Molecular and cellular aspects of hepatitis C virus reinfection after liver transplantation: How the early phase impacts on outcomes

Transplantation

Volumn 87, Issue 8, 2009, Pages 1105-1111

  McCaughan, Geoffrey W ^a   Shackel, Nicholas A ^a   Bertolino, Patrick ^a   Bowen, David G ^a  

^a ROYAL PRINCE ALFRED HOSPITAL   (Australia)

Author keywords

Hepatitis C virus; Immunology; Liver transplant; Recurrence; Viral load

Indexed keywords

ACUTE GRAFT REJECTION; ALLOGRAFT; CHOLESTASIS; CHRONIC HEPATITIS; DISEASE COURSE; HEPATITIS C; HEPATITIS C VIRUS; HUMAN; IMMUNE DEFICIENCY; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REINFECTION; REPERFUSION INJURY; REVIEW; VIREMIA; VIRUS LOAD; VIRUS REPLICATION; GRAFT REJECTION; IMMUNOLOGY; MORTALITY; PHYSIOLOGY; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION; RECURRENT DISEASE; STATISTICS; SURVIVOR; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VIROLOGY;

IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT;

GRAFT REJECTION; HEPACIVIRUS; HEPATITIS C; HEPATITIS C, CHRONIC; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENTS; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS; RECURRENCE; REPERFUSION INJURY; SURVIVORS; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VIREMIA; VIRUS REPLICATION;

EID: 65549140712     PISSN: 00411337     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/TP.0b013e31819dfa83     Document Type: Review

References (71)

