Geochemical reservoirs and timing of sulfur cycling on Mars

Space Science Reviews

Volumn 174, Issue 1-4, 2013, Pages 251-300

  Gaillard, Fabrice ^a,b,c   Michalski, Joseph ^d   Berger, Gilles ^e   McLennan, Scott M ^f   Scaillet, Bruno ^a,b,c  

^a UNIVERSITÉ D'ORLÉANS   (France)

^b UMR 7327   (France)

^c BRGM   (France)

^d PLANETARY SCIENCE INSTITUTE   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITÉ DE TOULOUSE   (France)

^f STONY BROOK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Basalt; Core; Mantle; Mars; Redox; Sediment; Sulfate; Sulfur; Water

Indexed keywords

CORE; MANTLE; MARS; REDOX; SULFATE;

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE; BASALT; CARBON; CLAY MINERALS; DEGASSING; DEPOSITS; ELECTRIC GENERATORS; GEOCHEMISTRY; GLOBAL WARMING; SEDIMENTOLOGY; SEDIMENTS; SULFUR; SURFACE CHEMISTRY; SURFACE WATERS; SURFACES; VOLCANOES; WATER;

SULFUR DIOXIDE;

EID: 84872021556     PISSN: 00386308     EISSN: 15729672     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11214-012-9947-4     Document Type: Review

References (198)

