Overview of biomarkers in metastatic colorectal cancer: Tumour, blood and patient-related factors

Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology

Volumn 85, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 121-135

  Clarke, Stephen J ^a   Karapetis, Christos S ^b   Gibbs, Peter ^c   Pavlakis, Nick ^a   Desai, Jayesh ^c,d   Michael, Michael ^d   Tebbutt, Niall C ^e   Price, Tim J ^f   Tabernero, Josep ^g  

^a ROYAL NORTH SHORE HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^b FLINDERS MEDICAL CENTRE   (Australia)

^c ROYAL MELBOURNE HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^d PETER MACCALLUM CANCER CENTRE   (Australia)

^e AUSTIN HEALTH   (Australia)

^f UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE   (Australia)

^g HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARI VALL D HEBRON   (Spain)

Author keywords

Biomarkers; Colorectal cancer; Patient factors; Predictive; Prognostic; Tumour factors

Indexed keywords

AFLIBERCEPT; AMPHIREGULIN; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; BEVACIZUMAB; CAPECITABINE; CEDIRANIB; CETUXIMAB; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR ANTIBODY; EPIREGULIN; FLUOROURACIL; FOLINIC ACID; IRINOTECAN; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE; MICRORNA; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; OXALIPLATIN; PANITUMUMAB; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3 KINASE; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3,4,5 TRISPHOSPHATE 3 PHOSPHATASE; PROTEIN KINASE B; RAF PROTEIN; RAMUCIRUMAB; RAS PROTEIN; REGORAFENIB; TUMOR MARKER; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; VALATINIB; VASCULOTROPIN; VASCULOTROPIN INHIBITOR;

ADJUVANT CHEMOTHERAPY; AGE; ANGIOGENESIS; BRAF GENE; CANCER RESEARCH; CANCER SURVIVAL; CLINICAL PRACTICE; COLORECTAL CANCER; COMORBIDITY; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; DRUG RESPONSE; DRUG SENSITIVITY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; EPIGENETICS; GENDER; GENE; GENE MUTATION; HIGH THROUGHPUT SEQUENCING; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; INFLAMMATION; KRAS GENE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE BLOOD LEVEL; LIFESTYLE; MEDICAL DECISION MAKING; METASTASIS; MICROSATELLITE INSTABILITY; MULTIMODALITY CANCER THERAPY; MULTIPLE CYCLE TREATMENT; NRAS GENE; OBESITY; ONCOGENE; PREDICTION; PROTEOMICS; REVIEW; SENSORY NEUROPATHY; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM; SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE SYNDROME; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TREATMENT RESPONSE; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT;

BIOTECHNOLOGY; COLORECTAL NEOPLASMS; HUMANS; NEOPLASM METASTASIS; PROGNOSIS; RISK FACTORS; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TUMOR MARKERS, BIOLOGICAL;

EID: 84872600269     PISSN: 10408428     EISSN: 18790461     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2012.06.001     Document Type: Review

References (120)

