HCV in liver transplantation

Seminars in Immunopathology

Volumn 35, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 101-110

  Germani, Giacomo ^a,b   Tsochatzis, Emmanuel ^a   Papastergiou, Vasilios ^a   Burroughs, Andrew K ^a  

^a ROYAL FREE HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL OF PADOVA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Antiviral therapy; HCV; HCV recurrence; Liver transplantation; Retransplantation

Indexed keywords

ALEMTUZUMAB; ANTIVIRUS AGENT; AZATHIOPRINE; BOCEPREVIR; CORTICOSTEROID; CYCLOSPORIN; CYCLOSPORIN A; HOST FACTOR; INTERFERON; INTERLEUKIN 28B; MYCOPHENOLIC ACID 2 MORPHOLINOETHYL ESTER; PEGINTERFERON; PROTEINASE INHIBITOR; RIBAVIRIN; TACROLIMUS; TELAPREVIR; VIRUS RNA;

AGE; CHOLESTATIC HEPATITIS; DIABETES MELLITUS; DISEASE SEVERITY; DNA POLYMORPHISM; DRUG POTENTIATION; FATTY LIVER; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GRAFT FAILURE; HEPATITIS C; HEPATITIS C VIRUS; HERPES VIRUS INFECTION; HUMAN; IMMUNOGENETICS; INFECTION RISK; INSULIN RESISTANCE; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; LIVER FIBROSIS; LIVER GRAFT REJECTION; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; MONOTHERAPY; NONHUMAN; ORGAN DONOR; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RACE DIFFERENCE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REINFECTION; RETRANSPLANTATION; REVIEW; SEX DIFFERENCE; STEATOSIS; TREATMENT RESPONSE;

ANTIVIRAL AGENTS; GRAFT REJECTION; HEPACIVIRUS; HEPATITIS C; HUMANS; IMMUNOSUPPRESSION; LIVER; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; RECURRENCE;

EID: 84872403501     PISSN: 18632297     EISSN: 18632300     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00281-012-0329-5     Document Type: Review

References (128)

1. National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 1988-2006. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/major/nhanes. Accessed June 2008
2. Kim WR (2002) The burden of hepatitis C in the United States. Hepatology 36:S30-34
3. Berenguer M, Lopez-Labrador FX, Wright TL (2001) Hepatitis C and liver transplantation. J Hepatol 35:666-678
4. Wiesner RH, Sorrell M, Villamil F (2003) Report of the first International Liver Transplantation Society expert panel consensus conference on liver transplantation and hepatitis C. Liver Transpl 9:S1-9
5. Dragun J, Perez-Del-Pulgar S, Crespo G et al (2011) Characterization of the cross-neutralizing antibody response against hepatitis C virus in the liver transplantation setting. Am J Transplant 11:767-774
6. Garcia-Retortillo M, Forns X, Feliu A et al (2002) Hepatitis C virus kinetics during and immediately after liver transplantation. Hepatology 35:680-687
7. Lyra AC, Fan X, Lang DM et al (2002) Evolution of hepatitis C viral quasispecies after liver transplantation. Gastroenterology 123:1485-1493
8. Ramirez S, Perez-Del-Pulgar S, Carrion JA et al (2009) Hepatitis C virus compartmentalization and infection recurrence after liver transplantation. Am J Transplant 9:1591-1601
9. Schvoerer E, Soulier E, Royer C et al (2007) Early evolution of hepatitis C virus (HCV) quasispecies after liver transplant for HCV-related disease. J Infect Dis 196:528-536
10. Saraf N, Fiel MI, Deboccardo G, Emre S, Schiano TD (2007) Rapidly progressive recurrent hepatitis C virus infection starting 9 days after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 13:913-917
11. Guerrero RB, Batts KP, Burgart LJ et al (2000) Early detection of hepatitis C allograft reinfection after orthotopic liver transplantation: a molecular and histologic study. Mod Pathol 13:229-237
12. Wright TL, Donegan E, Hsu HH et al (1992) Recurrent and acquired hepatitis C viral infection in liver transplant recipients. Gastroenterology 103:317-322
