: Disponible en: http://www.aemps. gob.es/informa/notasInformativas/medicamentosUsoHumano/seguridad/2011/ NI-MUH-13-2011.htm
80. C.J. Hsieh Acarbose reduces the risk of pre-lunch hypoglycemia in elderly people with diabetes eating rice porridge for breakfast Diabetes Res Clin Pract 89 2010 e66 e68
81. D.S. Shyangdan, P. Royle, C. Clar, P. Sharma, N. Waugh, and A. Snaith Glucagon-like peptide analogues for type 2 diabetes mellitus Cochrane Database Syst Rev 10 2011 CD006423
82. S.L. Schwartz Treatment of elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review of the benefits and risks of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors Am J Geriatr Pharmacother 8 2010 405 418
83. R.E. Pratley, J. Rosenstock, F.X. Pi-Sunyer, M.A. Banerji, A. Schweizer, and A. Couturier Management of type 2 diabetes in treatment-naive elderly patients: benefits and risks of vildagliptin monotherapy Diabetes Care 30 2007 3017 3022
84. A. Schweizer, S. Dejager, J.E. Foley, Q. Shao, and W. Kothny Clinical experience with vildagliptin in the management of type 2 diabetes in a patient population ≥75 years: a pooled analysis from a database of clinical trials Diabetes Obes Metab 13 2011 55 64
85. P.D. Home, A. Fritsche, S. Schinzel, and M. Massi-Benedetti Meta-analysis of individual patient data to assess the risk of hypoglycaemia in people with type 2 diabetes using NPH insulin or insulin glargine Diabetes Obes Metab 17 2010 772 779
86. K. Horvath, K. Jeitler, A. Berghold, S.H. Ebrahim, T.W. Gratzer, and J. Plank Long-acting insulin analogues versus NPH insulin (human isophane insulin) for type 2 diabetes mellitus Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2 2007 CD005613
87. A. Siebenhofer, J. Plank, A. Berghold, K. Jeitler, K. Horvath, and M. Narath Short acting insulin analogues versus regular human insulin in patients with diabetes mellitus Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2 2006 CD003287
88. National Institute for Health, Clinical Excellence (NICE). Type 2 Diabetes. Guideline 87, March 2010 [revista electrónica] [consultado 1 Abr 2011]: Disponible en: http://guidance.nice.org.uk/CG66
89. H.W. Rodbard, P.S. Jellinger, J.A. Davidson, D. Einhorn, A.J. Garber, and G. Grunberger Statement by an American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists/American College of Endocrinology consensus panel on type 2 diabetes mellitus: an algorithm for glycemic control Endocr Pract 15 2009 540 559
90. E. Menéndez-Torre, L. Lafita-Tejedor, S. Artola-Menéndez, J. Millán-Núñez-Cortés, A. Alonso-García, and M. Puig-Domingo Recomendaciones para el tratamiento farmacológico de la diabetes tipo 2 Adv Diabetol 26 2010 331 338
91. C. Ortega, J.A. Fornos, R.V. García-Mayor, and E. Menéndez Triple terapia en diabetes tipo 2: revision sistematica de la evidencia disponible Adv Diabetol 26 2010 276 280
92. R.R. Holman, A.J. Farmer, M.J. Davies, J.C. Levy, J.L. Darbyshire, and J.F. Keenan Three-year efficacy of complex insulin regimens in type 2 diabetes N Engl J Med 361 2009 1736 1747
93. F.J. Ampudia-Blasco, P. Rossetti, and J.F. Ascaso Basal plus basal-bolus approach in type 2 diabetes Diabetes Technol Ther 13 Suppl 1 2011 S75 S83
94. D.S. Lasserson, P. Glasziou, R. Perera, R.R. Holman, and A.J. Farmer Optimal insulin regimens in type 2 diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analyses Diabetologia 52 2009 1990 2000