1. 2 gas emissions prior to a basaltic paroxysm. Geophys. Res. Lett. 37, L17303 (2010). doi: 10.1029/2010GL043837
2. C. Allegre, G. Manhes, E. Lewin, Chemical composition of the Earth and the volatility control on planetary genetics. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 185, 49-69 (2001) (Pubitemid 32320359)
3. J.C. Andrews-Hanna, K.W. Lewis, Early Mars hydrology: 2. Hydrological evolution in the Noachian and Hesperian epochs. J. Geophys. Res. Planets 116, E02007 (2011)
4. S. Barabash, A. Fedorov, R. Lundin, J.A. Sauvaud, Martian atmospheric erosion rates. Science 315, 501-503 (2007) (Pubitemid 46175750)
5. D. Baratoux, M.J. Toplis, M. Monnereau, O. Gasnault, Thermal history of Mars inferred from orbital geochemistry of volcanic provinces. Nature 472, 338-341 (2011). doi: 10.1038/nature09903
6. H. Behrens, F. Gaillard, Geochemical aspects of melts: volatiles and redox behavior. Elements 2, 275-280 (2006) (Pubitemid 46769168)
7. G. Berger, M.J. Toplis, E. Treguier, C. d'Uston, P. Pinet, Evidence in favor of ephemeral and transient water during alteration at Meridiani Planum, Mars. Am. Mineral. 94, 1279-1282 (2009)
8. R.A. Berner, Chemical weathering and its effects on atmospheric CO2 and climate. Rev. Mineral. 31, 565-583 (1995)
9. R.A. Berner, GEOCARBSULF: a combined model for Phanerozoic atmospheric O(2) and CO(2). Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 70, 5653-5664 (2005) (Pubitemid 44712462)
10. J.P. Bibring et al., Global mineralogical and aqueous mars history derived from OMEGA/Mars express data. Science 312, 400-404 (2006)
11. J.P. Bibring et al., Coupled ferric oxides and sulfates on the Martian surface. Science 317(5842), 1206-1210 (2007)
12. J.L. Bishop et al., Mineralogy of Juventae Chasma: sulfates in the light-toned mounds, mafic minerals in the bedrock, and hydrated silica and hydroxylated ferric sulfate on the plateau. J. Geophys. Res. Planets 114, E00D09 (2009)
13. J. Brückner, G. Dreibus, R. Gellert, S.W. Squyres, H. Wänke, A. Yen, J. Zipfel, Mars exploration rovers: chemical compositions by the APXS, in the Martian Surface: Composition, Mineralogy, and Physical Properties, ed. by J.F. Bell III (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2008), pp. 58-101
14. M.A. Bullock, J.M. Moore, Atmospheric conditions on early Mars and the missing layered carbonates. Geophys. Res. Lett. 34, L19201 (2007). doi: 10.1029/2007GL030688 (Pubitemid 350262997)
15. A.S. Buono, D. Walker, The Fe-rich liquidus in the Fe-FeS system from 1 bar to 10 GPa. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 75, 2072-2087 (2011)
16. A. Burgisser, B. Scaillet, Redox evolution of a degassing magma rising to the surface. Nature 445, 194-197 (2007) (Pubitemid 46095721)
17. D.E. Canfield, The evolution of the Earth surface sulfur reservoir. Am. J. Sci. 304, 839-861 (2004) (Pubitemid 40280602)
18. J. Carter, F. Poulet, A. Ody, J.P. Bibring, S. Murchie, Global distribution, composition and setting of hydrous minerals on Mars: a reappraisal, in Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2011), p. 2593
19. N.L. Chabot, Sulfur contents of the parental metallic cores of magmatic iron meteorites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 68, 3607-3618 (2004) (Pubitemid 39483641)
20. M.G. Chapman, K.L. Tanaka, Interior trough deposits on Mars: subice volcanoes? J. Geophys. Res. (Planets) 106(E5), 10087-10100 (2001)
21. V. Chevrier, J.-P. Lorand, V. Sautter, Sulfide petrology of four nakhlites: Northwest Africa 817, Northwest Africa 998, Nakhla, and Governador Valadares. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 46, 769-784 (2011). doi: 10.1111/j.1945-5100. 2011.01189.x
22. V. Chevrier, F. Poulet, J.-P. Bibring, Early geochemical environment of Mars as determined from thermodynamics of phyllosilicates. Nature 448, 60-63 (2007). doi: 10.1038/nature05961 (Pubitemid 47037007)
