Management of diabetes in older adults

American Journal of the Medical Sciences

Volumn 333, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 35-47

  Rizvi, Ali A ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b Two Medical Park   (United States)

Author keywords

Diabetes; Elderly; Geriatric; Hyperglycemia; Hypoglycemia

Indexed keywords

2,4 THIAZOLIDINEDIONE DERIVATIVE; ACARBOSE; ALPHA GLUCOSIDASE INHIBITOR; CHLORPROPAMIDE; GLIBENCLAMIDE; GLIBENCLAMIDE PLUS METFORMIN; GLIMEPIRIDE; GLIPIZIDE; GLIPIZIDE PLUS METFORMIN; GLUCOSE; HUMAN INSULIN; INSULIN; INSULIN ASPART; INSULIN DETEMIR; INSULIN GLARGINE; INSULIN GLULISINE; INSULIN LISPRO; INSULIN ZINC SUSPENSION; ISOPHANE INSULIN; LONG ACTING INSULIN; METFORMIN; METFORMIN PLUS PIOGLITAZONE; METFORMIN PLUS ROSIGLITAZONE; MIGLITOL; NATEGLINIDE; PIOGLITAZONE; REPAGLINIDE; ROSIGLITAZONE; SHORT ACTING INSULIN; SULFONYLUREA; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ABDOMINAL FULLNESS; ABDOMINAL PAIN; AGING; ANEMIA; BLOATING; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CAREGIVER SUPPORT; CLINICAL FEATURE; COMMUNITY CARE; COMORBIDITY; COMPREHENSION; CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; DIABETIC FOOT; DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS; DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY; DIABETIC RETINOPATHY; DIARRHEA; DIZZINESS; DRUG USE; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; EDEMA; EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE; EXERCISE; FAMILY INTERACTION; FLATULENCE; FLUID RETENTION; FUNCTIONAL STATUS; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; GLUCOSE METABOLISM; HEADACHE; HEALTH EDUCATION; HEART FAILURE; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; HYPOGLYCEMIA; INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; KIDNEY FAILURE; LACTIC ACIDOSIS; MATURITY ONSET DIABETES MELLITUS; METABOLIC DISORDER; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; NAUSEA; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT; PATHOGENESIS; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PSYCHOSOCIAL CARE; QUALITY OF LIFE; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SCREENING TEST; SELF CARE; SIDE EFFECT; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; VOMITING; WEIGHT GAIN;

AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; DIABETES COMPLICATIONS; DIABETES MELLITUS; DRUG THERAPY, COMBINATION; HOSPITALS; HUMANS; HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS; SKILLED NURSING FACILITIES;

EID: 33846196678     PISSN: 00029629     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00000441-200701000-00005     Document Type: Review

References (106)