13. Gane EJ, Naoumov NV, Qian KP et al (1996) A longitudinal analysis of hepatitis C virus replication following liver transplantation. Gastroenterology 110:167-177
14. Brown RS (2005) Hepatitis C and liver transplantation. Nature 436:973-978
15. Berenguer M, Prieto M, San Juan F et al (2002) Contribution of donor age to the recent decrease in patient survival among HCV-infected liver transplant recipients. Hepatology 36:202-210
16. Firpi RJ, Abdelmalek MF, Soldevila-Pico C et al (2004) One-year protocol liver biopsy can stratify fibrosis progression in liver transplant recipients with recurrent hepatitis C infection. Liver Transpl 10:1240-1247
17. Forman LM, Lewis JD, Berlin JA, Feldman HI, Lucey MR (2002) The association between hepatitis C infection and survival after orthotopic liver transplantation. Gastroenterology 122:889-896
18. Gane EJ, Portmann BC, Naoumov NV et al (1996) Long-term outcome of hepatitis C infection after liver transplantation. N Engl J Med 334:815-820
19. Pelletier SJ, Iezzoni JC, Crabtree TD et al (2000) Prediction of liver allograft fibrosis after transplantation for hepatitis C virus: persistent elevation of serum transaminase levels versus necroinflammatory activity. Liver Transpl 6:44-53
20. Prieto M, Berenguer M, Rayon JM et al (1999) High incidence of allograft cirrhosis in hepatitis C virus genotype 1b infection following transplantation: relationship with rejection episodes. Hepatology 29:250-256
21. Sanchez-Fueyo A, Restrepo JC, Quinto L et al (2002) Impact of the recurrence of hepatitis C virus infection after liver transplantation on the long-term viability of the graft. Transplantation 73:56-63
22. Yilmaz N, Shiffman ML, Stravitz RT et al (2007) A prospective evaluation of fibrosis progression in patients with recurrent hepatitis C virus following liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 13:975-983
23. Gane EJ (2008) The natural history of recurrent hepatitis C and what influences this. Liver Transpl 14(Suppl 2):S36-44
24. Baiocchi L, Angelico M, Petrolati A et al (2008) Correlation between liver fibrosis and inflammation in patients transplanted for HCV liver disease. Am J Transplant 8:673-678
25. Belli LS, Burroughs AK, Burra P et al (2007) Liver transplantation for HCV cirrhosis: improved survival in recent years and increased severity of recurrent disease in female recipients: results of a long term retrospective study. Liver Transpl 13:733-740
26. Berenguer M, Ferrell L, Watson J et al (2000) HCV-related fibrosis progression following liver transplantation: increase in recent years. J Hepatol 32:673-684
27. Neumann UP, Berg T, Bahra M et al (2004) Fibrosis progression after liver transplantation in patients with recurrent hepatitis C. J Hepatol 41:830-836
28. Sebagh M, Rifai K, Feray C et al (2003) All liver recipients benefit from the protocol 10-year liver biopsies. Hepatology 37:1293-1301
29. Wali MH, Heydtmann M, Harrison RF, Gunson BK, Mutimer DJ (2003) Outcome of liver transplantation for patients infected by hepatitis C, including those infected by genotype 4. Liver Transpl 9:796-804
30. Alter HJ, Seeff LB (2000) Recovery, persistence, and sequelae in hepatitis C virus infection: a perspective on long-term outcome. Semin Liver Dis 20:17-35
31. Niederau C, Lange S, Heintges T et al (1998) Prognosis of chronic hepatitis C: results of a large, prospective cohort study. Hepatology 28:1687-1695
32. Poynard T, Bedossa P, Opolon P (1997) Natural history of liver fibrosis progression in patients with chronic hepatitis C. The OBSVIRC, METAVIR, CLINIVIR, and DOSVIRC groups. Lancet 349:825-832
33. Berenguer M, Aguilera V, Prieto M et al (2003) Delayed onset of severe hepatitis C-related liver damage following liver transplantation: a matter of concern? Liver Transpl 9:1152-1158
