Approaches to diagnosing and managing anticoagulant-related bleeding

Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis

Volumn 38, Issue 7, 2012, Pages 702-710

  Goy, Jennifer ^a   Crowther, Mark ^b  

^a Residency Program Office   (Canada)

^b ST JOSEPH S HOSPITAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

anticoagulants; antiplatelet drugs; antithrombotic drugs; bleeding

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ANTIVITAMIN K; APIXABAN; BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR 10; BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR 9; CLOPIDOGREL; DABIGATRAN; DABIGATRAN ETEXILATE; DALTEPARIN; DESMOPRESSIN ACETATE; ENOXAPARIN; FONDAPARINUX; FRESH FROZEN PLASMA; HEPARIN; IDRAPARINUX; LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT HEPARIN; PENTASACCHARIDE; PLACEBO; PROTAMINE SULFATE; PROTHROMBIN; PROTHROMBIN COMPLEX; RIVAROXABAN; TINZAPARIN; VITAMIN K GROUP; WARFARIN;

ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; ANTICOAGULANT THERAPY; ANTICOAGULATION; ARTERY THROMBOSIS; BLEEDING; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; COMPETITIVE INHIBITION; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS; DRUG CLEARANCE; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG INDICATION; FLUID RESUSCITATION; GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE; HEART INFARCTION; HEMODIALYSIS; HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; HUMAN; INTERNATIONAL NORMALIZED RATIO; OUTPATIENT CARE; PATIENT MONITORING; PATIENT SAFETY; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN BINDING; REVIEW; STOMACH ULCER; THROMBIN TIME; THROMBOCYTE TRANSFUSION; THROMBOSIS PREVENTION; TREATMENT RESPONSE; VEIN THROMBOSIS; VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM;

ANTICOAGULANTS; DISEASE MANAGEMENT; HEMORRHAGE; HUMANS;

EID: 84872120026     PISSN: 00946176     EISSN: 10989064     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1326788     Document Type: Review

References (55)

