Climatic catastrophes in Earth history: Two great Proterozoic glacial episodes

Geological Journal

Volumn 48, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 1-21

  Young, Grant M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO   (Canada)

Author keywords

Atmosphere; Carbon dioxide; Glaciation; Proterozoic; Supercontinents

Indexed keywords

CARBON DIOXIDE; GLACIATION; GREENHOUSE GAS; PALEOATMOSPHERE; PALEOCLIMATE; PROTEROZOIC; SUPERCONTINENT;

EID: 84872069482     PISSN: 00721050     EISSN: 10991034     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/gj.2467     Document Type: Article

References (119)

1. Allen, P.A., Hoffman, P.F. 2005. Extreme winds and waves in the aftermath of a Neoproterozoic glaciation. Nature 433, 123-127.
2. Arnaud, E. 2004. Giant cross-beds in the Neoproterozoic Port Askaig Formation, Scotland: implications for snowball Earth. Sedimentary Geology 165, 155-174.
3. Arnaud, E., Eyles, C.H. 2002. Catastrophic mass failure of a Neoproterozoic glacially-influenced continental margin, the Great Breccia, Port Askaig Formation, Scotland. Sedimentary Geology 151, 313-333.
4. Arnaud, E., Halverson, G.P., Shields-Zhou, G. (eds.). 2011. The Geological Record of Neoproterozoic Glaciations. The Geological Society, Memoir: London; 36, 1-752.
5. Aspler, L.B., Chiarenzelli, J.R. 1998. Two Neoarchean supercontinents? Evidence from the Palaeoproterozoic. Sedimentary Geology 120, 75-104.
6. Aspler, L.B., Wisotzek, I.E., Chiarenzelli, J.R., Losonczy, M.F., Cousens, B.L. McNicoll, V.J. Davis, W.J. 2001. Palaeoproterozoic intracratonic basin processes, from breakup of Kenorland to assembly of Laurentia: Hurwitz Basin, Nunavut, Canada. Sedimentary Geology 141-142, 287-318.
7. Baldwin, G.J., Turner, E.C., Kamber, B.S. 2012. A new depositional model for glaciogenic Neoproterozoic iron formation: insights from the chemostratigraphy and basin configuration of the Rapitan iron formation. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 49, 455-476.
8. Basta, F.F., Maurice, A.E., Fontbote, L. 2011. Petrology and geochemistry of the banded iron formation (BIF) of Wadi Karim and Um Anab, Eastern Desert, Egypt: implications for the origin of Neoproterozoic BIF. Precambrian Research 187, 277-292.
9. Bekker, A., Holland, H.D., Wang, P.-L., Rumble III, D., Stein, H.J., Hannah, J.L., Coetzee, L.L., Beukes, N.J. 2004. Dating the rise of atmospheric oxygen. Nature 427, 117-120.
10. Bekker, A., Kaufman, A.J., Kahru, J.A., Eriksson, K.A. 2005. Evidence for Palaeoproterozoic cap carbonates in North America. Precambrian Research 137, 167-206.
11. Bell, R.T. 1970. The Hurwitz Group - a prototype for deposition on metastable cratons. In: Basins and Geosynclines of the Canadian Shield. Baer, A.J (ed). Geological Survey of Canada Paper 70-40, 159-169.
12. Blackwelder, E. 1926. Precambrian geology of the Medicine Bow Mountains. Geological Society of America Bulletin 37, 615-658.
13. Bleeker, W. 2004. Taking the pulse of planet Earth: a proposal for a new multi-disciplinary flagship project in Canadian solid earth sciences. Geoscience Canada 31, 179-190.
14. Bleeker W., Ernst R. 2006. Short-lived mantle-generated magmatic events and their dyke swarms: the key to unlocking Earth's Palaeogeographic record back to 2.6Ga. In: Dyke Swarms - Time Markers of Crustal Evolution, Hanski, E., Mertanen, S., Rämö, T., Vuollo, J. (eds). Taylor and Francis/Balkema, London, 3-26.
15. Cannon, W.F. 1973. The Penokean orogeny in northern Michigan. In: Huronian Stratigraphy and sedimentation, Young, G.M (ed). Geological Association of Canada Special Paper 12, 251-271.
16. Chown, E.H., Gobeil, A. 1990. Clastic dykes of the Chibugamau Formation: distribution and origin. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 27, 1111-1114.