34. McCaughan GW, Zekry A (2004) Mechanisms of HCV reinfection and allograft damage after liver transplantation. J Hepatol 40:368-374
35. Napoli J, Bishop GA, McGuinness PH, Painter DM, McCaughan GW (1996) Progressive liver injury in chronic hepatitis C infection correlates with increased intrahepatic expression of Th1-associated cytokines. Hepatology 24:759-765
36. Schirren CA, Jung M, Worzfeld T et al (2000) Cytokine profile of liver- and blood-derived nonspecific T cells after liver transplantation: T helper cells type 1/0 lymphokines dominate in recurrent hepatitis C virus infection and rejection. Liver Transpl 6:222-228
37. Zekry A, Bishop GA, Bowen DG et al (2002) Intrahepatic cytokine profiles associated with posttransplantation hepatitis C virus-related liver injury. Liver Transpl 8:292-301
38. Kalambokis G, Manousou P, Samonakis D et al (2009) Clinical outcome of HCV-related graft cirrhosis and prognostic value of hepatic venous pressure gradient. Transpl Int 22:172-181
39. Gane E (2003) The natural history and outcome of liver transplantation in hepatitis C virus-infected recipients. Liver Transpl 9:S28-34
40. Narang TK, Ahrens W, Russo MW (2010) Post-liver transplant cholestatic hepatitis C: a systematic review of clinical and pathological findings and application of consensus criteria. Liver Transpl 16:1228-1235
41. Lai JC, Verna EC, Brown RS Jr et al (2011) Hepatitis C virus-infected women have a higher risk of advanced fibrosis and graft loss after liver transplantation than men. Hepatology 54:418-424
42. Thuluvath PJ, Guidinger MK, Fung JJ et al (2010) Liver transplantation in the United States, 1999-2008. Am J Transplant 10:1003-1019
43. Foxton MR, Quaglia A, Muiesan P et al (2006) The impact of diabetes mellitus on fibrosis progression in patients transplanted for hepatitis C. Am J Transplant 6:1922-1929
44. Veldt BJ, Poterucha JJ, Watt KD et al (2009) Insulin resistance, serum adipokines and risk of fibrosis progression in patients transplanted for hepatitis C. Am J Transplant 9:1406-1413
45. AlDosary AA, Ramji AS, Elliott TG et al (2002) Post-liver transplantation diabetes mellitus: an association with hepatitis C. Liver Transpl 8:356-361
46. Khalili M, Lim JW, Bass N et al (2004) New onset diabetes mellitus after liver transplantation: the critical role of hepatitis C infection. Liver Transpl 10:349-355
47. Brandman D, Pingitore A, Lai JC et al (2011) Hepatic steatosis at 1 year is an additional predictor of subsequent fibrosis severity in liver transplant recipients with recurrent hepatitis C virus. Liver Transpl 17:1380-1386
48. Reddy KR, Govindarajan S, Marcellin P et al (2008) Hepatic steatosis in chronic hepatitis C: baseline host and viral characteristics and influence on response to therapy with peginterferon alpha-2a plus ribavirin. J Viral Hepat 15:129-136
49. Ge D, Fellay J, Thompson AJ et al (2009) Genetic variation in IL28B predicts hepatitis C treatment-induced viral clearance. Nature 461:399-401
50. Rauch A, Kutalik Z, Descombes P et al (2010) Genetic variation in IL28B is associated with chronic hepatitis C and treatment failure: a genome-wide association study. Gastroenterology 138:1338-1345, 1345 e1331-1337
51. Tanaka Y, Nishida N, Sugiyama M et al (2009) Genome-wide association of IL28B with response to pegylated interferon-alpha and ribavirin therapy for chronic hepatitis C. Nat Genet 41:1105-1109
52. Charlton MR, Thompson A, Veldt BJ et al (2011) Interleukin-28B polymorphisms are associated with histological recurrence and treatment response following liver transplantation in patients with hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatology 53:317-324