23. P.R. Christensen et al., Detection of crystalline hematite mineralization on Mars by the thermal emission spectrometer: evidence for near-surface water. J. Geophys. Res. (Planets) 105(E4), 9623-9642 (2000)
24. P.R. Christensen, R.V. Morris, M.D. Lane, J.L. Bandfield, M.C. Malin, Global mapping of Martian hematite mineral deposits: remnants of water-driven processes on early Mars. J. Geophys. Res. (Planets) 106(E10), 23873-23885 (2001)
25. B.C. Clark, A.K. Baird, H.J. Rose Jr., P. Toulmin III, R.P. Christian, W.C. Kelliher, A.J. Castro, C.D. Rowe, K. Keil, G.R. Huss, The viking X ray fluorescence experiment: analytical methods and early results. J. Geophys. Res. 82(28), 4577-4594 (1977). doi: 10.1029/JS082i028p04577
26. B.C. Clark, A.K. Baird, Is the martian lithosphere sulfur rich. J. Geophys. Res. 84, 8395-8403 (1979)
27. B.C. Clark, Geochemical components in martian soil. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 57, 4575-4581 (1993). doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(93)90183-W (Pubitemid 24421826)
28. B.C. Clark, R.V. Morris et al., Chemistry and mineralogy of outcrops at Meridiani Planum. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 240(1), 73-94 (2005) (Pubitemid 41662771)
29. E.A. Cloutis et al., Detection and discrimination of sulfate minerals using reflectance spectroscopy. Icarus 184(1), 121-157 (2006) (Pubitemid 44227787)
30. R.A. Craddock, R. Greeley, Minimum estimates of the amount and timing of gases released into the martian atmosphere from volcanic eruptions. Icarus 204, 512-526 (2009)
31. V. Debaille, A.D. Brandon, C. O'Neill, Q.-Z. Yin, B. Jacobsen, Early martian mantle overturn inferred from isotopic composition of nakhlite meteorites. Nat. Geosci. 2, 548-552 (2009). doi: 10.1038/NGEO579
32. E. Dehouck, V. Chevrier, A. Gaudin, N. Mangold, P.-E. Mathé, P. Rochette, Evaluating the role of sulfide-weathering in the formation of sulfates or carbonates on Mars. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 90, 47-63 (2012)
33. J.E. Dixon, D.A. Clague, P. Wallace, R. Poreda, Volatiles in alkalic basalts from the North Arch volcanic field, Hawaii: extensive degassing of deep submarine-erupted alkalic series lavas. J. Petrol. 38, 911-939 (1997)
34. G. Dreibus, H. Palme, Cosmochemical constraints on the sulfur content in the Earth's core. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 60, 1125-1130 (1996)
35. G. Dreibus, H. Wanke, Mars, a volatile-rich planet. Meteoritics 20, 367-381 (1985)
36. D.S. Ebel, Sulfur in extraterrestrial bodies and the deep earth. In sulfur in magmas and melts: its importance for natural and technical processes. Rev. Mineral. Geochem. 73, 315-336 (2010)
37. B.L. Ehlmann, J.F. Mustard, S.L. Murchie, F.F. Poulet, J.L. Bishop, A.J. Brown, W.M. Calvin, R.N. Clark, D.J.D. Marais, R.E. Milliken, L.H. Roach, T.L. Roush, G.A. Swayze, J.J. Wray, Orbital identification of carbonate-bearing rocks on Mars. Science 322, 1828-1832 (2008)
38. B.L. Ehlmann et al., Geochemical consequences of widespread clay mineral formation in Mars' ancient crust. Space Sci. Rev. (2012, this issue). doi: 10.1007/s11214-012-9930-0
39. L.T. Elkins-Tanton, P.C. Hess, E.M. Parmentier, Possible formation of ancient crust on Mars through magma ocean processes. J. Geophys. Res. 110, E12S01 (2005). doi: 10.1029/2005JE002480 (Pubitemid 43180495)
40. 2 atmospheres during Precambrian times. G-cubed 12 (2011). doi: 10.1029/2010GC003444
41. A.G. Fairen, D. Fernandez-Remolar, J.M. Dohm, V.R. Baker, R. Amils, Inhibition of carbonate synthesis in acidic oceans on early Mars. Nature 431, 423-426 (2004) (Pubitemid 39329575)
42. J. Farquhar, J. Savrino, T.L. Jackson, M.H. Thiemnes, Evidence of atmospheric sulfur in the martian regolith from sulfur isotopes in meteorites. Nature 404, 50-52 (2000). doi: 10.1038/35003517 (Pubitemid 30143126)