1. Administration on Aging. A profile of older Americans: 2002. Administration on Aging. Washington, DC: Department of Health and Human Services; 2002.
2. King H, Aubert RE, Herman WH. Global burden of diabetes, 1995-2025: Prevalence, numerical estimates, and projections. Diabetes Care 1998;21:1414-31.
3. International Diabetes Federation. Global strategic plan to raise awareness of diabetes. Brussels: IDF; 2003. Available from IDF executive office, www.idf.org.
4. Testa MA, Simonson DC. Health economic benefits and quality of life during improved glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, controlled trial. JAMA 1998;280:1490-6.
5. Sacks DB, McDonald JM. The pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes: a polygenic disease. Am J Clin Pathol 1996;105:149-56.
6. Mitrakou A, Kelley D, Mokan M, et al. Role of reduced suppression of glucagon production and diminished early insulin release in impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med 1992;326:22-9.
7. Samos LF, Roos BA. Diabetes mellitus in older persons. Med Clin North Am 1998;82:791-803.
8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National diabetes fact sheet: general information and national estimates on diabetes in the United States, 2005. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2005. Available at: http:// www.cdc.gov/ diabetes/pubs/factsheet05.htm. Accessed December 13, 2005.
9. World Health Organization. Definition, diagnosis, and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Report of a WHO consultation. Part 1: Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Geneva: WHO Department of Noncommunicable Disease Surveillance, 1999:1-59. Available at: http://www.whi.int.
10. American Diabetes Association: Report of the Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care 1997;20:1183-97.
11. DECODE Study Group Is fasting glucose sufficient to define diabetes? Epidemiological data from 20 European studies. The DECODE-study group. European Diabetes Epidemiology Group. Diabetes Epidemiology: Collaborative analysis of Diagnostic Criteria in Europe. Diabetologia 1999;42:647-54.
12. Franse LV, Di Bari M, Shorr RI, et al. Type 2 diabetes in older well-functioning people: who is undiagnosed? Data from the Health, Aging, and Body Composition study. Diabetes Care 2001;24:2065-70.
13. American Diabetes Association: Clinical Practice Recommendations 2006. Standards of medical care in diabetes-2006. Diabetes Care 2006;29(Suppl 1):S4-S42. Available at: http://care.diabetesjournals.org/cgi/content/full/29/ suppl_1/s4, accessed 12-25-05.
14. International Diabetes Federation. Global guideline for type 2 diabetes. Brussels: IDF; 2003. Available from IDF executive office: www.idf.org.
15. Wahl PW, Savage PJ, Psaty BM, et al. Diabetes in older adults: comparison of 1997 American Diabetes Association classification of diabetes mellitus with 1985 WHO classification. Lancet 1998;26:352:1012-5.
16. International Diabetes Federation. Diabetes and cardiovascular disease: Time to act. Brussels: IDF; 2001. Available from IDF executive office: www.idf.org.
17. Gregg EW, Beckles GL, Williamson DF, et al. Diabetes and physical disability among older U.S. adults. Diabetes Care 2000;23:1272-7.
18. Gregg EW, Engelgau MM, Narayan V. Complications of diabetes in elderly people. BMJ 2002;325:916-7.
19. DeRekeneier N, Resnick HE, Schwartz AV, et al. Diabetes is associated with subclinical functional limitations in nondisabled older individuals: The Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study. Diabetes Care 2003;26:3257-63.
20. Jackon SL, Scholes D, Boyko EJ, et al. Urinary incontinence and diabetes in postmenopausal women. Diabetes Care 2005;28:1730-8.
21. Gregg EW, Yaffe K, Cauley JA, et al. Is diabetes associated with cognitive impairment and cognitive decline among older women? Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:174-80.
22. Brown AF, Mangione CM, Saliba D, et al. Guidelines for improving the care of the older person with diabetes mellitus. J Am Geriatr Soc 2003;5(Suppl Guidelines):S265-S280.
23. Martin M, Grunendahl M, Martin P. Age differences in stress, social resources, and well-being in middle and old age. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc 2001;54:214-22.
24. Leonard J, Airhihenbuwa CO, Namageyo-Funa A, et al. The psychosocial aspects of diabetes care: using collaborative care to manage older adults with diabetes. Geriatrics 2004;59:26-32.
