A history of HbA 1c through Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine

Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine

Volumn 51, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 65-74

  Gillery, Philippe ^a,b  

^a AMERICAN MEMORIAL HOSPITAL   (France)

^b UNIVERSITÉ DE REIMS CHAMPAGNE ARDENNE   (France)

Author keywords

Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine; Diabetes mellitus; Glycation; HbA1c; History

Indexed keywords

HEMOGLOBIN A1C; GLYCOSYLATED HEMOGLOBIN; HEMOGLOBIN A1C PROTEIN, HUMAN;

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY; CLINICAL PRACTICE; DIABETES MELLITUS; GLYCEMIC CONTROL; GOLD STANDARD; HUMAN; LABORATORY TEST; PATIENT CARE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; STANDARDIZATION; CLINICAL MEDICINE; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; HISTORY; ARTICLE;

CHEMISTRY, CLINICAL; CLINICAL LABORATORY TECHNIQUES; CLINICAL MEDICINE; HEMOGLOBIN A, GLYCOSYLATED; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 21ST CENTURY; HUMANS;

EID: 84872917911     PISSN: 14346621     EISSN: 14374331     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2012-0548     Document Type: Review

References (150)

1. Allen DW, Schroeder WA, Balog J. Observations on the chromatographic heterogeneity of normal adult and fetal human hemoglobin: a study of the effects of crystallization and chromatography on the heterogeneity and isoleucine content. J Am Chem Soc 1958;80:1628 - 34.
2. Clegg MD, Schroeder WA. A chromatographic study of the minor components of normal adult human hemoglobin including a comparison of hemoglobin from normal and phenylketonuric individuals. J Am Chem Soc 1959;81:6065 - 9.
3. Schneck AG, Schroeder WA. The relation between the minor components of whole normal adult hemoglobin as isolated by chromatography and starch block electrophoresis. J Am Chem Soc 1961;83:1472 - 8.
4. Huisman TH, Meyering CA. Studies on the heterogeneity of hemoglobin: I - the heterogeneity of different human hemoglobin types in carboxymethylcellulose and in Amberlite IRC-50 chromatography: qualitative aspects. Clin Chim Acta 1960;5:103 - 23.
5. Holmquist WR, Schroeder WA. The in vitro biosynthesis of hemoglobin A1c. Biochemistry 1966;5:2504 - 12.
6. Holmquist WR, Schroeder WA. A new N-terminal blocking group involving a Schiff base in hemoglobin A1c. Biochemistry 1966;5:2489 - 503.
7. Dolhofer R, Wieland OH. In vitro glycosylation of hemoglobins by different sugars and sugar phosphates. FEBS Lett 1998;85:86 - 90.
8. Bookchin RM, Gallop PM. Structure of hemoglobin A1c : nature of the N-terminal &?beta;-chain blocking group. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1968;32:86 - 93.
9. Dixon HB. A reaction of glucose with peptides. Biochem J 1972;129:203 - 8.
10. Bunn HF, Haney DN, Gabbay KH, Gallop PM. Further identification of the nature and linkage of the carbohydrate in hemoglobin A1c. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1975;67:103 - 9.
11. Koenig RJ, Blobstein SH, Cerami A. Structure of carbohydrate of hemoglobin A1c. J Biol Chem 1977;252:2292 - 7.
12. Flückiger R, Winterhalter KH. In vitro synthesis of hemoglobin AIc. FEBS Lett 1976;71:356 - 60.
13. Fischer RW, Winterhalter KH. The carbohydrate moiety in hemoglobin A1c is present in the ring form. FEBS Lett 1976;71:356 - 60.
14. Bunn HF, Haney DN, Kamin S, Gabbay KH, Gallop PM. The biosynthesis of human hemoglobin A1c. Slow glycosylation of hemoglobin in vivo. J Clin Invest 1976;57:1652 - 9.