17. Coleman, A.P. 1908. The lower Huronian ice age. Journal of Geology 16, 149-158.
18. Corsetti, F.A., Olcott, A.N., Bakermans, C. 2006. The biotic response to Neoproterozoic snowball Earth. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 232, 114-130.
19. Crowell, J.C. 1957. Origin of pebbly mudstones. Geological Society of America Bulletin 68, 993-1010.
20. Dahl, P.S., Hamilton, M.A., Wooden, J.L., Foland, K.A., Frei, R., McCombs, J.A., Holm, D.K. 2006. 2480 Ma mafic magmatism in the northern Black Hills, South Dakota: a new link connecting the Wyoming and Superior cratons. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 43, 1579-1600.
21. Dalziel, I.W.D., Dalla Salda, L.H., Gahagan, L.M. 1994. Palaeozoic Laurentia-Gondwana interaction and the origin of the Appalachian-Andean mountain system. Geological Society of America Bulletin 106, 243-252.
22. Davis, W.J., Rainbird, R.H., Aspler, L.B., Chiarenzelli, J.H. 2005. Detrital zircon geochronology of the Palaeoproterozoic Hurwitz and Kiyuk groups, western Churchill Province, Nunavut. Geological Survey of Canada Current Research 2005 - F1, 1-13.
23. Eisbacher, G.H. 1978. Re-definition and subdivision of the Rapitan Group, Mackenzie Mountains. Geological Survey of Canada Paper 77-35, 1-21.
24. Eisbacher, G.H. 1985. Late Proterozoic rifting, glacial sedimentation, and sedimentary cycles in the light of Windermere deposition, Western Canada. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 51, 231-254.
25. Ernst, R.E. Bleeker, W. 2010. Large igneous provinces (LIPs), giant dike swarms, and mantle plumes: significance for breakup events within Canada and adjacent regions from 2.5Ga to the Present. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 47, 695-739.
26. Evans, D.A.D. 2003. A fundamental Precambrian-Phanerozoic shift in earth's glacial style? Tectonophysics 375, 353-385.
27. Eyles, N. 2008. Glacio-epochs and the supercontinent cycle after ∼3.0Ga: Tectonic boundary conditions for glaciations. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 258, 89-129.
28. Eyles, N., Januszczak, N. 2004. 'Zipper rift': a tectonic model for Neoproterozoic glaciations during the breakup of Rodinia after 750Ma. Earth-Science Reviews 65, 1-73.
29. Eyles, N., Januszczak, N. 2007. Syntectonic subaqueous mass flows of the Neoproterozoic Otavi Group, Namibia: where is the evidence of global glaciation? Basin Research 19, 179-198.
30. Fanning, C.M., Link, P.K. 2004. U-Pb SHRIMP ages of Neoproterozoic (Sturtian) glaciogenic Pocatello Formation, southeastern Idaho. Geology 32, 881-884.
31. Fischer, A.G. 1984, The two Phanerozoic supercycles. In: Catastrophes and Earth history. Berrgren, W., Van Couvering, J. (eds). Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J., 129-150.
32. Font, E., Nédéléc, A., Trindade, R.I.F., Macouin, M., Charrière, A. 2006. Chemostratigraphy of the Neoproterozoic Mirassol d'Oeste cap dolostones (Mato Grosso, Brazil): an alternative model for Marinoan cap dolostone formation. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 250, 89-103.
33. Freitas, B.T., Warren, L.V., Boggiani, P.C., Paes De Almeida, R., Piacentini, T. 2011. Tectono-sedimentary evolution of the Neoproterozoic BIF-bearing Jacadigo Group, SW-Brasil. Sedimentary Geology 238, 48-70.
34. Gair, J.E. 1981. Lower Proterozoic glacial deposits of northern Michigan, USA, In: Earth's Pre-Pleistocene Glacial Record, Hambrey, M.J., Harland, W.B. (eds). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, 803-806.
35. Halverson, G.P., Wadw, B.P., Hurtgenc, M.T. Barovich, K.M. 2010. Neoproterozoic chemostratigraphy. Precambrian Research 182, 337-350.
36. Hambrey, M.J., Harland, W.B. (eds). 1981. Earth's Pre-Pleistocene Glacial Record. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1-1004.