53. Eurich D, Boas-Knoop S, Ruehl M et al (2011) Relationship between the interleukin-28b gene polymorphism and the histological severity of hepatitis C virus-induced graft inflammation and the response to antiviral therapy after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 17:289-298
54. Lange CM, Moradpour D, Doehring A et al (2011) Impact of donor and recipient IL28B rs12979860 genotypes on hepatitis C virus liver graft reinfection. J Hepatol 55:322-327
55. Burak KW, Kremers WK, Batts KP et al (2002) Impact of cytomegalovirus infection, year of transplantation, and donor age on outcomes after liver transplantation for hepatitis C. Liver Transpl 8:362-369
56. Berenguer M (2003) Host and donor risk factors before and after liver transplantation that impact HCV recurrence. Liver Transpl 9:S44-47
57. Berenguer M, Crippin J, Gish R et al (2003) A model to predict severe HCV-related disease following liver transplantation. Hepatology 38:34-41
58. Machicao VI, Bonatti H, Krishna M et al (2004) Donor age affects fibrosis progression and graft survival after liver transplantation for hepatitis C. Transplantation 77:84-92
59. Wali M, Harrison RF, Gow PJ, Mutimer D (2002) Advancing donor liver age and rapid fibrosis progression following transplantation for hepatitis C. Gut 51:248-252
60. Mutimer DJ, Gunson B, Chen J et al (2006) Impact of donor age and year of transplantation on graft and patient survival following liver transplantation for hepatitis C virus. Transplantation 81:7-14
61. Briceno J, Ciria R, Pleguezuelo M et al (2009) Impact of donor graft steatosis on overall outcome and viral recurrence after liver transplantation for hepatitis C virus cirrhosis. Liver Transpl 15:37-48
62. Subramanian V, Seetharam AB, Vachharajani N et al (2011) Donor graft steatosis influences immunity to hepatitis C virus and allograft outcome after liver transplantation. Transplantation 92:1259-1268
63. Botha JF, Thompson E, Gilroy R et al (2007) Mild donor liver steatosis has no impact on hepatitis C virus fibrosis progression following liver transplantation. Liver Int 27:758-763
64. Burra P, Loreno M, Russo FP et al (2009) Donor livers with steatosis are safe to use in hepatitis C virus-positive recipients. Liver Transpl 15:619-628
65. Toniutto P, Fabris C, Bortolotti N et al (2004) Evaluation of donor hepatic iron concentration as a factor of early fibrotic progression after liver transplantation. J Hepatol 41:307-311
66. Belli LS, Burra P, Poli F et al (2006) HLA-DRB1 donor-recipient mismatch affects the outcome of hepatitis C disease recurrence after liver transplantation. Gastroenterology 130:695-702
67. Rosen HR, Hinrichs DJ, Gretch DR et al (1999) Association of multispecific CD4(+) response to hepatitis C and severity of recurrence after liver transplantation. Gastroenterology 117:926-932
68. Feray C, Caccamo L, Alexander GJ et al (1999) European collaborative study on factors influencing outcome after liver transplantation for hepatitis C. European Concerted Action on Viral Hepatitis (EUROHEP) Group. Gastroenterology 117:619-625
69. Feray C, Gigou M, Samuel D et al (1995) Influence of the genotypes of hepatitis C virus on the severity of recurrent liver disease after liver transplantation. Gastroenterology 108:1088-1096
70. Ghobrial RM, Farmer DG, Baquerizo A et al (1999) Orthotopic liver transplantation for hepatitis C: outcome, effect of immunosuppression, and causes of retransplantation during an 8-year single-center experience. Ann Surg 229:824-831, discussion 831-823
71. Zekry A, Whiting P, Crawford DH et al (2003) Liver transplantation for HCV-associated liver cirrhosis: predictors of outcomes in a population with significant genotype 3 and 4 distribution. Liver Transpl 9:339-347
72. Vargas HE, Laskus T, Wang LF et al (1998) The influence of hepatitis C virus genotypes on the outcome of liver transplantation. Liver Transplant Surg 4:22-27