15. Huisman TH, Dozy AM. Studies on the heterogeneity of hemoglobin. V. Binding of hemoglobin with oxidized glutathione. J Lab Clin Med 1962;60:302 - 19.
16. Fitzgibbons JF, Koler RD, Jones RT. Red cell age-related changes of hemoglobins A1a+b and A1c in normal and diabetic subjects. J Clin Invest 1976;58:820 - 4.
17. Higgins PJ, Bunn HF. Kinetic analysis of the nonenzymatic glycosylation of hemoglobin. J Biol Chem 1981;256:5204 - 8.
18. McDonald MJ, Shapiro R, Bleichman M, Solway J, Bunn HF. Glycosylated minor components of human adult hemoglobin. Purification, identification and partial structural analysis. J Biol Chem 1978;253:2327 - 32.
19. Garrick LM, McDonald MJ, Shapiro R, Bleichman M, McManus M, Bunn HF. Structural analysis of the minor human hemoglobin components: HbA1a1, HbA1a2 and HbA1b. Eur J Biochem 1980;106:353 - 9.
20. Prome D, Blouquit Y, Ponthus C, Prome JC, Rosa J. Structure of the human adult hemoglobin minor fraction A1b by electrospray and secondary ion mass spectrometry. Pyruvic acid as aminoterminal blocking group. J Biol Chem 1991;266:13050 - 4.
21. Shapiro R, McManus MJ, Zalut C, Bunn HF. Sites of nonenzymatic glycosylation of human hemoglobin A. J Biol Chem 1980;255:3120 - 7.
22. Bunn HF, Shapiro R, McManus M, Garrick L, McDonald MJ, Gallop PM, et al. Structural heterogeneity of human hemoglobin A due to nonenzymatic glycosylation. J Biol Chem 1979;254:3892 - 8.
23. Shapiro R, McManus M, Gamdi L, McDonald MJ, Bunn HF. Nonenzymatic glycosylation of human hemoglobin at multiple sites. Metabolism 1979;28:427 - 30.
24. Tegos C, Beutler E. Glycosylated hemoglobin A2 components. Blood 1980;56:571 - 2.
25. Abraham EC. Glycosylated minor components of human fetal hemoglobin. Chromatographic separation, identification, and functional characterization. Biochim Biophys Acta 1981;667:168 - 76.
26. Tegos C, Rahbar S, Blum K, Johnson C, Beutler E. Glycosylated minor C, D, and E hemoglobins. Biochim Med 1981;26:121 - 5.
27. Allegrucci M, Compagnucci P, Cartechini MG, Cirotto C. Preliminary investigations of glycosylated hemoglobin S. IRCS Med Sci 1981;9:570.
28. Abraham EC, Cameron BF, Abraham A, Stallings M. Glycosylated hemoglobins in heterozygotes and homozygotes for hemoglobin C with or without diabetes. J Lab Clin Med 1984;104:602 - 9.
29. Goujon R, Thivolet C. Glycation of hemoglobin C in the heterozygous state in diabeteic patients. Diabetes Care 1994;17:247.
30. Roth M. " Glycosylated", " glycosylation". J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1983;21:761.
31. IUPAC - IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (JCBN). Nomenclature of glycoproteins, glycopeptides and peptidoglycans. Recommendations 1985. Eur J Biochem 1985;159:1 - 6.
32. Gillery P, Maquart FX, Gattegno L, Randoux A, Cornillot P, Borel JP. A glucose containing fraction extracted from the young erythrocyte membrane is capable of transferring glucose to hemoglobin in vitro. Diabetes 1982;31:371 - 4.
33. Gillery P, Maquart FX, Corcy JM, Randoux A, Borel JP. A glucose transfer from membrane glycoconjugates to haemoglobin in isolated young red blood cells: another biosynthetic way for glycosylated haemoglobins. Eur J Clin Invest 1984;14:317 - 32.
34. Guthrow CE, Morris MA, Day JF, Thorpe SR, Baynes JW. Enhanced nonenzymatic glucosylation of human serum albumin in diabetes mellitus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1979;76:4258 - 61.