25. European Diabetes Policy Group 1999. A desktop guide to type 2 diabetes. Diab Med 1999;16:716-30.
26. Olson DE, Norris SL. Diabetes in older adults. Overview of AGS guidelines for the treatment of diabetes mellitus in geriatric populations. Geriatrics 2004;59:18-24.
27. Bodenheimer T, Wagner EH, Grumbach K. Improving primary care for patients with chronic illness; The Chronic Care Model, part 2. JAMA 2002;288:1909-14.
28. Gaede P, Vedel P, Larsen N, et al. Multufactorial intervention and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2003;348:383-93.
29. Grant RW, Devita NG, Singer DE, et al. Improving adherence and reducing medication discrepancies in patients with diabetes. Ann Pharmacother 2003;37:962-9.
30. Krupat E, Stein T, Selby JV, et al. Choice of a primary care physician and its relationship to adherence among patients with diabetes. Am J Manag Care 2002;8:777-84.
31. Balkrishnan R, Rajagopalan R, Camacho FT, et al. Predictors of medication adherence and associated health care costs in an older population with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a longitudinal cohort study. Clin Ther 2003;25:2958-71.
32. Grant RW, Devita NG, Singer DE, et al. Polypharmacy and medication adherence in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003;26:1408-12.
33. Fontbonne A, Berr C, Ducimetiere P, et al. Changes in cognitive abilities over a 4-year period are unfavorably affected in elderly diabetic subjects: results of the Epidemiology of Vascular Aging Study. Diabetes Care 2001;24:366-70.
34. Maslow K. Dementia and serious coexisting medical conditions: a double whammy. Nurs Clin North Am 2004;39:561-79.
35. Sommerfield AJ, Deary IJ, Frier BM. Acute hyperglycemia alters mood state and impairs cognitive performance in people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004;27:2335-40.
36. Fontbonne A, Berr C, Ducimetiere P, et al. Changes in cognitive abilities over a 4-year period are unfavorably affected in elderly diabetic subjects: results of the Epidemiology of Vascular Aging Study. Diabetes Care 2001;24:366-70.
37. Klonoff DC. Continuous Glucose Monitoring: roadmap for 21st century diabetes therapy. Diabetes Care 2005;28:1231-9.
38. Lynch T. Medication costs as a primary cause of nonadherence in the elderly. Consult Pharm 2006;21:143-6.
39. Fenton JJ, Von Korff M, Lin EH, et al. Quality of preventive care for diabetes: effects of visit frequency and competing demands. Ann Fam Med 2006;4:32-9.
40. Gabbay RA, Lendel I, Saleem TM, et al. Nurse case management improves blood pressure, emotional distress and diabetes complication screening. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2006;71:28-35.
41. Shea S, Weinstock RS, Starren J, et al. A randomized trial comparing telemedicine case management with usual care in older, ethnically diverse, medically underserved patients with diabetes mellitus. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2006;13:40-51.
42. Clemensen J, Larsen SB, Ejskjaer N. Telemedical treatment at home of diabetic foot ulcers. J Telemed Telecare 2005;11 Suppl 2:S14-S16.
43. American Diabetes Association. Consensus statement on self-monitoring of blood glucose. Diabetes Care 1987;10:93-9.
44. American Diabetes Association. Self-monitoring of blood glucose. Diabetes Care 1996;19(Suppl 1):S62-S66.
45. Schiffrin A, Belmonte M. Multiple daily self-glucose monitoring: its essential role in long-term glucose control in insulin-dependent diabetic patients treated with pump and multiple subcutaneous injections. Diabetes Care 1982;5:479-84.
46. Mensing C. Helping patients to choose the right blood glucose meter. Nurse Pract 2004;29:43-5.
47. Nichols JH. Analysis: the evolution of glucose meters. Diabetes Technol Ther 2005;7:283-94.
48. Bergenstal R, Pearson J, Cembrowski GS, et al. Identifying variables with accurate self-monitoring of blood glucose: proposed guidelines to improve accuracy. Diabetes Educ 2000;26:981-9.
49. International Diabetes Federation. Consultative Section for Diabetes Education. International Curriculum for Diabetes Health Professional Education. Brussels: IDF; 2002. Available from IDF executive office: www.idf.org.
50. Garcia R, Suarez R. Diabetes education in the elderly: a 5-year follow-up of an interactive approach. Patient Educ Couns 1996;29:87-97.