73. Di Martino V, Brenot C, Samuel D et al (2000) Influence of liver hepatitis C virus RNA and hepatitis C virus genotype on FAS-mediated apoptosis after liver transplantation for hepatitis C. Transplantation 70:1390-1396
74. Charlton M, Seaberg E, Wiesner R et al (1998) Predictors of patient and graft survival following liver transplantation for hepatitis C. Hepatology 28:823-830
75. Sreekumar R, Gonzalez-Koch A, Maor-Kendler Y et al (2000) Early identification of recipients with progressive histologic recurrence of hepatitis C after liver transplantation. Hepatology 32:1125-1130
76. Shackel NA, Jamias J, Rahman W et al (2009) Early high peak hepatitis C viral load levels independently predict hepatitis C-related liver failure post-liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 15:709-718
77. McCaughan GW, Shackel NA, Bertolino P, Bowen DG (2009) Molecular and cellular aspects of hepatitis C virus reinfection after liver transplantation: how the early phase impacts on outcomes. Transplantation 87:1105-1111
78. Feliu A, Gay E, Garcia-Retortillo M, Saiz JC, Forns X (2004) Evolution of hepatitis C virus quasispecies immediately following liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 10:1131-1139
79. Doughty AL, Painter DM, McCaughan GW (2000) Post-transplant quasispecies pattern remains stable over time in patients with recurrent cholestatic hepatitis due to hepatitis C virus. J Hepatol 32:126-134
80. Arenas JI, Gallegos-Orozco JF, Laskus T et al (2004) Hepatitis C virus quasi-species dynamics predict progression of fibrosis after liver transplantation. J Infect Dis 189:2037-2046
81. Massaguer A, Ramirez S, Carrion JA et al (2007) Evolution of the NS3 and NS5B regions of the hepatitis C virus during disease recurrence after liver transplantation. Am J Transplant 7:2172-2179
82. Humar A, Kumar D, Raboud J et al (2002) Interactions between cytomegalovirus, human herpesvirus-6, and the recurrence of hepatitis C after liver transplantation. Am J Transplant 2:461-466
83. Rosen HR, Chou S, Corless CL et al (1997) Cytomegalovirus viremia: risk factor for allograft cirrhosis after liver transplantation for hepatitis C. Transplantation 64:721-726
84. Manousou P, Samonakis D, Cholongitas E et al (2009) Outcome of recurrent hepatitis C virus after liver transplantation in a randomized trial of tacrolimus monotherapy versus triple therapy. Liver Transpl 15:1783-1791
85. Humar A, Washburn K, Freeman R et al (2007) An assessment of interactions between hepatitis C virus and herpesvirus reactivation in liver transplant recipients using molecular surveillance. Liver Transpl 13:1422-1427
86. Nebbia G, Mattes FM, Cholongitas E et al (2007) Exploring the bidirectional interactions between human cytomegalovirus and hepatitis C virus replication after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 13:130-135
87. Gaglio PJ, Malireddy S, Levitt BS et al (2003) Increased risk of cholestatic hepatitis C in recipients of grafts from living versus cadaveric liver donors. Liver Transpl 9:1028-1035
88. Garcia-Retortillo M, Forns X, Llovet JM et al (2004) Hepatitis C recurrence is more severe after living donor compared to cadaveric liver transplantation. Hepatology 40:699-707
89. Thuluvath PJ, Yoo HY (2004) Graft and patient survival after adult live donor liver transplantation compared to a matched cohort who received a deceased donor transplantation. Liver Transpl 10:1263-1268
90. Guo L, Orrego M, Rodriguez-Luna H et al (2006) Living donor liver transplantation for hepatitis C-related cirrhosis: no difference in histological recurrence when compared to deceased donor liver transplantation recipients. Liver Transpl 12:560-565