35. Kim HJ, Kurup IV. Nonenzymatic glycosylation of human plasma low density lipoprotein. Evidence for in vitro and in vivo glucosylation. Metabolism 1982;31:348- 53.
36. Kennedy L, Baynes JW. Non-enzymatic glycosylation and the chronic complications of diabetes: an overview. Diabetologia 1984;26:93 - 8.
37. Vishwanath V, Frank KE, Elmets CA, Dauchot PJ, Monnier VM. Glycation of skin collagen in type I diabetes mellitus. Correlation with long-term complications. Diabetes 1986;35:916 - 21.
38. Brownlee M, Vlassara H, Cerami A. Nonenzymatic glycosylation and the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. Ann Intern Med 1984;101:527 - 37.
39. Jaisson S, Gillery P. Evaluation of nonenzymatic posttranslational modification-derived products as biomarkers of molecular aging of proteins. Clin Chem 2010;56:1401 - 12.
40. Maillard LC. Action des acides aminés sur les sucres: formation des mélanoïdes par voie méthodique. CR Acad Sci Paris 1912;154:66 - 8.
41. Bunn HF, Higgins PJ. Reaction of monosaccharides with proteins: possible evolutionary significance. Science 1981;213:222 - 4.
42. Rahbar S. An abnormal hemoglobin in red cells of diabetics. Clin Chim Acta 1968;22:296 - 8.
43. Rahbar S, Blumenfeld O, Ranney HM. Studies of an unusual hemoglobin in patients with diabetes mellitus. Biochim Biophys Res Commun 1969;36:838 - 43.
44. Trivelli LA, Ranney HM, Lai HT. Hemoglobin components in patients with diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1971;7:353 - 7.
45. Koenig RJ, Peterson CM, Jones RL, Saudek C, Lehrman M, Cerami A. Correlation of glucose regulation and hemoglobin A1c in diabetes mellitus. N Eng J Med 1976;295:417 - 20.
46. Gabbay KH, Hasty F, Breslow JL, Ellisin RC, Bunn HF, Gallop PM. Glycosylated haemoglobins and long term blood glucose control in diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocr Metab 1977;44:859 - 64.
47. Gabbay KH. Glycosylated hemoglobin and diabetic control. N Engl J Med 1976;295:443 - 4.
48. Lantz B, Wacjman H, Beaufils M, Meyrier A, Labie D, Assan D. Minor haemoglobin fractions in uraemic and in diabetic patients. Diabetes Metab 1981;7:109 - 14.
49. Goldstein DE. Is glycosylated hemoglobin clinically useful? N Engl J Med 1984;310:384 - 5.
50. Nathan DM, Singer DE, Hurxthal K, Goodson JD. The clinical information value of the glycosylated hemoglobin assay. N Engl J Med 1984;310:341 - 6.
51. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulindependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1993;329:977 - 86.
52. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) group. Intensive bloodglucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet 1998;352:837 - 43.
53. Manley S. Haemoglobin A1c. A marker for complications of type 2 diabetes: the experience from the UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS). Clin Chem Lab Med 2003;41:1182 - 90.
54. Castagnola M, Caradonna P, Salvi ML, Pellicano R, Rossetti D. The chromatographic separation of glycosylated hemoglobins: a comparison between macro- and micromethods. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1983;21:223 - 6.
55. Meskar A, Le Bras R, L 'Emeillat M, Ménez JF. Glycated haemoglobin: comparison between methods based upon 5-hydroxymethylfurfural determination (colorimetric or HPLC) and ion exchange chromatography (HbA1). J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1985;23:197 - 202.
56. Weets I, Gows FK, Gerlo E. Evaluation of an immunoturbidimetric assay for haemoglobin A1c on a Cobas Mira S analyser. Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1196;34:449 - 53.
57. Dolhofer R, Wieland OH. Glycosylation of serum albumin: elevated glycosyl-albumin in diabetic patients. FEBS Lett 1979;103:282 - 6.