51. Glasgow RE, Toobert DJ, Hampson S, et al. Improving self-care among older patients with type II diabetes: the "Sixty-something. . ." study. Patient Educ Counsel 1992;19:61-74.
52. Stanley K. Assessing the nutritional needs of the geriatric patient with diabetes. Diabetes Educ 1998;24:29-36.
53. Bates CJ, Lean ME, Mansoor MA, et al. Nutrient intakes; biochemical and risk indices associated with Type 2 diabetes and glycosylated haemoglobin, in the British National Diet and Nutrition Survey of people aged 65 years and over. Diabet Med 2004;21:677-84.
54. Miller CK, Edwards L, Kissing G, et al. Nutrition education improves metabolic outcomes among older adults with diabetes mellitus: results from a randomized controlled trial. Prev Med 2002; 34:252-9.
55. Caruso L, Silliman R, Demissie S, et al. What can we do to improve physical function in older persons with type 2 diabetes? J Gerontol 2000;55A:M372-M377.
56. Sigal RJ, Kenny GP, Wasserman DH, et al. Physical activity/exercise and type 2 diabetes (Technical Review). Diabetes Care 2004;27:2518-39.
57. Jenning PE. Oral antihyperglycemics: considerations in older patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Drugs Aging 1997;10:323-31.
58. Misbin RI. Evaluating the safety of diabetes drugs. Perspective of a Food and Drug Administration insider. Daibetes Care 2005;28:2573-6.
59. Mooradian AD. Drug therapy of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in the elderly. Drugs 1996;51:931-41.
60. Gregorio F, Ambrosi F, Filipponi P, et al. Is metformin safe enough for aging type 2 diabetic patients? Diabetes Metab 1996;22:43-50.
61. Nisbet JC, Sturtevant JM, Prins JB. Metformin and serious adverse effects. Med J Aust 2004;181:53-4.
62. Kreider M, Heise M. Rosiglitazone in the managment of older patients with type 2 diabetes. Int J Clin Pract 2002;56:538-41.
63. Nesto RW, Bell D, Bonow RO, et al. Thiazolidinedione use, fluid retention, and congestive heart failure: a consensus statement from the American Heart Association and American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 2004;27:256-63.
64. Nathan DM. Initial management of glycemia in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2002;347:1342-9.
65. Bell DSH, Ovalle F. Long-term efficacy of triple oral therapy for type 2 diabetes. Endocr Pract 2002;8:271-5.
66. Chipkin SR. How to select and combine oral agents for patients with type 2 diabetes. Am J Med 2005;118(Suppl 5A):4S-13S.
67. Holmwood C, Philips C. Insulin and type 2 diabetes. Last resort or rational management? Aust Fam Physician 1999;28:429-35.
68. Korytkowski M. When oral agents fail: practical barriers to starting insulin. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2002;26(Suppl 3):S18-S24.
69. DeWitt DE, Hirsch IB. Outpatient insulin therapy in type 1 and type 2 diabetes: scientific review. JAMA 2003;289:2254-64.
70. Bohannon NJ. Insulin delivery using pen devices. Simple-to-use tools may help young and old alike. Postgrad Med 1999;106:57-68.
71. Albano S. Orbiter Study Group: assessment of quality of treatment in insulin-treated patients with diabetes using a prefilled insulin pen. The ORBITER Study Group. Acta Biomed Ateneo Parmense 2004;75:34-9.
72. Mcdonald K. Insulin therapy today: focusing on the basalbolus balance. Adv Nurse Pract 2003;11:40-4.
73. Rizvi AA, Petry R, Arnold MB, et al. Beneficial effects of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in older patients with long-standing type 1 diabetes. Endocr Pract 2001;7:364-9.
74. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood glucose control with sulfonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet 1998;353:837-53.
75. Riddle MC, Rosenstock J, Gerich J. The treat-to-target trial: randomized addition of glargine or human NPH insulin to oral therapy of type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 2003;26:3080-6.
76. Riddle MC. Glycemic management of type 2 diabetes: an emerging strategy with oral agents, insulins, and combinations. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2005;34:77-98.
77. Riddle MC, Hart J, Bingham R, et al. Combined therapy for obese type 2 diabetes: suppertime mixed insulin with daytime sulfonylurea. Am J Med Sci 1992;303:151-6.
78. Joy SV, Rodgers PT, Scates AC. Incretin mimetics as emerging treatments for type 2 diabetes. Ann Pharmacother 2005;39:110-18.
79. Ryan GJ, Jobe LJ, Martin R. Pramlintide in the treatment of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Ther 2005;27:1500-12.