1. Garcia-Retortillo M, Forns X, Feliu A, et al. Hepatitis C virus kinetics during and immediately after liver transplantation. Hepatology 2002; 35: 680.
2. McCaughan GW, Zekry A. Mechanisms of HCV reinfection and allograft damage after liver transplantation. J Hepatol 2004; 40: 368.
3. Ballardini G, De Raffele E, Groff P, et al. Timing of reinfection and mechanisms of hepatocellular damage in transplanted hepatitis C virus-reinfected liver. Liver Transpl 2002; 8: 10.
4. Berenguer M, Lopez-Labrador FX, Wright TL. Hepatitis C and liver transplantation. J Hepatol 2001; 35: 666.
5. Dickson RC, Caldwell SH, Ishitani MB, et al. Clinical and histologic patterns of early graft failure due to recurrent hepatitis C in four patients after liver transplantation. Transplantation 1996; 61: 701.
6. Schluger LK, Sheiner PA, Thung SN, et al. Severe recurrent cholestatic hepatitis C following orthotopic liver transplantation. Hepatology 1996; 23: 971.
7. Taga SA, Washington MK, Terrault N, et al. Cholestatic hepatitis C in liver allografts. Liver Transpl Surg 1998; 4: 304.
8. Firpi RJ, Nelson DR. Pathogenesis of recurrent hepatitis C after liver transplantation. Curr Hepat Rep 2005; 4: 138.
9. Charlton M. Recurrence of hepatitis C infection: Where are we now? Liver Transpl 2005; 11(suppl 2): S57.
10. Gane EJ, Naoumov NV, Qian KP, et al. A longitudinal analysis of hepatitis C virus replication following liver transplantation. Gastroenterology 1996; 110: 167.
11. Schiano TD, Gutierrez JA, Walewski JL, et al. Accelerated hepatitis C virus kinetics but similar survival rates in recipients of liver grafts from living versus deceased donors. Hepatology 2005; 42: 1420.
12. Ciccorossi P, Maina AM, Oliveri F, et al. Viral load 1 week after liver transplantation, donor age and rejections correlate with the outcome of recurrent hepatitis C. Liver Int 2007; 27: 612.
13. Dahari H, Feliu A, Garcia-Retortillo M, et al. Second hepatitis C replication compartment indicated by viral dynamics during liver transplantation. J Hepatol 2005; 42: 491.
14. Powers KA, Ribeiro RM, Patel K, et al. Kinetics of hepatitis C virus reinfection after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2006; 12: 207.
15. Feliu A, Gay E, Garcia-Retortillo M, et al. Evolution of hepatitis C virus quasispecies immediately following liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2004; 10: 1131.
16. Massaguer A, Ramirez S, Carrion JA, et al. Evolution of the NS3 and NS5B regions of the hepatitis C virus during disease recurrence after liver transplantation. Am J Transplant 2007; 7: 2172.
17. Guerrero RB, Batts KP, Burgart LJ, et al. Early detection of hepatitis C allograft reinfection after orthotopic liver transplantation: A molecular and histologic study. Mod Pathol 2000; 13: 229.
18. Saraf N, Fiel MI, Deboccardo G, et al. Rapidly progressive recurrent hepatitis C virus infection starting 9 days after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2007; 13: 913.
19. Baron PW, Sindram D, Higdon D, et al. Prolonged rewarming time during allograft implantation predisposes to recurrent hepatitis C infection after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2000; 6: 407.
20. Ghobrial RM, Steadman R, Gornbein J, et al. A 10-year experience of liver transplantation for hepatitis C: Analysis of factors determining outcome in over 500 patients. Ann Surg 2001; 234: 384.
21. Watt KD, Lyden ER, Gulizia JM, et al. Recurrent hepatitis C posttransplant: Early preservation injury may predict poor outcome. Liver Transpl 2006; 12: 134.
22. Killackey MT, Gondolesi GE, Liu LU, et al. Effect of ischemia-reperfusion on the incidence of acute cellular rejection and timing of histologic hepatitis C virus recurrence after liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 2008; 40: 1504.
23. Ramirez S, Perez-Del-Pulgar S, Forns X. Virology and pathogenesis of hepatitis C virus recurrence. Liver Transpl 2008; 14(suppl 2): S27.
24. Sreekumar R, Gonzalez-Koch A, Maor-Kendler Y, et al. Early identification of recipients with progressive histologic recurrence of hepatitis C after liver transplantation. Hepatology 2000; 32: 1125.
25. Sanchez-Fueyo A, Restrepo JC, Quinto L, et al. Impact of the recurrence of hepatitis C virus infection after liver transplantation on the long-term viability of the graft. Transplantation 2002; 73: 56.
26. Shackel NA, Jamias J, Strasser SI, et al. Hepatitis C viral load monitoring predicts development of early sub-acute liver failure post liver transplant. Am J Transplant 2006; 6(suppl 2): 384.
27. Doughty AL, Painter DM, McCaughan GW. Post-transplant quasispecies pattern remains stable over time in patients with recurrent cholestatic hepatitis due to hepatitis C virus. J Hepatol 2000; 32: 126.
28. Sakamoto N, Enomoto N, Kurosaki M, et al. Detection and quantification of hepatitis C virus RNA replication in the liver. J Hepatol 1994; 20: 593.
29. Romeo R, Colombo M, Rumi M, et al. Lack of association between type of hepatitis C virus, serum load and severity of liver disease. J Viral Hepat 1996; 3: 183.
30. McGuinness PH, Bishop GA, Painter DM, et al. Intrahepatic hepatitis CRNAlevels do not correlate with degree of liver injury in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 1996; 23: 676.
31. Chazouilleres O, Kim M, Combs C, et al. Quantitation of hepatitis C virus RNA in liver transplant recipients. Gastroenterology 1994; 106: 994.
32. Freeman RB, Tran S, Lee YM, et al. Serum hepatitis C RNA titers after liver transplantation are not correlated with immunosuppression or hepatitis. Transplantation 1996; 61: 542.
33. Schirren CA, Jung MC, Worzfeld T, et al. Hepatitis C virus-specific CD4- T-cell response after liver transplantation occurs early, is multispecific, compartmentalizes to the liver, and does not correlate with recurrent disease. J Infect Dis 2001; 183: 1187.
34. Weston SJ, Leistikow RL, Reddy KR, et al. Reconstitution of hepatitis C virus-specific T-cell mediated immunity after liver transplantation. Hepatology 2005; 41: 72.
35. Langrehr JM, Puhl G, Bahra M, et al. Influence of donor/recipient HLA-matching on outcome and recurrence of hepatitis C after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2006; 12: 644.
36. Balan V, Ruppert K, Demetris AJ, et al. Long-term outcome of human leukocyte antigen mismatching in liver transplantation: Results of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Liver Transplantation Database. Hepatology 2008; 48: 878.