58. Shin YS, Stern C, von Rücker A, Endres W. Glycosylated haemoglobin and glycosylated albumin: evaluation of different methods in diabetic control. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1984;22:47 - 51.
59. Windeler J, Köbberling J. The fructosamine assay in diagnosis and control of diabetes mellitus. Scientific evidence for its clinical usefulness? J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1990;28:129 - 38.
60. Schleicher E, Wieland OH. Protein glycation: measurement and clinical relevance. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1989;27: 577 - 87.
61. Cohen MP. Perspective: measurement of circulating glycated proteins to monitor intermediate-term changes in glycaemic control. Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1992;30:851 - 9.
62. Cohen MP, Lautenslager G, Shea E. Glycated LDL concentrations in non-diabetic and diabetic subjects measured with monoclonal antibodies reactive with glycated apolipoprotein B epitopes. Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1993;31:707 - 13.
63. Khoo UY, Newman DJ, Miller WK, Price CP. The influence of glycation on the peroxidase activity of haemoglobin. Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1994;32:435 - 40.
64. Schleicher E, Wieland OH. Specific quantitation by HPLC of protein (lysine) bound glucose in human serum albumin and other glycosylated proteins. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1981;19:81 - 7.
65. Gaillard O, Meillet D, Bordas-Fonfrède M, Khalil L, Galli J, Delattre J. Application of the time-resolved immunofluorometric assay to the study of C3 complement component glycation in vitro and in vivo. Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1993;31:749 - 52.
66. Zappacosta B, De Sole P, Rossi C, Marra G, Ghirlanda G, Giardina B. Lactate dehydrogenase activity of platelets in diabetes mellitus. Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1995;33:487 - 9.
67. Calvo C, Verdugo C. Association in vivo of glycated apolipoprotein A-I with high density lipoproteins. Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1992;30:3 - 5.
68. Watala C, Winocour PD. The relationship of chemical modification of membrane proteins and plasma lipoproteins to reduced membrane fluidity of erythrocytes from diabetic subjects. Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1992;30:513 - 9.
69. Calvo C, Ulloa N, Del Pozo R, Verdugo C. Decreased activation of lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase by glycated apolipoprotein A-I. Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1993;31:217 - 20.
70. van Wersch JW, Donders SH, Westerhuis LW, Venekamp WJ. Microalbuminuria in diabetic patients: relationship to lipid, glyco-metabolic, coagulation and fibrinolysis parameters. Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1991;29:493 - 8.
71. Bundschuh I, Jäckle-Meyer I, Lüneberg E, Bentzel C, Petzoldt R, Stolte H. Glycation of serum albumin and its role in renal protein excretion and the development of diabetic nephropathy. Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1992;30:6551 - 6.
72. Miedema K. Laboratory tests in diagnosis and management of diabetes mellitus. Practical considerations. Clin Chem Lab Med 2003;41:1259 - 65.
73. John WG. Haemoglobin A1c : analysis and standardisation. Clin Chem Lab Med 2003;41:1199 - 212.
74. Gillery P, LabbéD, Dumont G, Vassault A. Glycohemoglobin assays evaluated in a large-scale quality control survey. Clin Chem 1995;41:1644 - 8.
75. Gillery P, Dumont G, Vassault A. Evaluation of glycohemoglobin assays in France by national quality control surveys. Diabetes Care 1998;21:265 - 70.
76. Mosca A, Paleari R, Trapolino A, Capani F, Pegano G, Plebani M. A re-evaluation of glycohaemoglobin standardization: the Italian experience with 119 laboratories and 12 methods. Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1997;35:243 - 8.
77. Little RR. Glycated hemoglobin standardization - National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program (NGSP) perspective. Clin Chem Lab Med 2003;41:1191 - 8.
78. Goodall I. HbA1c standardisation. Destination - Global IFCC standardisation. How, why, where and when. A tortuous pathway from kit manufacturers, via interlaboratory lyophilized and whole blood comparisons to designated national comparison schemes. Clin Biochem Rev 2005;26:5 - 19.