43. W.H. Farrand, T.D. Glotch, J.W. Rice, J.A. Hurowitz, G.A. Swayze, Discovery of jarosite within the Mawrth Vallis region of Mars: implications for the geologic history of the region. Icarus 204(2), 478-488 (2009)
44. C.I. Fassett, J.W. Head, Sequence and timing of conditions on early Mars. Icarus 211, 1204-1214 (2011)
45. Y.W. Fei, C.T. Prewitt, H.K. Mao, C.M. Bertka, Structure and density of FeS at high-pressure and high-temperature and the internal structure of Mars. Science 268, 1892-1894 (1995)
46. 2, and melting relations in the Fe-FeS system. Science 275, 1621-1623 (1997) (Pubitemid 27120533)
47. J. Filiberto, A.H. Treiman, Martian magmas contained abundant chlorine, but little water. Geology 37, 1087-1090 (2009). doi: 10.1130/G30488A.1
48. C.J.B. Fincham, F.D. Richardson, The behaviour of sulfur in silicate and aluminate melts. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. 223A, 40-61 (1954)
49. K.E. Fishbaugh, F. Poulet, V. Chevrier, Y. Langevin, J.P. Bibring, On the origin of gypsum in the Mars north polar region. J. Geophys. Res. Planets 112(E7), E07002 (2007) (Pubitemid 47412268)
50. J. Flahaut, C. Quantin, P. Allemand, P. Thomas, Morphology and geology of the ILD in Capri/Eos Chasma (Mars) from visible and infrared data. Icarus 207(1), 175-185 (2010a)
51. J. Flahaut, C. Quantin, P. Allemand, P. Thomas, L. Le Deit, Identification, distribution and possible origins of sulfates in Capri Chasma (Mars), inferred from CRISM data. J. Geophys. Res. Planets 115, E11007 (2010b)
52. C.N. Foley, T.E. Economou, R.N. Clayton, J. Brückner, G. Dreibus, R. Rieder, H. Wänke, Martian surface chemistry: APXS results from the Pathfinder landing site, in The Martian Surface: Composition, Mineralogy, and Physical Properties, ed. by J.F. Bell III (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2008), pp. 35-57
53. F. Forget, R.T. Pierrehumbert, Warming early Mars with carbon dioxide clouds that scatter infrared radiation. Science 278, 1273-1276 (1997) (Pubitemid 27495735)
54. F. Fueten, J. Flahaut, L. Le Deit, R. Stesky, E. Hauber, K. Gwinner, Interior layered deposits within a perched basin, southern Coprates Chasma, Mars: evidence for their formation, alteration, and erosion. J. Geophys. Res. Planets 116, E02003 (2011)
55. F. Gaillard, B. Scaillet, The sulfur content of volcanic gases on Mars. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 279, 34-43 (2009)
56. 3 components in hydrous silicic melts under oxidizing conditions. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 67, 4389-4409 (2003a) (Pubitemid 37425333)
57. F. Gaillard, B.C. Schmidt, S. Mackwell, C. McCammon, Rate of hydrogen-iron redox exchange in silicate melts and glasses. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 67, 2427-2441 (2003b) (Pubitemid 36854722)
58. F. Gaillard, B. Scaillet, N.T. Arndt, Atmospheric oxygenation caused by a change in volcanic degassing pressure. Nature 478, 229-232 (2011)
59. A. Gendrin, N. Mangold, J.P. Bibring, Y. Langevin, B. Gondet, F. Poulet, G. Bonello, C. Quantin, J. Mustard, R. Arvidson, S. LeMouélic, Sulfates in martian layered terrains: the OMEGA/Mars Express view. Science 307, 1587-1591 (2005) (Pubitemid 40354734)
60. E.K. Gibson, C.B. Moore, T.M. Primus, C.F. Lewis, Sulfur in achondritic meteorites. Meteoritics 20, 503-511 (1985)
61. T.D. Glotch, A.D. Rogers, Evidence for aqueous deposition of hematite- and sulfate-rich light-toned layered deposits in Aureum and Iani Chaos, Mars. J. Geophys. Res. Planets 112(E6), E06001 (2007) (Pubitemid 47342699)
62. T.D. Glotch, P.R. Christensen, Geologic and mineralogic mapping of Aram Chaos: evidence for a water-rich history. J. Geophys. Res. Planets 110(E9), E09006 (2005) (Pubitemid 41573505)