1. Jemal A., Siegel R., Xu J., Ward E. Cancer statistics, 2010. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 2010, 60(5):277-300.
2. De Mattos-Arruda L., Dienstmann R., Tabernero J. Development of molecular biomarkers in individualized treatment of colorectal cancer. Clinical Colorectal Cancer 2011, 10(4):279-289.
3. Wolpin B.M., Mayer R.J. Systemic treatment of colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology 2008, 134(5):1296-1310.
4. Kelly H., Goldberg R.M. Systemic therapy for metastatic colorectal cancer: current options, current evidence. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2005, 23(20):4553-4560.
5. Dienstmann R., Vilar E., Tabernero J. Molecular predictors of response to chemotherapy in colorectal cancer. Cancer Journal 2011, 17(2):114-126.
6. Markman B., Javier R.F., Capdevila J., Tabernero J. EGFR and KRAS in colorectal cancer. Advances in Clinical Chemistry 2010, 51:71-119.
7. Bertagnolli M.M., Niedzwiecki D., Compton C.C., et al. Microsatellite instability predicts improved response to adjuvant therapy with irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin in stage III colon cancer: Cancer and Leukemia Group B Protocol 89803. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2009, 27(11):1814-1821.
8. Taylor R.S., Bethell H.J.N., David Brodie D.A. Clinical trials versus the real world: the example of cardiac rehabilitation. British Journal of Cardiology 2007, 14(3):175-178.
9. National Health Medical Research Council A Clinical practice guidelines for the prevention, early detection and management of colorectal cancer 2005.
10. Koopman M., Antonini N.F., Douma J., et al. Sequential versus combination chemotherapy with capecitabine, irinotecan, and oxaliplatin in advanced colorectal cancer (CAIRO): a phase III randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2007, 370(9582):135-142.
11. Seymour M.T., Maughan T.S., Ledermann J.A., et al. Different strategies of sequential and combination chemotherapy for patients with poor prognosis advanced colorectal cancer (MRC FOCUS): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2007, 370(9582):143-152.
12. Schmoll H.J., Sargent D. Single agent fluorouracil for first-line treatment of advanced colorectal cancer as standard?. Lancet 2007, 370(9582):105-107.
13. Grothey A., Sargent D. Overall survival of patients with advanced colorectal cancer correlates with availability of fluorouracil, irinotecan, and oxaliplatin regardless of whether doublet or single-agent therapy is used first line. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2005, 23(36):9441-9442.
14. Grothey A., Sargent D., Goldberg R.M., Schmoll H.J. Survival of patients with advanced colorectal cancer improves with the availability of fluorouracil-leucovorin, irinotecan, and oxaliplatin in the course of treatment. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2004, 22(7):1209-1214.
15. Tournigand C., Andre T., Achille E., et al. FOLFIRI followed by FOLFOX6 or the reverse sequence in advanced colorectal cancer: a randomized GERCOR study. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2004, 22(2):229-237.
16. Colucci G., Gebbia V., Paoletti G., et al. Phase III randomized trial of FOLFIRI versus FOLFOX4 in the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer: a multicenter study of the Gruppo Oncologico Dell'Italia Meridionale. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2005, 23(22):4866-4875.
17. Di Costanzo F., Ravasio R., Sobrero A., et al. Capecitabine versus bolus fluorouracil plus leucovorin (folinic acid) as adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with Dukes' C colon cancer: economic evaluation in an Italian NHS setting. Clinical Drug Investigation 2008, 28(10):645-655.
18. Cartwright T., McCollum D., Boehm K.A. Dosing considerations for capecitabine-irinotecan regimens in the treatment of metastatic and/or locally advanced colorectal cancer. American Journal of Clinical Oncology 2010, 33(3):307-313.
19. Falcone A., Ricci S., Brunetti I., et al. Phase III trial of infusional fluorouracil, leucovorin, oxaliplatin, and irinotecan (FOLFOXIRI) compared with infusional fluorouracil, leucovorin, and irinotecan (FOLFIRI) as first-line treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer: the Gruppo Oncologico Nord Ovest. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2007, 25(13):1670-1676.
20. Grothey A. Reintroduction of oxaliplatin: a viable approach to the long-term management of metastatic colorectal cancer. Oncology 2010, 79(5-6):389-399.