79. National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program [Internet]. Available from: http://www.ngsp.org/. Accessed: 22 August, 2012.
80. Castagnola M, Caradonna P, Salvi ML, Rossetti D. Investigation of the heterogeneity of hemoglobin by cation-exchange chromatography on Bio-Rex 70. J Chromatogr 1983;272:51 - 65.
81. Mosca A, Carpinelli A, Paleari R, Carenini A, Bonini P, Franzini C. Preparation and control of ethylene glycol-stabilized haemolysates for glycated haemoglobin assay. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1985;23:361 - 4.
82. Mosca A, Carpinelli A, Bonini PA. Ethylene glycol-stabilized haemolysates for glycated haemoglobin assay. Further analytical investigations and applications to quality control programmes. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1987;25:447 - 50.
83. Weykamp CW, Penders TJ, Muskiet FA, van der Slik W. Evaluation of a reference material for glycated haemoglobin. Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1996;34:67 - 72.
84. Finke A, Kobold U, Hoelzel W, Weykamp C, Miedema K, Jeppson JO. Preparation of a candidate primary reference material for the international standardisation of HbA1c determinations. Clin Chem Lab Med 1998;36:299 - 308.
85. Jeppson JO, Kobold U, Barr J, Finke A, Hoelzel W, Hoshino T, et al. Approved IFCC reference method for the measurement of HbA1c in human blood. Clin Chem Lab Med 2002;40:78 - 89.
86. International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine [Internet]. Available from: http://www.ifcchba1c.net/.Accessed: 22 August, 2012.
87. Panteghini M, John WG. Implementation of haemoglobin A1c results traceable to the IFCC reference system: the way forward. Clin Chem Lab Med 2007;45:942 - 4.
88. Mosca A, Goodall I, Hoshino T, Jeppsson JO, John WG, Little RR, et al. Global standardization of glycated hemoglobin measurement: the position of the IFCC working group. Clin Chem Lab Med 2007;45:1077 - 80.
89. Nordin G, Dybkaer R. Recommendation for the term and measurement unit for " HbA1c ". Clin Chem Lab Med 2007;45:1081 - 2.
90. Hoelzel W, Weykamp C, Jeppson JO, Miedema K, Barr JR, Goodall I, et al. IFCC Working Group on HbA1c standardization: IFCC reference system for measurement of hemoglobin A1c in human blood and the national standardization schemes in the United States, Japan, and Sweden: a method-comparison study. Clin Chem 2004;50:166 - 74.
91. Hanas R. Psychological impact of changing the scale of reported HbA1c results affects metabolic control. Diabetes Care 2002;25:2110 - 1.
92. Mc Laughlin PM, Bakker AJ. What's in a name? Standardization of HbA1c. Clin Chem Lab Med 2008;46:878 - 9.
93. John WG, Nordin G, Panteghini M. What's in a name? Standardization of HbA1c : a response. Clin Chem Lab Med 2008;46:1326 - 7.
94. Consensus Committee. The American Diabetes Association, European Association for the Study of Diabetes, International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, and the International Diabetes Federation. Consensus statement on the worldwide standardization of the hemoglobin A1c measurement. Diabetes Care 2007;30:2399 - 400.
95. Nathan DM, Kuenen J, Borg R, Zheng H, Schoenfeld D, Heine RJ, for the A1c -Derived Average Glucose (ADAG) Study Group. Translating the A1c assay into estimated average glucose values. Diabetes Care 2008;31:1 - 6.
96. Lenters-Westra E, Slingerland RJ. Hemoglobin A1c determination in the A1c-Derived Average Glucose (ADAG) study. Clin Chem Lab Med 2008;46:1617 - 23.
97. Hanas R, John G, on behalf of the international HbA1c consensus committee. 2010 consensus statement on the worldwide standardization of the hemoglobin A1c measurement. Clin Chem Lab Med 2010;48:775 - 6.