37. Harland, W.B. 1964. Critical evidence for a great Infra-Cambrian ice age. Geologische Rundschau 54, 45-61.
38. Hoffman, P.F. 1991. Did the breakout of Laurentia cause Gondwanaland to turn inside-out? Science 252, 1409-1412.
39. Hoffman, P.F. 2011. Strange bedfellows: glacial diamictite and cap carbonate from the Marinoan (635Ma) glaciations in Namibia. Sedimentology 58, 57-119.
40. Hoffman, P.F., Li, Z.X. 2009. A Palaeogeographical context for Neoproterozoic glaciations. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 277, 158-172.
41. Hoffman, P.F., Kaufman, A.J., Halverson, G.P., Schrag, D.P. 1998. A Neoproterozoic snowball Earth. Science 281, 1343-1346.
42. Holland, H.D. 1999. When did the Earth's atmosphere become oxic? A reply. The Geochemical News #100, 20-22.
43. Houston, R.S., Kalstrom, K.E., Graff, P.J., Flurkey, A.J. 1992, New stratigraphic subdivisions and redefinitions of subdivisions of Late Archean and Early Proterozoic metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks of the Sierra Madre and Medicine Bow Mountains, southern Wyoming, U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1520, 1-50.
44. Huang, J., Chu, X., Jiang, G., Feng, L., Chang, H. 2011. Hydrothermal origin of elevated iron, manganese and redox-sensitive trace elements in the ca. 635Ma Doushantuo cap carbonate. Journal of the Geological Society of London 168, 805-815.
45. Hughes, G.B., Giegengack, R., Ktitikos, H.N. 2003. Modern spectral climate patterns in rhythmically deposited argillites of the Gowganda Formation (Early Proterozoic), southern Ontario, Canada. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 207, 13-22.
46. Jackson, T. 1965. Power-spectrum analysis of two 'varved' argillites in the Huronian Cobalt Series (Precambrian) of Canada. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 35, 877-886.
47. James, H.L. 1958. Stratigraphy of pre-Keweenawan rocks in part of northern Michigan. U.S. Geological Survey Professional. Paper 314-C, 27-44.
48. Karhu, J.A., Holland, H.D. 1996. Carbon isotopes and the rise of atmospheric oxygen. Geology 24, 867-870.
49. Karlstrom, K.E., Flurkey, A.T., Houston, R.S. 1984. Stratigraphy and depositional setting of Proterozoic metasedimentary rocks of southeastern Wyoming: record of an Early Proterozoic Atlantic-type cratonic margin. Geological Society of America Bulletin 94, 1257-1294.
50. Kaufman, A.J., Knoll, A.H., Narbonne, G.M. 1997. Isotopes, ice ages, and terminal Proterozoic Earth history. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, USA 94, 6600-6605.
51. Kirschvink, J.L. 1992. Late Proterozoic low-latitude global glaciation - the Snowball Earth. In: The Proterozoic Biosphere, Schopf, J.W., Klein, C. (eds). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 51-52.
52. Kirschvink, J.L., Gaidos, E.J., Bertani, L.E., Beukes, N.J., Gutzmer, J., Maepa, L.N., Steinberger, R.E. 2000. Palaeoproterozoic snowball Earth: extreme climatic and geochemical global change and its biological consequences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, USA 97, 1400-1405.
53. Klein, C., Beukes, N.J. 1993. Sedimentology and geochemistry of the glaciogenic Late Proterozoic Rapitan iron-formation in Canada. Economic Geology 88, 542-565.
54. Kopp, R.E., Kirschvink, J.L., Hilburn, I.A. Nash, C.Z. 2005. The Palaeoproterozoic snowball Earth: a climate disaster triggered by the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, USA 102, 11131-11136.
55. Kurtz D.D. 1981. Early Proterozoic Diamictites of the Black Hills, South Dakota. In: Earth's Pre-Pleistocene Glacial Record, Hambrey, M.J., Harland, W.B. (eds). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 800-802.
56. Leather, J., Allen, P.A., Brazier, M.D., Cozzi, A. 2002. Neoproterozoic snowball Earth under scrutiny: evidence from the Fiq glaciation of Oman. Geology 30, 891-894.
57. Lindsey, D.A. 1969. Glacial sedimentology of the Precambrian Gowganda Formation, Ontario, Canada. Geological Society of America Bulletin 80, 1686-1702.