1. Guyatt G., Akl E. A., Crowther M., Gutterman D. D., Schuünemann H. J. Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest: 2012; 141 2 7S 47S
2. Fuster V., Rydén L. E., Cannom D. S., et al. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Atrial Fibrillation) developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Coll Cardiol: 2006; 48 e149 e246
3. Bauersachs R. M. Use of anticoagulants in elderly patients. Thromb Res: 2012; 129 2 107 115
4. Engbers M. J., van Hylckama Vlieg A., Rosendaal F. R. Venous thrombosis in the elderly: incidence, risk factors and risk groups. J Thromb Haemost: 2010; 8 10 2105 2112
5. Naess I. A., Christiansen S. C., Romundstad P., Cannegieter S. C., Rosendaal F. R., Hammerstrom J. Incidence and mortality of venous thrombosis: a population-based study. J Thromb Haemost: 2007; 5 4 692 699
6. Wardrop D., Keeling D. The story of the discovery of heparin and warfarin. Br J Haematol: 2008; 141 6 757 763
7. Ageno W., Gallus A. S., Wittkowsky A., Crowther M., Hylek E. M., Palareti G. Oral anticoagulant therapy: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed.: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest: 2012; 141 2 Suppl e44S e88S
8. Deitcher S. R. Interpretation of the international normalised ratio in patients with liver disease. Lancet: 2002; 359 9300 47 48
9. Dzik S. Reversal of drug-induced anticoagulation: old solutions and new problems. Transfusion: 2012; 52 01 45S 55S
10. Palareti G., Leali N., Coccheri S., et al. Italian Study on Complications of Oral Anticoagulant Therapy. Bleeding complications of oral anticoagulant treatment: an inception-cohort, prospective collaborative study (ISCOAT). Lancet: 1996; 348 9025 423 428
11. Abdelhafiz A. H., Wheeldon N. M. Results of an open-label, prospective study of anticoagulant therapy for atrial fibrillation in an outpatient anticoagulation clinic. Clin Ther: 2004; 26 9 1470 1478
12. Jackson S. L., Peterson G. M., Vial J. H., Daud R., Ang S. Y. Outcomes in the management of atrial fibrillation: clinical trial results can apply in practice. Intern Med J: 2001; 31 6 329 336
13. Hutten B. A., Lensing A. W., Kraaijenhagen R. A., Prins M. H. Safety of treatment with oral anticoagulants in the elderly. A systematic review. Drugs Aging: 1999; 14 4 303 312
14. Levi M., Eerenberg E., Kamphuisen P. W. Bleeding risk and reversal strategies for old and new anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents. J Thromb Haemost: 2011; 9 9 1705 1712
15. Lubetsky A., Yonath H., Olchovsky D., Loebstein R., Halkin H., Ezra D. Comparison of oral vs intravenous phytonadione (vitamin K1) in patients with excessive anticoagulation: a prospective randomized controlled study. Arch Intern Med: 2003; 163 20 2469 2473
16. Dentali F., Ageno W. Management of coumarin-associated coagulopathy in the non-bleeding patient: a systematic review. Haematologica: 2004; 89 7 857 862
17. Ansell J., Hirsh J., Hylek E., Jacobson A., Crowther M., Palareti G.; American College of Chest Physicians. Pharmacology and management of the vitamin K antagonists: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th ed). Chest: 2008; 133 160S 198S
18. Crowther M. A., Ageno W., Garcia D., et al. Oral vitamin K versus placebo to correct excessive anticoagulation in patients receiving warfarin: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med: 2009; 150 5 293 300
19. Pabinger -Fasching I. Warfarin-reversal: results of a phase III study with pasteurised, nanofiltrated prothrombin complex concentrate. Thromb Res: 2008; 122 02 S19 S22
20. Holland L., Warkentin T. E., Refaai M., Crowther M. A., Johnston M. A., Sarode R. Suboptimal effect of a three-factor prothrombin complex concentrate (Profilnine-SD) in correcting supratherapeutic international normalized ratio due to warfarin overdose. Transfusion: 2009; 49 6 1171 1177
21. Bauer K. A. Reversal of antithrombotic agents. Am J Hematol: 2012; 87 01 S119 S126
22. Kaatz S., Kouides P. A., Garcia D. A., et al. Guidance on the emergent reversal of oral thrombin and factor Xa inhibitors. Am J Hematol: 2012; 87 01 S141 S145
23. Garcia D. A., Baglin T. P., Weitz J. I., Samama M. M.; American College of Chest Physicians. Parenteral anticoagulants: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest: 2012; 141 2 Suppl e24S 43S
24. Nieuwenhuis H. K., Albada J., Banga J. D., Sixma J. J. Identification of risk factors for bleeding during treatment of acute venous thromboembolism with heparin or low molecular weight heparin. Blood: 1991; 78 9 2337 2343
25. Bounameaux H., de Moerloose P. Is laboratory monitoring of low-molecular-weight heparin therapy necessary? No. J Thromb Haemost: 2004; 2 4 551 554
26. Eikelboom J. W., Hirsh J. Monitoring unfractionated heparin with the aPTT: time for a fresh look. Thromb Haemost: 2006; 96 5 547 552
27. Bijsterveld N. R., Vink R., van Aken B. E., et al. Recombinant factor VIIa reverses the anticoagulant effect of the long-acting pentasaccharide idraparinux in healthy volunteers. Br J Haematol: 2004; 124 5 653 658
28. Bijsterveld N. R., Moons A. H., Boekholdt S. M., et al. Ability of recombinant factor VIIa to reverse the anticoagulant effect of the pentasaccharide fondaparinux in healthy volunteers. Circulation: 2002; 106 20 2550 2554
29. Stangier J., Feuring M. Using the HEMOCLOT direct thrombin inhibitor assay to determine plasma concentrations of dabigatran. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis: 2012; 23 2 138 143
30. van Ryn J., Stangier J., Haertter S., et al. Dabigatran etexilate-a novel, reversible, oral direct thrombin inhibitor: interpretation of coagulation assays and reversal of anticoagulant activity. Thromb Haemost: 2010; 103 6 1116 1127