21. Tournigand C., Cervantes A., Figer A., et al. OPTIMOX1: a randomized study of FOLFOX4 or FOLFOX7 with oxaliplatin in a stop-and-Go fashion in advanced colorectal cancer-a GERCOR study. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2006, 24(3):394-400.
22. Chibaudel B., Maindrault-Goebel F., Lledo G., et al. Can chemotherapy be discontinued in unresectable metastatic colorectal cancer? The GERCOR OPTIMOX2 Study. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2009, 27(34):5727-5733.
23. Van Cutsem E., Dicato M., Arber N., et al. Molecular markers and biological targeted therapies in metastatic colorectal cancer: expert opinion and recommendations derived from the 11th ESMO/World Congress on Gastrointestinal Cancer Barcelona, 2009. Annals of Oncology 2010, 21(Suppl 6):vi1-vi10.
24. Grothey A., Sugrue M.M., Purdie D.M., et al. Bevacizumab beyond first progression is associated with prolonged overall survival in metastatic colorectal cancer: results from a large observational cohort study (BRiTE). Journal of Clinical Oncology 2008, 26(33):5326-5334.
25. Van Cutsem E., Rivera F., Berry S., et al. Safety and efficacy of first-line bevacizumab with FOLFOX, XELOX FOLFIRI and fluoropyrimidines in metastatic colorectal cancer: the BEAT study. Annals of Oncology 2009, 20(11):1842-1847.
26. Hurwitz H., Fehrenbacher L., Novotny W., et al. Bevacizumab plus irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin for metastatic colorectal cancer. New England Journal of Medicine 2004, 350(23):2335-2342.
27. Golfinopoulos V., Salanti G., Pavlidis N., Ioannidis J.P. Survival and disease-progression benefits with treatment regimens for advanced colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis. Lancet Oncology 2007, 8(10):898-911.
28. Hecht J.R., Trarbach T., Hainsworth J.D., et al. Randomized, placebo-controlled, phase III study of first-line oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy plus PTK787/ZK 222584, an oral vascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibitor, in patients with metastatic colorectal adenocarcinoma. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2011, 29(15):1997-2003.
29. Van Cutsem E., Bajetta E., Valle J., et al. Randomized, placebo-controlled, phase III study of oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin with or without PTK787/ZK 222584 in patients with previously treated metastatic colorectal adenocarcinoma. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2011, 29(15):2004-2010.
30. Robertson J.D., Botwood N.A., Rothenberg M.L., Schmoll H.J. Phase III trial of FOLFOX plus bevacizumab or cediranib (AZD2171) as first-line treatment of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: HORIZON III. Clinical Colorectal Cancer 2009, 8(1):59-60.
31. Van Cutsem E., Tabernero J., Lakomy R., et al. Intravenous (IV) aflibercept versus placebo in combination with irinotecan/5-FU (FOLFIRI) for second-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (MCRC): results of a multinational phase III trial (EFC10262-VELOUR). Annals of Oncology 2011, 22:v10-v18. [abstr 0024].
32. Grothey A., Sobrero A., Siena S., et al. Results of a phase III randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial (CORRECT) of regorafenib plus best supportive care (BSC) versus placebo plus BSC in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) who have progressed after standard therapies. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2012, 30(Suppl 4). [abstr LBA385].
33. Chu E. An update on the current and emerging targeted agents in metastatic colorectal cancer. Clinical Colorectal Cancer 2012, 11(1):1-13.
34. Rodriguez J., Viudez A., Ponz-Sarvise M., et al. Improving disease control in advanced colorectal cancer: panitumumab and cetuximab. Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology 2010, 74(3):193-202.
35. Scaltriti M., Baselga J. The epidermal growth factor receptor pathway: a model for targeted therapy. Clinical Cancer Research 2006, 12(18):5268-5272.
36. Asghar U., Hawkes E., Cunningham D. Predictive and prognostic biomarkers for targeted therapy in metastatic colorectal cancer. Clinical Colorectal Cancer 2010, 9(5):274-281.
37. Van Cutsem E., Kohne C.H., Hitre E., et al. Cetuximab and chemotherapy as initial treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer. New England Journal of Medicine 2009, 360(14):1408-1417.