98. Mosca A, Branca MF, Carta M, Genna ML, Giorda CB, Ghidelli R, et al. Recommendations for the implementation of international standardization of glycated hemoglobin in Italy. Clin Chem Lab Med 2010;48:623 - 8.
99. Gillery P, Périer C, Bordas-Fonfrède M, Hue G, Chapelle JP, Vexiau P, et al. Propositions pour l 'expression standardisée des résultats d'HbA1c. Ann Biol Clin 2009;67:669 - 71.
100. O 'Connor C, O 'Shea PM, Owens LA, Carmody L, Avalos G, Nestor L, et al. Trimester-specific reference intervals for haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) in pregnancy. Clin Chem Lab Med 2011;50:905 - 9.
101. Jaisson S, Pietrement C, Gillery P. Carbamylation derived products (CDPs): bioactive compounds and potential biomarkers in chronic renal failure and atherosclerosis. Clin Chem 2011;57:1499 - 505.
102. Dandona P, Freedman D, Moorhead JF. Glycosylated haemoglobin in chronic renal failure. Br Med J 1979;6172:1183 - 4.
103. Stanton KG, Davis R, Richmond J. Glycosylated haemoglobin-A in renal failure. Lancet 1978;311:100.
104. de Boer MJ, Miedema K, Casparie AF. Glycosylated haemoglobin in renal failure. Diabetologia 1980;18:437 - 40.
105. Tesio F, Cecchin E, De Marchi S, Quaia P. Glycosylated or carbamylated hemoglobin in uremia ? N Engl J Med 1982;306:1053.
106. Herruer MH, van Kooten EA, Sluiter HE, Zuijderhorndt FM. Influence of uraemia on the determination of blood glycohaemoglobin by HPLC, electrophoresis and affinity chromatography in diabetic and non-diabetic patients. Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1994;32:361 - 4.
107. Chachou A, Randoux C, Millart H, Chanard J, Gillery P. Influence of in vivo hemoglobin carbamylation on HbA1c measurements by various methods. Clin Chem Lab Med 2000;38:321 - 6.
108. Meijs MF, Dijkhorst-Oei LT, van Loo R, Bosma RJ, Weykamp CW, Wielders JP. Does carbamylated hemoglobin still affect the analysis of HbA1c in uremic and hyperglycaemic patients ? Clin Chem Lab Med 2008;46:1791 - 2.
109. Szymezak J, Lavalard E, Martin M, Leroy N, Gillery P. Carbamylated hemoglobin remains a critical issue in HbA1c measurements. Clin Chem Lab Med 2009;47:612 - 3.
110. Carta M, Dall 'Olio G, Soffiati G. Determination of HbA1c in the presence of haemoglobin variants: comparison of three HPLC techniques. Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1997;35:923 - 5.
111. van den Ouweland JM, van Daal H, Klaasen CH, van Aarssen Y, Harteveld CL, Giordano PC. The silent hemoglobin alpha chain variant Hb Riccarton [alpha51(CE9)Gly- >?Ser] may affect HbA1c determination on the HLC-723 G7 analyzer. Clin Chem Lab Med 2008;46:827 - 30.
112. Lorenzo-Medina M, De La Iglesia S, Ropero P, Navarro-Romero M, Martin-Alfaro R, Guindeo-Casasús C. Interference of hemoglobin (Hb) Las Palmas with HPLC measurement of HbA1c in 87 patients. Clin Chem Lab Med 2011;50:403 - 5.
113. Dimeski G, Bird R, Brown N. Measurement of glycated hemoglobin in a patient with homozygous hemoglobin E. Clin Chem Lab Med 2012;50:1479 - 82.
114. Henig C, Froom P, Saffuri-Elias E, Barak M. Hemoglobin Rambam has a constant retention time on the Tosoh G8 and interferes with the measurement of HbA1c. Clin Chem Lab Med 2012;50:1477 - 8.