58. Long, D.G.F. 1974. Glacial and paraglacial genesis of conglomeratic rocks of the Chibougamau Formation (Aphebian), Chibougamau, Québec. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 11, 1236-1252.
59. Long, D.G.F. 1981, Glaciogenic rocks in the early Proterozoic Chibougamau Formation of northern Québec. In: Earth's Pre-Pleistocene Glacial Record, Hambrey, M.J., Harland, W.B. (eds). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 817-820.
60. Marmo, J.S., Ojakangas, R.W. 1984. Lower Proterozoic glaciogenic deposits, eastern Finland. Geological Society of America Bulletin 98, 1055-1062.
61. Martin D.M.B. 1999. Depositional setting and implications of Palaeoproterozoic glaciomarine sedimentation in the Hamersley Province, Western Australia. Geological Society of America Bulletin 111, 189-203.
62. Mawson, D. 1949. The Late Precambrian ice age and glacial record of the Bibliando Dome. Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales 82, 150-74.
63. McMenamin, M.A.S., Schulte McMenamin, D.L. 1990. The Emergence of Animals; the Cambrian Breakthrough. Columbia University Press: New York; 1-217.
64. Melezhik, V.A. 2006. Multiple causes of Earth's earliest global glaciation. Terra Nova 18, 130-137.
65. Melezhik, A.V., Fallick, A.E., Hanski, F.J., Kump, L.R., Lepland, A., Prave, A.R., Strauss, H. 2005. Emergence of the aerobic biosphere during the Archean-Proterozoic transition: Challenges of future research. GSA Today 11, 4-11.
66. Meyer, E.E., Quicksall, A.N., Landis, J.D., Link, P.K., Bostick, B.C. 2012. Trace and rare earth elemental investigation of a Sturtian cap carbonate, Pocatello, Idaho: evidence for ocean redox conditions before and during carbonate deposition. Precambrian Research 192-195, 89-106.
67. Miall, A.D. 1983. Glaciomarine sedimentation in the Gowganda Formation (Huronian), northern Ontario. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 53, 477-491.
68. Mustard, P.S., Donaldson, J.A. 1987. Early Proterozoic ice-proximal glaciomarine deposition: the lower Gowganda Formation at Cobalt, Ontario, Canada. Geological Society of America Bulletin 98, 373-387.
69. Neale, K.L. 1993. Stratigraphy and geochemistry of Neoproterozoic iron formations, South Australia. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario.
70. Negrutsa T.F., Negrutsa V.Z. 1981. Early Proterozoic Sarioli tilloids in the eastern part of the Baltic Shield, USSR. In: Hambrey M.J., Harland W.B. (eds). Earth's Pre-Pleistocene Glacial Record. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 683-686.
71. Nesbitt, H.W., Young, G.M. 1982. Plate motions inferred from major element chemistry of lutites. Nature 299, 715-718.
72. Ojakangas, R.W. 1988. Glaciation: an uncommon mega-event as a key to intracontinental and intercontinental correlation of early Proterozoic basin fill, North American and Baltic cratons. In: New Perspectives in Basin Analysis, Kleinspehn, K.L., Paola, C. (eds). Springer: Berlin; 431-444.
73. Pettijohn, F.J. 1943. Basal Huronian conglomerates of Menominee and Calumet districts, Michigan. Journal of Geology 51, 387-397.
74. Pettijohn, F.J. 1970. The Canadian Shield: a status report. In: Baer, A.J. (ed.). Basins and Geosynclines of the Canadian Shield. Geological Survey of Canada Paper 70-40, 239-262.
75. Polteau, S., Moore, J.M., Tsikos, H. 2006. The geology and geochemistry of the Palaeoproterozoic Makganyene diamictite. Precambrian Research 148, 257-274.
76. Puffett, W.P. 1969. The Reany Creek Formation, Marquette County, Michigan. United States Geological Survey Bulletin 1274, 1-25.
77. Rogers, J.J.W., Santosh, M. 2002. Configuration of Columbia, a Mesoproterozoic supercontinent. Gondwana Research 5, 5-22.
78. Roscoe, S.M., Card, K.D. 1993. The reappearance of the Huronian in Wyoming: rifting and drifting of ancient continents. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 30, 2475-2480.
79. Sagan, C., Mullen, G. 1972. Earth and Mars: evolution of atmospheres and surface temperatures. Science 177, 52-56.
80. Schermerhorn, L.J.G. 1974. Late Precambrian mixtites, glacial and/or nonglacial? American Journal of Science 274, 673-824.