38. Van Cutsem E., Peeters M., Siena S., et al. Open-label phase III trial of panitumumab plus best supportive care compared with best supportive care alone in patients with chemotherapy-refractory metastatic colorectal cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2007, 25(13):1658-1664.
39. Cunningham D., Humblet Y., Siena S., et al. Cetuximab monotherapy and cetuximab plus irinotecan in irinotecan-refractory metastatic colorectal cancer. New England Journal of Medicine 2004, 351(4):337-345.
40. Linardou H., Dahabreh I.J., Kanaloupiti D., et al. Assessment of somatic k-RAS mutations as a mechanism associated with resistance to EGFR-targeted agents: a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer and metastatic colorectal cancer. Lancet Oncology 2008, 9(10):962-972.
41. Bardelli A., Siena S. Molecular mechanisms of resistance to cetuximab and panitumumab in colorectal cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2010, 28(7):1254-1261.
42. Weickhardt A.J., Tebbutt N.C., Mariadason J.M. Strategies for overcoming inherent and acquired resistance to EGFR inhibitors by targeting downstream effectors in the RAS/PI3K pathway. Current Cancer Drug Targets 2010, 10(8):824-833.
43. Van Cutsem E., Kohne C.H., Lang I., et al. Cetuximab plus irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin as first-line treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer: updated analysis of overall survival according to tumor KRAS and BRAF mutation status. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2011, 29(15):2011-2019.
44. Di Nicolantonio F., Martini M., Molinari F., et al. Wild-type BRAF is required for response to panitumumab or cetuximab in metastatic colorectal cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2008, 26(35):5705-5712.
45. Rizzo S., Bronte G., Fanale D., et al. Prognostic vs predictive molecular biomarkers in colorectal cancer: is KRAS and BRAF wild type status required for anti-EGFR therapy?. Cancer Treatment Reviews 2010, 36(Suppl 3):S56-S61.
46. Samowitz W.S., Sweeney C., Herrick J., et al. Poor survival associated with the BRAF V600E mutation in microsatellite-stable colon cancers. Cancer Research 2005, 65(14):6063-6069.
47. Laurent-Puig P., Cayre A., Manceau G., et al. Analysis of PTEN BRAF, and EGFR status in determining benefit from cetuximab therapy in wild-type KRAS metastatic colon cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2009, 27(35):5924-5930.
48. Bokemeyer C., Bondarenko I., Hartmann J.T., et al. Efficacy according to biomarker status of cetuximab plus FOLFOX-4 as first-line treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer: the OPUS study. Annals of Oncology 2011, 22(7):1535-1546.
49. Seymour M.T., Brown S.R., Richman S., Middleton G.W., Maughan T., Olivier C. Addition of panitumumab to irinotecan: results of PICCOLO, a randomised controlled trial in advanced cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2011, 29.
50. Tie J., Gibbs P., Lipton L., et al. Optimizing targeted therapeutic development: analysis of a colorectal cancer patient population with the BRAF(V600E) mutation. International Journal of Cancer 2011, 128(9):2075-2084.
51. De Roock W., Claes B., Bernasconi D., et al. Effects of KRAS, BRAF NRAS, and PIK3CA mutations on the efficacy of cetuximab plus chemotherapy in chemotherapy-refractory metastatic colorectal cancer: a retrospective consortium analysis. Lancet Oncology 2010, 11(8):753-762.
52. Downward J. Targeting RAS signalling pathways in cancer therapy. Nature Reviews Cancer 2003, 3(1):11-22.
53. Sartore-Bianchi A., Martini M., Molinari F., et al. PIK3CA mutations in colorectal cancer are associated with clinical resistance to EGFR-targeted monoclonal antibodies. Cancer Research 2009, 69(5):1851-1857.
54. Frattini M., Saletti P., Romagnani E., et al. PTEN loss of expression predicts cetuximab efficacy in metastatic colorectal cancer patients. British Journal of Cancer 2007, 97(8):1139-1145.
55. He Y., Van't Veer L.J., Mikolajewska-Hanclich I., et al. PIK3CA mutations predict local recurrences in rectal cancer patients. Clinical Cancer Research 2009, 15(22):6956-6962.
56. Sawai H., Yasuda A., Ochi N., et al. Loss of PTEN expression is associated with colorectal cancer liver metastasis and poor patient survival. BMC Gastroenterology 2008, 8:56.
57. Jhawer M., Goel S., Wilson A.J., et al. PIK3CA mutation/PTEN expression status predicts response of colon cancer cells to the epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor cetuximab. Cancer Research 2008, 68(6):1953-1961.
