Co-Witness Confidence, Conformity, and Eyewitness Memory: An Examination of Normative and Informational Social Influences

Applied Cognitive Psychology

Volumn 27, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 91-100

  Goodwin, Kerri A ^a   Kukucka, Jeffrey P ^b   Hawks, Irina M ^a  

^a TOWSON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b JOHN JAY COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACCURACY; ADULT; ARTICLE; COWITNESS; FEMALE; HUMAN; INFORMATION; LEGAL ASPECT; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MEMORY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SOCIAL INFLUENCE; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; WITNESS;

EID: 84872374081     PISSN: 08884080     EISSN: 10990720     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/acp.2877     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Alexander, L., & Martray, C. (1989). The development of an abbreviated version of the Mathematics Anxiety Rating Scale. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 22, 143-150.
2. Asch, S. E. (1951). Effects of group pressure upon the modification and distortion of judgments. In H. Guetzkos (Ed.), Groups, leadership, and men: Research in human relations (pp. 177-190). Oxford, England: Carnegie Press.
3. Asch, S. E. (1955). Opinions and social pressure. Scientific American, 195(5), 31-35.
4. Bothwell, R. K., Deffenbacher, K. A., & Brigham, J. C. (1987). Correlation of eyewitness accuracy and confidence: Optimality hypothesis revisited. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72, 691-695. DOI: 10.1037/0021-9010.72.4.691.
5. Cialdini, R. B., & Goldstein, N. J. (2004). Social influence: Compliance and conformity. Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 591-621. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.142015.
6. Davis, D., & Loftus, E. F. (2007). Internal and external sources of misinformation in adult witness memory. In M. P. Toglia, J. D. Read, D. F. Ross, & R. C. L. Lindsay (Eds), Handbook of eyewitness psychology (Vol. 1): Memory for events (pp. 195-238). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
7. Deutsch, M., & Gerard, H. B. (1955). A study of normative and informational social influences upon individual judgment. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 51, 629-636. DOI: 10.1037/h0046408.
8. Gabbert, F., Memon, A., & Allan, K. (2003). Memory conformity: Can eyewitnesses influence each other's memories for an event? Applied Cognitive Psychology, 17, 533-543. DOI: 10.1002/acp.885.
9. Gabbert, F., Memon, A., Allan, K., & Wright, D. B. (2004). Say it to my face: Examining the effects of socially encountered misinformation. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 9, 215-227. DOI: 10.1348/1355325041719428.
10. Gabbert, F., Memon, A., & Wright, D. B. (2006). Memory conformity: Disentangling the steps toward influence during a discussion. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 13, 480-485. DOI: 10.3758/BF03193873.
11. Koriat, A., & Goldsmith, M. (1996). Monitoring and control processes in the strategic regulation of memory accuracy. Psychological Review, 103, 490-517.
12. Koriat, A., Goldsmith, M., & Pansky, A. (2000). Toward a psychology of memory accuracy. Annual Review of Psychology, 51, 481-537.
13. Koriat, A., Lichtenstein, S., & Fischhoff, B. (1980). Reasons for confidence. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 6, 107-118.
14. Leippe, M. R., & Eisenstadt, D. (2007). Eyewitness confidence and the confidence-accuracy relationship in memory for people. In R. C. L. Lindsay, D. F. Ross, J. D. Read, & M. P. Toglia (Eds), Handbook of eyewitness psychology (Vol. 2): Memory for people (pp. 377-425). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
15. Lindsay, D. S., Read, J. D., & Sharma, K. (1998). Accuracy and confidence in person identification: The relationship is strong when witnessing conditions vary widely. Psychological Science, 9, 215-218. DOI: 10.1111/1467-9280.00041.
16. Loftus, E. F. (2005). Planting misinformation in the human mind: A 30-year investigation of the malleability of memory. Learning & Memory, 12, 361-366. DOI: 10.1101/lm.94705.
17. Luus, C. A. E., & Wells, G. L. (1994). Eyewitness identification confidence. In D. F. Ross, J. D. Read, & M. P. Toglia (Eds.), Adult eyewitness testimony (pp. 348-361). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