91. Jain A, Singhal A, Kashyap R et al (2011) Comparative analysis of hepatitis C recurrence and fibrosis progression between deceased-donor and living-donor liver transplantation: 8-year longitudinal follow-up. Transplantation 92:453-460
92. Schmeding M, Neumann UP, Puhl G et al (2007) Hepatitis C recurrence and fibrosis progression are not increased after living donor liver transplantation: a single-center study of 289 patients. Liver Transpl 13:687-692
93. Shiffman ML, Stravitz RT, Contos MJ et al (2004) Histologic recurrence of chronic hepatitis C virus in patients after living donor and deceased donor liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 10:1248-1255
94. Taner CB, Bulatao IG, Keaveny AP et al (2011) Use of liver grafts from donation after cardiac death donors for recipients with hepatitis C virus. Liver Transpl 17:641-649
95. Samonakis DN, Germani G, Burroughs AK (2012) Immunosuppression and HCV recurrence after liver transplantation. J Hepatol 56(4):973-983
96. Berenguer M, Lopez-Labrador FX, Greenberg HB, Wright TL (2000) Hepatitis C virus and the host: an imbalance induced by immunosuppression? Hepatology 32:433-435
97. Berenguer M, Aguilera V, Prieto M et al (2006) Significant improvement in the outcome of HCV-infected transplant recipients by avoiding rapid steroid tapering and potent induction immunosuppression. J Hepatol 44:717-722
98. Samonakis DN, Triantos CK, Thalheimer U et al (2005) Immunosuppression and donor age with respect to severity of HCV recurrence after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 11:386-395
99. Vivarelli M, Burra P, La Barba G et al (2007) Influence of steroids on HCV recurrence after liver transplantation: a prospective study. J Hepatol 47:793-798
100. Segev DL, Sozio SM, Shin EJ et al (2008) Steroid avoidance in liver transplantation: meta-analysis and meta-regression of randomized trials. Liver Transpl 14:512-525
101. Samonakis DN, Mela M, Quaglia A et al (2006) Rejection rates in a randomised trial of tacrolimus monotherapy versus triple therapy in liver transplant recipients with hepatitis C virus cirrhosis. Transpl Infect Dis 8:3-12
102. Firpi RJ, Zhu H, Morelli G et al (2006) Cyclosporine suppresses hepatitis C virus in vitro and increases the chance of a sustained virological response after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 12:51-57
103. Goto K, Watashi K, Murata T et al (2006) Evaluation of the anti-hepatitis C virus effects of cyclophilin inhibitors, cyclosporin A, and NIM811. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 343:879-884
104. Henry SD, Metselaar HJ, Lonsdale RC et al (2006) Mycophenolic acid inhibits hepatitis C virus replication and acts in synergy with cyclosporin A and interferon-alpha. Gastroenterology 131:1452-1462
105. Ishii N, Watashi K, Hishiki T et al (2006) Diverse effects of cyclosporine on hepatitis C virus strain replication. J Virol 80:4510-4520
106. Nakagawa M, Sakamoto N, Enomoto N et al (2004) Specific inhibition of hepatitis C virus replication by cyclosporin A. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 313:42-47
107. Paeshuyse J, Kaul A, De Clercq E et al (2006) The non-immunosuppressive cyclosporin DEBIO-025 is a potent inhibitor of hepatitis C virus replication in vitro. Hepatology 43:761-770
108. Watashi K, Hijikata M, Hosaka M, Yamaji M, Shimotohno K (2003) Cyclosporin A suppresses replication of hepatitis C virus genome in cultured hepatocytes. Hepatology 38:1282-1288
109. Cescon M, Grazi GL, Cucchetti A et al (2009) Predictors of sustained virological response after antiviral treatment for hepatitis C recurrence following liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 15:782-789
110. Selzner N, Renner EL, Selzner M et al (2009) Antiviral treatment of recurrent hepatitis C after liver transplantation: predictors of response and long-term outcome. Transplantation 88:1214-1221