58. Loupakis F., Pollina L., Stasi I., et al. PTEN expression and KRAS mutations on primary tumors and metastases in the prediction of benefit from cetuximab plus irinotecan for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2009, 27(16):2622-2629.
59. Khambata-Ford S., Garrett C.R., Meropol N.J., et al. Expression of epiregulin and amphiregulin and K-ras mutation status predict disease control in metastatic colorectal cancer patients treated with cetuximab. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2007, 25(22):3230-3237.
60. Jacobs B., De Roock W., Piessevaux H., et al. Amphiregulin and epiregulin mRNA expression in primary tumors predicts outcome in metastatic colorectal cancer treated with cetuximab. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2009, 27(30):5068-5074.
61. Tabernero J., Cervantes A., Rivera F., et al. Pharmacogenomic and pharmacoproteomic studies of cetuximab in metastatic colorectal cancer: biomarker analysis of a phase I dose-escalation study. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2010, 28(7):1181-1189.
62. Jonker D.J., Karapetis C., Harbison C., et al. High epiregulin (EREG) gene expression plus K-ras wild-type (WT) status as predictors of cetuximab benefit in the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer (ACRC): results from NCIC CTG CO.17-a phase III trial of cetuximab versus best supportive care (BSC). American Society of Clinical Oncology 2009.
63. Jubb A.M., Harris A.L. Biomarkers to predict the clinical efficacy of bevacizumab in cancer. Lancet Oncology 2010, 11(12):1172-1183.
64. Ince W.L., Jubb A.M., Holden S.N., et al. Association of k-ras, b-raf, and p53 status with the treatment effect of bevacizumab. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 2005, 97(13):981-989.
65. Price T.J., Hardingham J.E., Lee C.K., et al. Impact of KRAS and BRAF gene mutation status on outcomes from the phase III AGITG MAX trial of capecitabine alone or in combination with bevacizumab and mitomycin in advanced colorectal cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2011, 29(19):2675-2682.
66. Moehler M., Frings C., Mueller A., et al. VEGF-D expression correlates with colorectal cancer aggressiveness and is downregulated by cetuximab. World Journal of Gastroenterology 2008, 14(26):4156-4167.
67. White J.D., Hewett P.W., Kosuge D., et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor-D expression is an independent prognostic marker for survival in colorectal carcinoma. Cancer Research 2002, 62(6):1669-1675.
68. Weickhardt A.J., Williams D., Lee C., et al. Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF) and VEGF receptor expression as predictive biomarkers for benefit with bevacizumab in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC): analysis of the phase III MAX study. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2011, 29.
69. Kopetz S., Hoff P.M., Morris J.S., et al. Phase II trial of infusional fluorouracil, irinotecan, and bevacizumab for metastatic colorectal cancer: efficacy and circulating angiogenic biomarkers associated with therapeutic resistance. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2010, 28(3):453-459.
70. Longo R., Gasparini G. Challenges for patient selection with VEGF inhibitors. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology 2007, 60(2):151-170.
71. Jayson G.C., de Haas S., Delmar P. Evaluation of plasma VEGFA as a potential predictive pan-tumour biomarker for bevacizumab. 2011 European Multidisciplinary Cancer Congress 2011.
72. Chibaudel B., Bonnetain F., Tournigand C., et al. Simplified prognostic model in patients with oxaliplatin-based or irinotecan-based first-line chemotherapy for metastatic colorectal cancer: a GERCOR study. Oncologist 2011, 16(9):1228-1238.
73. Hurwitz H.I., Yi J., Ince W., Novotny W.F., Rosen O. The clinical benefit of bevacizumab in metastatic colorectal cancer is independent of K-ras mutation status: analysis of a phase III study of bevacizumab with chemotherapy in previously untreated metastatic colorectal cancer. Oncologist 2009, 14(1):22-28.
74. Syrigos K.N., Karapanagiotou E., Boura P., Manegold C., Harrington K. Bevacizumab-induced hypertension: pathogenesis and management. BioDrugs 2011, 25(3):159-169.
75. Osterlund P., Soveri L.M., Isoniemi H., Poussa T., Alanko T., Bono P. Hypertension and overall survival in metastatic colorectal cancer patients treated with bevacizumab-containing chemotherapy. British Journal of Cancer 2011, 104(4):599-604.
76. Vilar E., Gruber S.B. Microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer-the stable evidence. Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology 2010, 7(3):153-162.