81. Sekine, Y., Tajika, E., Tada, R., Hirai, T., Goto, K.T., Kuwatani, T., Goto, K., Yamamoto, S., Tachibana, S., Isozaki, Y., Kirschvink, J.L. 2011. Manganese enrichment in the Gowganda Formation of the Huronian Supergroup: a highly oxidizing shallow-marine environment after the last Huronian glaciations. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 307, 201-210.
82. Sims, P.K., Peterman, Z.E. 1983. Evolution of Penokean foldbelt, Lake Superior region, and its tectonic environment. In: Early Proterozoic Geology of the Great Lakes Region. Medaris, Jr., L.G. (ed.). Geological Society of America, Memoir 160: Boulder, Colorado; 3-14.
83. Spencer, A.M. 1971. Late Pre-Cambrian glaciation in Scotland. Geological Society of London, 6, Memoir: London, UK; 1-99.
84. Strand K.O., Laajoki K. 1993. Palaeoproterozoic glaciomarine sedimentation in an extensional tectonic setting: the Honkala Formation, Finland. Precambrian Research 64, 253-271.
85. Taylor, R.S., McLennan, S.M. 1985. The Continental Crust: Its Composition and Evolution. Blackwell: Oxford, 1-312.
86. Thomson, J. 1871. On the occurrence of pebbles and boulders of granite in schistose rocks in Islay, Scotland. 40th Meeting of the British Association. Liverpool Transactions, 1-88.
87. Trendall, A.F. 1976. Striated and faceted boulders from the Turee Creek Formation - evidence for a possible Huronian glaciation on the Australian continent. Geological Survey of Western Australia Annual Report 1975, 88-92.
88. Vallini, D.A., Cannon, W.F., Sculz, K.J. 2006. Age constraints for Palaeoproterozoic glaciation in the Lake Superior region: detrital zircon and hydrothermal xenotime ages for the Choicolay Group, Marquette Range Supergroup. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 43, 571-591.
89. Van Schmus, W.R. 1976. Early and middle Proterozoic history of the Great Lakes area, North America. Royal Society of London Philosophical Transactions Ser A2280(1298), 605-628.
90. Von Brunn, V., Gold, D.J.C. 1993. Diamictites in the Archean Pongola sequence of southern Africa. Journal of African Earth Sciences 16, 367-374.
91. Wang, T.-G., Meijun Li, M., Wang, C., Wang, G., Zhang, W., Shi, Q., Zhu, L. 2008. Organic molecular evidence in the Late Neoproterozoic Tillites for a palaeo-oceanic environment during the snowball Earth era in the Yangtze region, southern China. Precambrian Research 162, 317-326.
92. Wanless, R.K., Eade, K.E. 1975. Geochronology of Archean and Proterozoic rocks in the Southern District of Keewatin. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 12, 95-114.
93. Whitten, G.F. 1970. The investigation and exploitation of the Razorback Ridge iron deposit. Geological Survey of South Australia Reports of Investigations 33, 1-165.
94. Wiebols, J.H. 1955. A suggested glacial origin for the Witwatersrand conglomerates. Transactions of the Geological Society of South Africa 58, 367-382.
95. Williams, G.E. 1979. Sedimentology, stable-isotope geochemistry and palaeoenvironment of dolostones capping late Precambrian glacial sequences in Australia. Journal of the Geological Society of Australia 26, 377-386.
96. Williams, G.E. 2005. Subglacial meltwater channels and glaciofluvial deposits in the Kimberley Basin, Western Australia: 1.8Ga low-latitude glaciations coeval with continental assembly. Journal of the Geological Society of London 162, 111-124.
97. Williams, G.E. 2008. Proterozoic (pre-Ediacaran) glaciation and the high obliquity, low-latitude ice, strong seasonality (HOLIST) hypothesis: principles and tests. Earth-Science Reviews 87, 61-93.
98. Williams, G.E., Schmidt, P.W. 1997. Palaeomagnetism of the Palaeoproterozoic Gowganda and Lorrain Formations, Ontario: low Palaeolatitude for Huronian glaciations. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 153, 157-169.
99. Williams, H., Hoffman, P.F., Lewry, J.F., Monger, J.W.H., Rivers, T. 1991. Anatomy of North America: thematic geologic portraits of the continent, Tectonophysics 187, 117-134.