31. Ganetsky M., Babu K. M., Salhanick S. D., Brown R. S., Boyer E. W. Dabigatran: review of pharmacology and management of bleeding complications of this novel oral anticoagulant. J Med Toxicol: 2011; 7 4 281 287
32. Eikelboom J. W., Wallentin L., Connolly S. J., et al. Risk of bleeding with 2 doses of dabigatran compared with warfarin in older and younger patients with atrial fibrillation: an analysis of the randomized evaluation of long-term anticoagulant therapy (RE-LY) trial. Circulation: 2011; 123 21 2363 2372
33. Connolly S. J., Ezekowitz M. D., Yusuf S., et al. RE-LY Steering Committee and Investigators. Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med: 2009; 361 12 1139 1151
34. Granger C. B., Alexander J. H., McMurray J. J., et al. ARISTOTLE Committees and Investigators. Apixaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med: 2011; 365 11 981 992
35. Eerenberg E. S., Kamphuisen P. W., Sijpkens M. K., Meijers J. C., Buller H. R., Levi M. Reversal of rivaroxaban and dabigatran by prothrombin complex concentrate: a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study in healthy subjects. Circulation: 2011; 124 14 1573 1579
36. Van Ryn J., Kink-Eiband M., Clemens A. The successful reversal of dabigatran-induced bleeding by coagulation factor concentrates in a rat tail bleeding model do not correlate with ex vivo markers of anticoagulation. 53rd ASH Annual Meeting and Exposition. San Diego, CA. Blood: 2011; 118 21 2316
37. Van Ryn J., Ruehl D., Priepke H., Hauel N., Wienen W. Reversibility of the anticoagulant effect of high doses of the direct thrombin inhibitor Dabigatran, by recombinant factor VIIA or activated prothrombin complex concentrate. Paper presented at: 13th Congress of the European Hematology Association; June 12-15, 2008; Copenhagen, Denmark. Haematologica 2008;93(s1):148 (Abstract 0370)
38. Zhou W., Schwarting S., Illanes S., et al. Hemostatic therapy in experimental intracerebral hemorrhage associated with the direct thrombin inhibitor dabigatran. Stroke: 2011; 42 12 3594 3599
39. Marlu R., Hodaj E., Paris A., Albaladejo P., Crackowski J. L., Pernod G. Effect of non-specific reversal agents on anticoagulant activity of dabigatran and rivaroxaban. A randomised crossover ex vivo study in healthy volunteers. Thromb Haemost: 2012; 108 2 217 224
40. Stangier J., Rathgen K., Stähle H., Mazur D. Influence of renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral dabigatran etexilate: an open-label, parallel-group, single-centre study. Clin Pharmacokinet: 2010; 49 4 259 268
41. Eriksson B. I., Quinlan D. J., Weitz J. I. Comparative pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of oral direct thrombin and factor Xa inhibitors in development. Clin Pharmacokinet: 2009; 48 1 1 22
42. Patel M. R., Mahaffey K. W., Garg J., et al. ROCKET AF Investigators. Rivaroxaban versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med: 2011; 365 10 883 891
43. Tripodi A. Measuring the anticoagulant effect of direct factor Xa inhibitors. Is the anti-Xa assay preferable to the prothrombin time test? Thromb Haemost: 2011; 105 4 735 736
44. Raghavan N., Frost C. E., Yu Z., et al. Apixaban metabolism and pharmacokinetics after oral administration to humans. Drug Metab Dispos: 2009; 37 1 74 81
45. Tinel H., Huetter J., Perzborn E. Recombinant factor VIIA partially reverses the anticoagulant effect of high-dose rivaroxaban: a novel, oral, direct factor XA inhibitor in rats. J Thromb Haemost: 2007; 5 02 P-W-652
46. Gruber A., Marzec U., Buetehorn U., Hanson S., Perzborn E. Potential of activated prothrombin complex concentrate and activated factor VII to reverse the anticoagulant effects of rivaroxaban in primates [abstract]. 50th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Hematology. San Francisco, CA. Blood: 2008; 112 3825
47. Hillarp A., Baghaei F., Fagerberg Blixter I., et al. Effects of the oral, direct factor Xa inhibitor rivaroxaban on commonly used coagulation assays. J Thromb Haemost: 2011; 9 1 133 139
48. Asmis L. M., Alberio L., Angelillo-Scherrer A., et al. Rivaroxaban: quantification by anti-FXa assay and influence on coagulation tests: a study in 9 Swiss laboratories. Thromb Res: 2012; 129 4 492 498
49. van Ryn J., Stangier J., Haertter S., et al. Dabigatran etexilate-a novel, reversible, oral direct thrombin inhibitor: interpretation of coagulation assays and reversal of anticoagulant activity. Thromb Haemost: 2010; 103 6 1116 1127
50. Serebruany V. L., Malinin A. I., Ziai W., et al. Effects of clopidogrel and aspirin in combination versus aspirin alone on platelet activation and major receptor expression in patients after recent ischemic stroke: for the Plavix Use for Treatment of Stroke (PLUTO-Stroke) trial. Stroke: 2005; 36 10 2289 2292
51. Mannucci P. M. Desmopressin (DDAVP) in the treatment of bleeding disorders: the first 20 years. Blood: 1997; 90 7 2515 2521
52. Vilahur G., Choi B. G., Zafar M. U., et al. Normalization of platelet reactivity in clopidogrel-treated subjects. J Thromb Haemost: 2007; 5 1 82 90
53. Leithäuser B., Zielske D., Seyfert U. T., Jung F. Effects of desmopressin on platelet membrane glycoproteins and platelet aggregation in volunteers on clopidogrel. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc: 2008; 39 1-4 293 302
54. Taneja R., Marwaha G., Sinha P., et al. Elevated activated partial thromboplastin time does not correlate with heparin rebound following cardiac surgery. Can J Anaesth: 2009; 56 7 489 496
55. Holbrook A., Schulman S., Witt D. M., et al. American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-based management of anticoagulant therapy: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest: 2012; 141 2 Suppl e152S 1584S