77. Popat S., Hubner R., Houlston R.S. Systematic review of microsatellite instability and colorectal cancer prognosis. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2005, 23(3):609-618.
78. Van Schaeybroeck S., Allen W.L., Turkington R.C., Johnston P.G. Implementing prognostic and predictive biomarkers in CRC clinical trials. Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology 2011, 8(4):222-232.
79. Yancik R. Population aging and cancer: a cross-national concern. Cancer Journal 2005, 11(6):437-441.
80. Ananda S., Field K.M., Kosmider S., et al. Patient age and comorbidity are major determinants of adjuvant chemotherapy use for stage III colon cancer in routine clinical practice. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2008, 26(27):4516-4517.
81. Kahn K.L., Adams J.L., Weeks J.C., et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy use and adverse events among older patients with stage III colon cancer. JAMA 2010, 303(11):1037-1045.
82. Khattak M.A., Townsend A.R., Beeke C., et al. Impact of age on choice of chemotherapy and outcome in advanced colorectal cancer. European Journal of Cancer 2011.
83. Sargent D.J., Goldberg R.M., Jacobson S.D., et al. A pooled analysis of adjuvant chemotherapy for resected colon cancer in elderly patients. New England Journal of Medicine 2001, 345(15):1091-1097.
84. Goldberg R.M., Tabah-Fisch I., Bleiberg H., et al. Pooled analysis of safety and efficacy of oxaliplatin plus fluorouracil/leucovorin administered bimonthly in elderly patients with colorectal cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2006, 24(25):4085-4091.
85. Sastre J., Gravalos C., Rivera F., et al. First-line cetuximab plus capecitabine in elderly patients with advanced colorectal cancer: clinical outcome and subgroup analysis according to KRAS status from a Spanish TTD Group Study. Oncologist 2012, 17(3):339-345.
86. Hutchins L.F., Unger J.M., Crowley J.J., Coltman C.A., Albain K.S. Underrepresentation of patients 65 years of age or older in cancer-treatment trials. New England Journal of Medicine 1999, 341(27):2061-2067.
87. Seymour M.T., Thompson L.C., Wasan H.S., et al. Chemotherapy options in elderly and frail patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (MRC FOCUS2): an open-label, randomised factorial trial. Lancet 2011, 377(9779):1749-1759.
88. Field K.M., Kosmider S., Jefford M., et al. Chemotherapy dosing strategies in the obese, elderly, and thin patient: results of a nationwide survey. Journal of Oncology Practice 2008, 4(3):108-113.
89. Martinez M.E. Primary prevention of colorectal cancer: lifestyle, nutrition, exercise. Recent Results in Cancer Research 2005, 166:177-211.
90. Dignam J.J., Polite B.N., Yothers G., et al. Body mass index and outcomes in patients who receive adjuvant chemotherapy for colon cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 2006, 98(22):1647-1654.
91. Meyerhardt J.A., Niedzwiecki D., Hollis D., et al. Impact of body mass index and weight change after treatment on cancer recurrence and survival in patients with stage III colon cancer: findings from Cancer and Leukemia Group B 89803. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2008, 26(25):4109-4115.
92. Sparreboom A., Wolff A.C., Mathijssen R.H., et al. Evaluation of alternate size descriptors for dose calculation of anticancer drugs in the obese. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2007, 25(30):4707-4713.
93. Field K.M., Croxford M., Hastie I., et al. Impact of body mass index on colorectal cancer treatment and outcomes: need for prospective and comprehensive data. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2009, 27(9):1524-1526.
94. Siddiqui A.A. Metabolic syndrome and its association with colorectal cancer: a review. American Journal of the Medical Sciences 2011, 341(3):227-231.
95. Meyerhardt J.A., Catalano P.J., Haller D.G., et al. Impact of diabetes mellitus on outcomes in patients with colon cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2003, 21(3):433-440.
96. Meyerhardt J.A., Heseltine D., Niedzwiecki D., et al. Impact of physical activity on cancer recurrence and survival in patients with stage III colon cancer: findings from CALGB 89803. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2006, 24(22):3535-3541.
97. McCleary N.J., Niedzwiecki D., Hollis D., et al. Impact of smoking on patients with stage III colon cancer: results from Cancer and Leukemia Group B 89803. Cancer 2010, 116(4):957-966.