100. Worsley, T.R., Nance, R.D., Moody, J.B., 1984. Global tectonics and eustasy for the last 2 billion years. Marine Geology 58, 373-400.
101. 2 levels and global temperatures changing Palaeogeography. In: Pangea: Palaeoclimate, tectonics and sedimentation during accretion, zenith and breakup of a supercontinent. Klein, G.D (ed). Geological Society of America Special Paper 288, 57-73.
102. Yeo, G.M. 1981. The Late Proterozoic Rapitan glaciation in the northern Cordillera. In: Campbell, F.H.A. (ed.). Proterozoic Basins of Canada. Geological Survey Canada Paper 81-10, 25-46.
103. Yeo, G.M. 1986. Iron-formation in the Late Proterozoic Rapitan Group, Yukon and Northwest Territories. In: Morin, J.A. (ed.). Mineral Deposits of the Northern Cordillera. Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 137-158.
104. Young, G.M. 1966. Huronian stratigraphy of the McGregor Bay area, Ontario: relevance to the Palaeogeography of the Lake Superior area. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 3, 203-210.
105. Young, G.M. 1970. An extensive early Proterozoic glaciation in North America? Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 7, 85-101.
106. Young, G.M. 1973. Tillites and aluminous quartzites as possible time markers for Middle Precambrian (Aphebian) rocks of North America. In: Huronian stratigraphy and sedimentation: Young, G.M (ed.). The Geological Association of Canada Special Paper 12, 97-127.
107. Young, G.M. 1975. Geochronology of Archean and Proterozoic rocks in the southern district of Keewatin: discussion, Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 12, 1250-1254.
108. Young, G.M. 1976. Iron-formation and glaciogenic rocks of the Rapitan Group, Northwest Territories, Canada. Precambrian Research 3, 137-158.
109. Young, G.M. 1982. The Late Proterozoic Tindir Group, east-central Alaska: evolution of a continental margin. Geological Society of America Bulletin 93, 759-783.
110. Young, G.M. 1985. Are Neoproterozoic glaciogenic deposits preserved on the margins of Laurentia related to the fragmentation of two supercontinents? Geology 23, 153-156.
111. Young, G.M. 1988. Proterozoic plate tectonics, glaciations and iron-formations. Sedimentary Geology 58, 127-144.
112. Young, G.M. 1991. The geologic record of glaciation: relevance to the climatic history of Earth. Geoscience Canada 18, 100-108.
113. Young, G.M. 2001. Comparative geochemistry of Pleistocene and Palaeoproterozoic (Huronian) glaciogenic laminated deposits: relevance to crustal and atmospheric composition in the last 2.3Ga. Journal of Geology 109, 463-477.
114. Young, G.M. 2004. Earth's earliest extensive glaciations: tectonic setting and stratigraphic context of Palaeoproterozoic glaciogenic deposits. In: The Extreme Proterozoic: Geology, Geochemistry and Climate, Jenkins, G.S., McMenamin, M.A.S., McKay, C.P., Sohl, L. (eds). Geophysical Monograph146. American Geophysical Union: Washington, D.C., 161-181.
115. Young, G.M., Church, W.R. 1966. The Huronian System in the Sudbury District and adjoining area of Ontario: a review. Proceedings of the Geological Association of Canada 17, 65-82.
116. Young, G.M., Gostin, V.A.G. 1989. An exceptionally thick Late Proterozoic (Sturtian) glacial succession in the Mount Painter area. South Australia: Geological Society of America Bulletin 101, 834-845.
117. Young, G.M., Nesbitt, H.W. 1985. The lower Gowganda Formation in the southern part of the Huronian outcrop belt, Ontario, Canada: stratigraphy, depositional environments and regional tectonic significance. Precambrian Research 29, 265-301.
118. Young, G.M., von Brunn, V., Gold, D.J.C., Minter, W.E.L. 1998. Earth's oldest reported glaciation, physical and chemical evidence from the Archean Mozaan Group (~2.9Ga) of South Africa. Journal of Geology 106, 523-538.
119. Young, G.M., Long, D.G.F., Fedo, C.H., Nesbitt, H.W. 2001. The Palaeoproterozoic Huronian Basin: product of a Wilson cycle accompanied by glaciation and meteorite impact. Sedimentary Geology 141-142, 233-254.