37. Rosen HR, Hinrichs DJ, Leistikow RL, et al. Cutting edge: Identification of hepatitis C virus-specific CD8- T cells restricted by donor HLA alleles following liver transplantation. J Immunol 2004; 173: 5355.
38. Kaplan DE, Nakamoto N, Ganesan S, et al. Regulatory and effector T-cell responses in HCV-infected liver transplant recipients. Hepatology 2006; 44(4 suppl 1): 240A.
39. Gawrieh S, Papouchado BG, Burgart LJ, et al. Early hepatic stellate cell activation predicts severe hepatitis C recurrence after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2005; 11: 1207.
40. Russo MW, Firpi RJ, Nelson DR, et al. Early hepatic stellate cell activation is associated with advanced fibrosis after liver transplantation in recipients with hepatitis C. Liver Transpl 2005; 11: 1235.
41. Zekry A. Immunopathogenesis of hepatitis C virus infection post liver transplant. PhD thesis. University of Sydney, 2004.
42. Ohdan H, Tanaka Y, Ishiyama K, et al. Possible cross-talk between anti-donor and anti-HCV immunocytes in HCV-infected liver transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2006; 6(suppl 2): 385.
43. Ohdan H, Ohira M, Tanaka Y, et al. Heterologous immunity via alloimmune responses to hepatitis C virus replication after liver transplantation. Am J Transplant 2008; 8(suppl 2): 196.
44. Frese M, Schwarzle V, Barth K, et al. Interferon-gamma inhibits replication of subgenomic and genomic hepatitis C virus RNAs. Hepatology 2002; 35: 694.
45. Lanford RE, Guerra B, Lee H, et al. Antiviral effect and virus-host interactions in response to alpha interferon, gamma interferon, poly (i) -poly(c), tumor necrosis factor alpha, and ribavirin in hepatitis C virus subgenomic replicons. J Virol 2003; 77: 1092.
46. Doughty AL, Spencer JD, Cossart YE, et al. Cholestatic hepatitis after liver transplantation is associated with persistently high serum hepatitis C virus RNA levels. Liver Transpl Surg 1998; 4: 15.
47. Zekry A, Bishop GA, Bowen DG, et al. Intrahepatic cytokine profiles associated with posttransplantation hepatitis C virus-related liver injury. Liver Transpl 2002; 8: 292.
48. Napoli J, Bishop GA, McGuinness PH, et al. Progressive liver injury in chronic hepatitis C infection correlates with increased intrahepatic expression of Th1-associated cytokines. Hepatology 1996; 24: 759.
49. Smith MW, Walters KA, Korth MJ, et al. Gene expression patterns that correlate with hepatitisCand early progression to fibrosis in liver transplant recipients. Gastroenterology 2006; 130: 179.
50. Shackel NA, McCaughan GW. Intrahepatic interferon-stimulated gene responses: Can they predict treatment responses in chronic hepatitis C infection? Hepatology 2007; 46: 1326.
51. Ando K, Hiroishi K, Kaneko T, et al. Perforin, Fas/Fas ligand, and TNF-alpha pathways as specific and bystander killing mechanisms of hepatitis C virus-specific human CTL. J Immunol 1997; 158: 5283.
52. Bowen DG, Warren A, Davis T, et al. Cytokine-dependent bystander hepatitis due to intrahepatic murine CD8- T-cell activation by bone marrow-derived cells. Gastroenterology 2002; 123: 1252.
53. Wiesner RH, Sorrell M, Villamil F. Report of the first International Liver Transplantation Society expert panel consensus conference on liver transplantation and hepatitis C. Liver Transpl 2003; 9: S1.
54. Dixon LR, Crawford JM. Early histologic changes in fibrosing cholestatic hepatitis C. Liver Transpl 2007; 13: 219.
55. Doughty AL, Zekry A, Spencer JD, et al. Spontaneous clearance of hepatitis C virus infection post-liver transplant is associated with rapidly changing quasispecies: A single case report. Liver Transpl 2000; 6: 648.
56. Doughty AL. Pattern of HCV recurrence following liver transplantation. PhD thesis. Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, 1999.
57. Rosen HR, Hinrichs DJ, Gretch DR, et al. Association of multispecific CD4(-) response to hepatitis C and severity of recurrence after liver transplantation. Gastroenterology 1999; 117: 926.
58. Rosen HR. Hepatitis C virus in the human liver transplantation model. Clin Liver Dis 2003; 7: 107.
59. Shores NJ, Kimberly J. Seronegative hepatitis C-related fibrosing cholestatic hepatitis after renal transplant: A case report and review of the literature. NDT Plus 2008; 4: 241.
60. Fabrizi F, Martin P, Elli A, et al. Hepatitis C virus infection and rituximab therapy after renal transplantation. Int J Artif Organs 2007; 30: 445.
61. Evans MJ, von Hahn T, Tscherne DM, et al. Claudin-1 is a hepatitis C virus co-receptor required for a late step in entry. Nature 2007; 446: 801.
62. McCaughan GW, Zekry A. Impact of immunosuppression on immunopathogenesis of liver damage in hepatitis C virus-infected recipients following liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2003; 9: S21.
63. Burton JR Jr, Rosen HR. Acute rejection in HCV-infected liver transplant recipients: The great conundrum. Liver Transpl 2006; 12(11 suppl 2): S38.
64. Lake JR. Immunosuppression and outcomes of patients transplanted for hepatitis C. J Hepatol 2006; 44: 627.
65. Charlton M, Seaberg E, Wiesner R, et al. Predictors of patient and graft survival following liver transplantation for hepatitis C. Hepatology 1998; 28: 823.
66. Berenguer M, Prieto M, San Juan F, et al. Contribution of donor age to the recent decrease in patient survival among HCV-infected liver transplant recipients. Hepatology 2002; 36: 202.
67. Firpi RJ, Abdelmalek MF, Soldevila-Pico C, et al. One-year protocol liver biopsy can stratify fibrosis progression in liver transplant recipients with recurrent hepatitis C infection. Liver Transpl 2004; 10: 1240.
68. Rosen HR, Shackleton CR, Higa L, et al. Use of OKT3 is associated with early and severe recurrence of hepatitis C after liver transplantation. Am J Gastroenterol 1997; 92: 1453.
69. Charlton M, Seaberg E. Impact of immunosuppression and acute rejection on recurrence of hepatitis C: Results of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Liver Transplantation Database. Liver Transpl Surg 1999; 5(4 suppl 1): S107.
70. Papatheodoridis GV, Davies S, Dhillon AP, et al. The role of different immunosuppression in the long-term histological outcome of HCV reinfection after liver transplantation for HCV cirrhosis. Transplantation 2001; 72: 412.
71. Rosen HR, Chou S, Corless CL, et al. Cytomegalovirus viremia: Risk factor for allograft cirrhosis after liver transplantation for hepatitis C. Transplantation 1997; 64: 721.