115. Haliassos A, Drakopoulos I, Katritsis D, Chiotinis N, Korovesis S, Makris K. Measurement of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) with an automated POCT instrument in comparison with HPLC and automated immunochemistry method: evaluation of the influence of hemoglobin variants. Clin Chem Lab Med 2006;44:223 - 7.
116. Zhu Y, Williams LM, Horne BD. Disparity in estimated average glucose due to different hemoglobin A1c methods and hemoglobin S trait. Clin Chem Lab Med 2010;48:571 - 2.
117. Brooks A, Metcalfe J, Day J, Edwards M. Iron deficiency and glycosylated haemoglobin A 1. Lancet 1980;2:141.
118. Kim C, McKeever Bullard K, Herman WH, Beckles GL. Association between iron deficiency and A1c levels among adults without diabetes in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999- 2006. Diabetes Care 2010;33:780- 5.
119. Kim PS, Woods C, Georgoff P, Crum D, Rosenberg A, Smith M, et al. A1c underestimates glycemia in HIV infection. Diabetes Care 2009;32:1591 - 3.
120. Perret JL, Ngou-Milama E, Delaporte E, Liamidi A, Moussavou-Kombila JB, Nguemby-Mbina C. HIV infection does not explain elevation of glycated hemoglobin among non-diabetic patients in Gabon. Clin Chem Lab Med 2000;38:673.
121. Carlsen S, Petersen PH, Skeie S, Skadberg Ø, Sandberg S. Within-subject biological variation of glucose and HbA1c in healthy persons and in type 1 diabetes patients. Clin Chem Lab Med 2011;49:1501 - 7.
122. TrapéJ, Aliart MI, Brunet M, Dern E, Abadal E, Queralto JM. Reference change value for HbA1c in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Chem Lab Med 2000;38:1283 - 7.
123. Vall ée Polneau S, Lasserre V, Fonfrede M, Delattre J, Bénazeth S. A different approach to analyzing age-related HbA1c values in non-diabetic subjects. Clin Chem Lab Med 2004;42:423 - 8.
124. Koenig RJ, Peterson CM, Kilo C, Cerami A, Williamson Jr. Hemoglobin A Ic as an indicator of the degree of glucose intolerance in diabetes. Diabetes 1976;25:230 - 2.
125. Boucher BJ, Welch SG, Beer MS. Glycosylated haemoglobins in the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and for the assessment of chronic hyperglycaemia. Diabetologia 1981;21:34 - 6.
126. Santiago JV, Davis JE, Fisher F. Hemoglobin A1c levels in a diabetes detection program. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1978;47:578 - 80.
127. Nakao J, Orimo H, Ito H. Classification of glucose intolerance in the aged based on hemoglobin A1. Tohoku J Exp Med 1980;132:305 - 12.
128. Pollak A, Brehm R, Havelec L, Lubec G, Malamitsi-Puchner A, Simbrunner G, et al. Total glycosylated hemoglobin in mothers of large-for-gestational-age infants: a post-partum test for undetected maternal diabetes ? Biol Neonate 1981;40:129 - 35.
129. Little RR, England JD, Wiedmeyer HM, McKenzie EM, Pettitt DJ, Knowler WC, et al. Relationship of glycosylated hemoglobin to oral glucose tolerance. Implications for diabetes screening. Diabetes 1988;37:60- 4.
130. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes - 2010. Diabetes Care 2010;33:S11 - 61.
131. Lippi G, Targher G. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) : old dogmas, a new perspective ? Clin Chem Lab Med 2010;48:609 - 14.
132. Santos-Rey K, Fernández-Riejos P, Mateo J, Sánchez-Margalet V, Goberna R. Glycated hemoglobin vs. the oral glucose tolerance test for the exclusion of impaired glucose tolerance in high-risk individuals. Clin Chem Lab Med 2010;48:1719 - 22.
133. Hu Y, Zhang M, She Y, Gao J, Yuan GP, Xiong ZY, et al. The optimal cut-points of HbA1c for detecting newly diagnosed diabetes and pre-diabetes in the Chinese population living in Sichuan. Clin Chem Lab Med 2011;49:2117 - 8.