98. Limsui D., Vierkant R.A., Tillmans L.S., et al. Cigarette smoking and colorectal cancer risk by molecularly defined subtypes. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 2010, 102(14):1012-1022.
99. Roxburgh C.S., McMillan D.C. The role of the in situ local inflammatory response in predicting recurrence and survival in patients with primary operable colorectal cancer. Cancer Treatment Reviews 2012, 38(5):451-466.
100. Roxburgh C.S., McMillan D.C. Role of systemic inflammatory response in predicting survival in patients with primary operable cancer. Future Oncology 2010, 6(1):149-163.
101. Clarke S.J., Chua W., Moore M., et al. Use of inflammatory markers to guide cancer treatment. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2011, 90(3):475-478.
102. Sharma R., Zucknick M., London R., Kacevska M., Liddle C., Clarke S.J. Systemic inflammatory response predicts prognosis in patients with advanced-stage colorectal cancer. Clinical Colorectal Cancer 2008, 7(5):331-337.
103. Ishizuka M., Nagata H., Takagi K., Horie T., Kubota K. Inflammation-based prognostic score is a novel predictor of postoperative outcome in patients with colorectal cancer. Annals of Surgery 2007, 246(6):1047-1051.
104. Ishizuka M., Nagata H., Takagi K., Kubota K. Influence of inflammation-based prognostic score on mortality of patients undergoing chemotherapy for far advanced or recurrent unresectable colorectal cancer. Annals of Surgery 2009, 250(2):268-272.
105. Chua W., Charles K.A., Baracos V.E., Clarke S.J. Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio predicts chemotherapy outcomes in patients with advanced colorectal cancer. British Journal of Cancer 2011, 104(8):1288-1295.
106. Burmester J.K., Sedova M., Shapero M.H., Mansfield E. DMET microarray technology for pharmacogenomics-based personalized medicine. Methods in Molecular Biology 2010, 632:99-124.
107. van Engeland M., Derks S., Smits K.M., Meijer G.A., Herman J.G. Colorectal cancer epigenetics: complex simplicity. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2011, 29(10):1382-1391.
108. Migliore L., Migheli F., Spisni R., Coppede F. Genetics, cytogenetics, and epigenetics of colorectal cancer. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2011, 2011:792362.
109. Ogino S., Meyerhardt J.A., Kawasaki T., et al. CpG island methylation, response to combination chemotherapy, and patient survival in advanced microsatellite stable colorectal carcinoma. Virchows Archiv 2007, 450(5):529-537.
110. Smits K.M., Cleven A.H., Weijenberg M.P., et al. Pharmacoepigenomics in colorectal cancer: a step forward in predicting prognosis and treatment response. Pharmacogenomics 2008, 9(12):1903-1916.
111. Bartel D.P. MicroRNAs: genomics, biogenesis, mechanism, and function. Cell 2004, 116(2):281-297.
112. Dong Y., Wu W.K., Wu C.W., Sung J.J., Yu J., Ng S.S. MicroRNA dysregulation in colorectal cancer: a clinical perspective. British Journal of Cancer 2011, 104(6):893-898.
113. Slaby O., Svoboda M., Fabian P., et al. Altered expression of miR-21, miR-31, miR-143 and miR-145 is related to clinicopathologic features of colorectal cancer. Oncology 2007, 72(5-6):397-402.
114. Schetter A.J., Leung S.Y., Sohn J.J., et al. MicroRNA expression profiles associated with prognosis and therapeutic outcome in colon adenocarcinoma. JAMA 2008, 299(4):425-436.
115. Nakajima G., Hayashi K., Xi Y., et al. Non-coding MicroRNAs hsa-let-7g and hsa-miR-181b are associated with chemoresponse to S-1 in colon cancer. Cancer Genomics and Proteomics 2006, 3(5):317-324.
116. Brenner B.M., Rosenberg D. High-throughput SNP/CGH approaches for the analysis of genomic instability in colorectal cancer. Mutation Research 2010, 693(1-2):46-52.
117. Di Martino M.T., Arbitrio M., Leone E., et al. Single nucleotide polymorphisms of ABCC5 and ABCG1 transporter genes correlate to irinotecan-associated gastrointestinal toxicity in colorectal cancer patients: a DMET microarray profiling study. Cancer Biology and Therapy 2011, 12(9.).
118. McHugh S.M., O'Donnell J., Gillen P. Genomic and oncoproteomic advances in detection and treatment of colorectal cancer. World Journal of Surgical Oncology 2009, 7:36.
119. de Noo M.E., Tollenaar R.A., Deelder A.M., Bouwman L.H. Current status and prospects of clinical proteomics studies on detection of colorectal cancer: hopes and fears. World Journal of Gastroenterology 2006, 12(41):6594-6601.
120. Lee C.K., Lord S.J., Coates A.S., Simes R.J. Molecular biomarkers to individualise treatment: assessing the evidence. Medical Journal of Australia 2009, 190(11):631-636.