80. Turner RC, Holman RR. Lessons from the UK prospective diabetes study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1995;28:S151-S157.
81. Agardh E, Agardh CD, Hansson-Lundblad C, et al. The importance of early diagnosis of treatable diabetic retinopathy for the four-year visual outcome in older-onset diabetes mellitus. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 1996;74:166-70.
82. Winkelmayer WC, Fischer MA, Schneeweiss S, et al. Underuse of ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers in elderly patients with diabetes. Am J Kidney Dis 2005;46:1080-7.
83. American Diabetes Association (ADA). Preventive foot care in diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004;27:S63-S64.
84. Nugent BW. Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state. Emerg Med Clin North Am 2005;23:629-48.
85. Cryer PE. Banting Lecture. Hypoglycemia: the limiting factor in the management of IDDM. Diabetes 1994;43:1378-89.
86. Zammitt NN, Frier BM. Hypoglycemia in type 2 diabetes: pathophysiology, frequency, and effects of different treatment modalities. Diabetes Care 2005;28:2948-61.
87. Matyka K, Evans M, Lomas J, et al. Altered hierarchy of protective responses against severe hypoglycemia in normal aging in healthy men. Diabetes Care 1997;20:135-41.
88. Shorr RI, Ray WA, Daugherty JR, et al. Incidence and risk factors for serious hypoglycemia in older persons using insulin or sulfonylureas. Arch Intern Med 1997;157:1681-6.
89. Irvine AA, Cox D, Gonder-Frederick L. Fear of hypoglycemia: relationship to physical and psychological symptoms in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Health Psychol 1992;11:135-8.
90. American College of Endocrinology (ACE). Position Statement on inpatient diabetes and metabolic control. Endocr Pract 2004;10:78-82.
91. Levetan CS, Passaro M, Jablonski K. Unrecognized diabetes in hospitalized patients. Diabetes Care 1998;21:246-9.
92. Rosenthal MJ, Fajardo M, Gilmore S. Hospitalization and mortality of diabetes in older adults. Diabetes Care 1998;212:231-5.
93. Clement S, Braithwaite SS, Magee MF, et al, on behalf of the Diabetes in Hospitals Writing Committee. Management of diabetes and hyperglycemia in hospitals. Diabetes Care 2004;27:553-91.
94. Mooradian AD. Caring for the elderly nursing home patient with diabetes. Diabetes Spectrum 1995;5:318-22.
95. Haas L. Management of diabetes mellitus medications in the nursing home. Drugs Aging 2005;22:209-18.
96. Tattersall R, Page S. Managing diabetes in residential and nursing homes presents a complex set of problems with no one solution. BMJ 1998;316:89.
97. Funnell MM. Care of the nursing home resident with diabetes. Clin Geriatr Med 1999;15:413-22.
98. Bourdel-Marchasson I, Berrut G. Caring for the elderly diabetic patient with respect to concepts of successful aging and frailty. Diabetes Metab 2005;31(Spec No 2):5S13-5S19.
99. Piette JD, Bibbins-Domingo K, Schillinger D. Health care discrimination, processes of care, and diabetes patients' health status. Patient Educ Couns 60:41-8.
100. Moody-Ayers SY, Stewart AL, Covinsky KE, et al. Prevalence and correlates of perceived societal racism in older African-American adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Am Geriatr Soc 2005;53:2202-8.
101. Scheen AJ. Diabetes mellitus in the elderly: insulin resistance and/or insulin secretion? Diabetes Metab 2005;31(Spec No 2):5S27-5S34.
102. Fagot-Campagna A, Bourdel-Marchasson I, Simon D. Burden of diabetes in an aging population: prevalence, incidence, mortality, characteristics and quality of care. Diabetes Metab 2005:31(Spec No 2):5S35-5S52.
103. Sarkisian CA, Brown AF, Norris KC, et al. A systematic review of diabetes self-care interventions for older, African American, or Latino adults. Diabetes Educ 2003;29:467-79.
104. O'Connor PJ, Desai JR, Solberg LI, et al. Variation in diabetes care by age: opportunities for customization of care. BMC Fam Pract 2003;4:16.
105. Chuyn DA, Melkus GD, Katten MD, et al. The association of psychological factors, physical activity, neuropathy, and quality of life in type 2 diabetes. Biol Res Nurs 2006;7:279-88.
106. Brown DW, Balluz LS, Giles WH, et al. Diabetes mellitus and health-related quality of life among older adults: findings from the behavioral risk factor surveillance system (BRFSS). Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2004;65:105-115.