111. Neyts J, Meerbach A, McKenna P, De Clercq E (1996) Use of the yellow fever virus vaccine strain 17D for the study of strategies for the treatment of yellow fever virus infections. Antivir Res 30:125-132
112. Firpi RJ, Nelson DR, Davis GL (2003) Lack of antiviral effect of a short course of mycophenolate mofetil in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Liver Transpl 9:57-61
113. Germani G, Pleguezuelo M, Villamil F et al (2009) Azathioprine in liver transplantation: a reevaluation of its use and a comparison with mycophenolate mofetil. Am J Transplant 9:1725-1731
114. Wiesner R, Rabkin J, Klintmalm G et al (2001) A randomized double-blind comparative study of mycophenolate mofetil and azathioprine in combination with cyclosporine and corticosteroids in primary liver transplant recipients. Liver Transpl 7:442-450
115. Gurusamy KS, Tsochatzis E, Davidson BR, Burroughs AK (2010) Antiviral prophylactic intervention for chronic hepatitis C virus in patients undergoing liver transplantation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD006573
116. Gurusamy KS, Tsochatzis E, Xirouchakis E, Burroughs AK, Davidson BR (2010) Antiviral therapy for recurrent liver graft infection with hepatitis C virus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD006803
117. Charlton M, Bzowej N, Rossi S, Nelson D (2007) Prophylactic peginterferon alfa-2a/ribavirin vs no prophylaxis following orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) for hepatitis C: 24-week virologic and safety responses. Hepatology 46:244A, Abstract
118. Roche B, Samuel D (2011) Is early antiviral therapy for recurrent hepatitis C after liver transplantation superior to later treatment? The answer is no. Liver Transpl 17:488-491
119. Guillouche P, Feray C (2011) Systematic review: anti-viral therapy of recurrent hepatitis C after liver transplantation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 33:163-174
120. Carrion JA, Navasa M, Garcia-Retortillo M et al (2007) Efficacy of antiviral therapy on hepatitis C recurrence after liver transplantation: a randomized controlled study. Gastroenterology 132:1746-1756
121. Xirouchakis E, Triantos C, Manousou P et al (2008) Pegylated-interferon and ribavirin in liver transplant candidates and recipients with HCV cirrhosis: systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective controlled studies. J Viral Hepat 15:699-709
122. Garg V, van Heeswijk R, Lee JE et al (2011) Effect of telaprevir on the pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine and tacrolimus. Hepatology 54:20-27
123. Fukuhara T, Taketomi A, Motomura T et al (2010) Variants in IL28B in liver recipients and donors correlate with response to peg-interferon and ribavirin therapy for recurrent hepatitis C. Gastroenterology 139:1577-1585, 1585 e1571-1573
124. Charlton MR, Pockros PJ, Harrison SA (2006) Impact of obesity on treatment of chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 43:1177-1186
125. Rao GA, Pandya PK (2011) Statin therapy improves sustained virologic response among diabetic patients with chronic hepatitis C. Gastroenterology 140:144-152
126. Cholongitas E, Theocharidou E, Goulis J et al (2012) Review article: extra skeletal effects of vitamin D in chronic hepatitis C infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 35(6):634-646
127. Petta S, Camma C, Scazzone C et al (2010) Low vitamin D serum level is related to severe fibrosis and low responsiveness to interferon-based therapy in genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 51:1158-1167
128. Carrion JA, Navasa M, Forns X (2010) Retransplantation in patients with hepatitis C recurrence after liver transplantation. J Hepatol 53:962-970