18. Memon, A., & Wright, D. B. (1999). Eyewitness testimony in the Oklahoma bombing. ThePsychologist, 12, 292-295.
19. Mudd, K., & Govern, J. M. (2004). Conformity to misinformation and time delay negatively affect eyewitness confidence and accuracy. North American Journal of Psychology, 6, 227-238.
20. Neil v. Biggers, 409 U.S. 188, 34L.Ed.2d 401 (1972), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 909, 100S.Ct. 221, 62L.Ed.2d 144 (1979).
21. Ost, J., Ghonouie, H., Cook, L., & Vrij, A. (2008). The effects of confederate influence and confidence on the accuracy of crime judgements. Acta Psychologica, 128, 25-32. DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2007.09.007.
22. Paterson, H. M., & Kemp, R. I. (2006). Co-witnesses talk: A survey of eyewitness discussion. Psychology, Crime, & Law, 12, 181-191. DOI: 10.1080/10683160512331316334.
23. Paulhus, D. L. (1991). Enhancement and denial in socially desirable responding. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 307-317. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.60.2.307.
24. Penrod, S., & Cutler, B. (1995). Witness confidence and witness accuracy: Assessing their forensic relation. Psychology, Public Policy, & Law Special Issue: Witness Memory and Law, 1, 817-845. DOI: 10.1037/1076-8971.1.4.817.
25. Quinn, A., & Schlenker, B. R. (2002). Can accountability produce independence? Goals as determinants of the impact of accountability on conformity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 472-483. DOI: 10.1177/0146167202287005.
26. Read, J. D., Lindsay, D. S., & Nicholls, T. (1998). The relation between confidence and accuracy in eyewitness identification studies: Is the conclusion changing? In C. P. Thompson, & D. J. Herrmann (Eds), Eyewitness memory: Theoretical and applied perspectives (pp. 107-130). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
27. Roediger, H. L., III. (2010). Reflections on intersections between cognitive and social psychology: A personal exploration. European Journal of Social Psychology, 40, 189-205. DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.736.
28. Ross, D. F., Read, J. D., & Toglia, M. P. (1994). Adult eyewitness testimony: Current trends and developments. New York: Cambridge University Press.
29. Saucier, G. (1994). Mini markers: A brief version of Goldberg's unipolar Big-Five markers. Journal of Personality Assessment, 63, 506-516. DOI: 10.1207/s15327752jpa6303_8.
30. Schneider, D. M., & Watkins, M. J. (1996). Response conformity in recognition testing. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 3, 481-485.
31. Shaw, J. S., McClure, K. A., & Dykstra, J. A. (2007). Eyewitness confidence from the witnessed event through trial. In M. P. Toglia, J. D. Read, D. R. Ross, & R. C. L. Lindsay (Eds) Handbook of eyewitness psychology (Vol. 1): Memory for events (pp. 371-397). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
32. Skagerberg, E. M., & Wright, D. B. (2008a). The co-witness misinformation effect: Memory blends or memory compliance? Memory, 16, 436-442. DOI: 10.1080/09658210802019696.
33. Skagerberg, E. M., & Wright, D. B. (2008b). The prevalence of co-witnesses and co-witness discussions in real eyewitnesses. Psychology, Crime & Law, 14, 513-521. DOI: 10.1080/10683160801948980.
34. Weingardt, K. R., Loftus, E. F., & Lindsay, D. S. (1995). Misinformation revisited: New evidence on the suggestibility of memory. Memory & Cognition, 23, 72-82.
35. Wright, D. B., & Villalba, D. K. (2012). Memory conformity affects inaccurate memories more than accurate memories. Memory, 12, 254-265.
36. Wright, D. B., London, K., & Waechter, M. (2010). Social anxiety moderates memory conformity in adolescents. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 24, 1034-1045. DOI: 10.1002/acp.1604.
37. Wright, D. B., Mathews, S. A., & Skagerberg, E. M. (2005). Social recognition memory: The effect of other people's responses for previously seen and unseen items. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Applied, 3, 200-209. DOI: 10.1037/1076-898X.11.3.200.
38. Wright, D. B., & Schwartz, S. L. (2010). Conformity effects in memory for actions. Memory & Cognition, 38, 1077-1086. DOI: 10.3758/MC.38.8.1077.
39. Wright, D. B., Self, G., & Justice, C. (2000). Memory conformity: Exploring misinformation effects when presented by another person. British Journal of Psychology, 91, 189-202. DOI: 10.1348/000712600161781.