134. Chapelle JP, Teixeira J, Maisin D, Assink H, Barla G, Stroobants AK, et al. Multicentre evaluation of the Tosoh HbA1c G8 analyser. Clin Chem Lab Med 2010;48:365 - 71.
135. Weykamp C, Lenters-Westra E, van der Vuurst H, Slingerland R, Siebelder C, Visser-Dekkers W. Evaluation of the Menarini/ARKRAY ADAMS A1c HA-8180V analyser for HbA1c. Clin Chem Lab Med 2011;49:647 - 51.
136. Szymezak J, Leroy N, Lavalard E, Gillery P. Evaluation of the DCA Vantage analyzer for HbA1c assay. Clin Chem Lab Med 2008;46:1195 - 8.
137. Penttilä I, Penttilä K, Halonen T, Pulkki K, Törrönen J, Rauramaa R. Adaptation of the Diazyme Direct Enzymatic HbA1c Assay for a microplate reader at room temperature. Clin Chem Lab Med 2011;49:1221 - 3.
138. Jaisson S, Leroy N, Meurice J, Guillard E, Gillery P. First evaluation of Capillarys 2 Flex Piercing&?reg;(Sebia) as a new analyzer for HbA1c assay by capillary electrophoresis. Clin Chem Lab Med 2012;doi:10.1515/cclm-2012-0017.
139. Jenkins M, Ratnaike S. Capillary electrophoresis of hemoglobin. Clin Chem Lab Med 2003;41:747 - 54.
140. Goodall I, Colman PG, Schneider HG, McLean M, Barker G. Desirable performance standards for HbA1c analysis - precision, accuracy and standardisation. Clin Chem Lab Med 2007;45:1083 - 97.
141. Salvagno GL, Lippi G, Targher G, Montagnana M, Guidi GC. Monitoring glycaemic control: is there evidence for appropriate use of routine measurement of glycated haemoglobin ? Clin Chem Lab Med 2007;45:1065 - 7.
142. Jørgensen LG, Petersen PH, Brandslund I. Clinical outcome estimates based on treatment target limits of laboratory tests: proposal for a plot visualizing effects and differences of medical target setting exemplified by glycemic control in diabetes. Clin Chem Lab Med 2006;44:327 - 32.
143. Topić E, Zadro R, Granić M, Skrabalo Z. Filter paper blood sampling for glycated haemoglobin determination and its use in the control of diabetes mellitus. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1987;25:261 - 4.
144. Fokkema MR, Bakker AJ, de Boer F, Kooistra J, de Vries S, Wolthuis A. HbA1c measurements from dried blood spots: validation and patient satisfaction. Clin Chem Lab Med 2009;47:1259 - 64.
145. Selvin E, Steffes MW, Zhu H, Matsushita K, Wagenknecht L, Pankow J, et al. Glycated hemoglobin, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk in non diabetic adults. N Engl J Med 2010;362:800 - 11.
146. Mosca L, Penco S, Patrosso MC, Marucchi A, Lapolla A, Sartore G, et al. Genetic variability of the fructosamine 3-kinase gene in diabetic patients. Clin Chem Lab Med 2011;49:803 - 8.
147. Cohen RM, Snieder H, Lindsell CJ, Beyan H, Hawa MI, Blinko S, et al. Evidence for independent heritability of the glycation gap (glycosylation gap) fraction of HbA1c in non diabetic twins. Diabetes Care 2006;29:1739- 43.
148. Kim S, Min WK, Chun S, Lee W, Park HI. Glycated albumin may be a possible alternative to hemoglobin A1c in diabetic patients with anemia. Clin Chem Lab Med 2011;49:1743 - 7.
149. John G, English E. IFCC standardised HbA1c : should the world be as one? Clin Chem Lab Med 2012;50:1243 - 8.
150. Mosca A, Lapolla A, Gillery P. Glycemic control in the clinical management of diabetic patients. Clin Chem Lab Med (submitted).