63. T.D. Glotch, J.L. Bandfield, P.R. Christensen, W.M. Calvin, S.M. McLennan, B.C. Clark, A.D. Rogers, S.W. Squyres, Mineralogy of the light-toned outcrop at Meridiani Planum as seen by the Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer and implications for its formation. J. Geophys. Res. Planets 111(E12), E12S03 (2006a) (Pubitemid 47086168)
64. T.D. Glotch, P.R. Christensen, T.G. Sharp, Fresnel modeling of hematite crystal surfaces and application to martian hematite spherules. Icarus 181(2), 408-418 (2006b) (Pubitemid 43574104)
65. M.P. Golombek et al., Erosion rates at the Mars Exploration Rover landing sites and long-term climate change on Mars. J. Geophys. Res. 111(E12), 1-14 (2006) (Pubitemid 47082610)
66. R. Greeley, B.D. Schneid, Magma generation on Mars: amounts, rates, and comparisons with Earth, Moon, and Venus. Science 254, 996-998 (1991) (Pubitemid 21917426)
67. J.L. Griffes, R.E. Arvidson, F. Poulet, A. Gendrin, Geologic and spectral mapping of etched terrain deposits in northern Meridiani Planum. J. Geophys. Res. Planets 112(E8), E08S09 (2007) (Pubitemid 47610295)
68. M. Grott, A. Morschhauser, D. Breuer, E. Hauber, Volcanic outgassing of CO2 and H2O on Mars. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 308, 391-400 (2011)
69. J. Grotzinger et al., Sedimentary textures formed by aqueous processes, Erebus crater, Meridiani Planum, Mars. Geology 34(12), 1085-1088 (2006) (Pubitemid 44932764)
70. J.P. Grotzinger, R.E. Arvidson, J.F. Bell, W. Calvin, B.C. Clark, D.A. Fike, M. Golombek, R. Greeley, A. Haldemann, K.E. Herkenhoff, B.L. Jolliff, A.H. Knoll, M. Malin, S.M. McLennan, T. Parker, L. Soderblom, J.N. Sohl-Dickstein, S.W. Squyres, N.J. Tosca, W.A. Watters, Stratigraphy, sedimentology and depositional environment of the Burns formation, Meridiani Planum, Mars. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 240, 11-72 (2005) (Pubitemid 41662770)
71. I. Halevy, M.T. Zuber, D.P. Schrag, A sulfur dioxide climate feedback on early Mars. Science 318, 1903 (2007). doi: 10.1126/science.1147039
72. C.D.K. Herd, L.E. Borg, J.H. Jones, J.J. Papike, Oxygen fugacity and geochemical variations in the martian basalts: implications for martian basalt petrogenesis and the oxidation state of the upper mantle of Mars. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 66(11), 2025-2036 (2002) (Pubitemid 34703912)
73. C.D.K. Herd, A.H. Treiman, G.A. McKay, C.K. Shearer, Light lithophile elements in martian basalts: evaluating the evidence for magmatic water degassing. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 69, 2431-2440 (2005) (Pubitemid 40595481)
74. K.E. Herkenhoff, M.P. Golombek, E.A. Guinness, J.B. Johnson, A. Kusack, L. Richter, R.J. Sullivan, S. Gorevan, In situ observations of the physical properties of the Martian surface, in The Martian Surface: Composition, Mineralogy, and Physical Properties, ed. by J.F. Bell III (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2008), pp. 451-467
75. A. Holzheid, T.L. Grove, Sulfur saturation limits in silicate melts and their implications for core formation scenarios for terrestrial planets. Am. Mineral. 87, 227-237 (2002) (Pubitemid 34231779)
76. J.A. Hurowitz, S.M. McLennan, A ∼3.5 Ga record of water-limited, acidic conditions on Mars. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 260, 432-443 (2007) (Pubitemid 47065251)
77. J.A. Hurowitz, W.W. Fischer, N.J. Tosca, R.E. Milliken, Origin of acidic surface waters and the evolution of atmospheric chemistry on early Mars. Nat. Geosci. 3, 323-326 (2010)
78. J.A. Hurowitz, S.M. McLennan, N.J. Tosca, R.E. Arvidson, J.R. Michalski, D.W. Ming, C. Schöder, S.W. Squyres, In-situ and experimental evidence for acidic weathering on Mars. J. Geophys. Res. 111, E02S19 (2006). doi: 10.1029/2005JE002515
79. B.M. Hynek, R.E. Arvidson, R.J. Phillips, Geologic setting and origin of Terra Meridiani hematite deposit on Mars. J. Geophys. Res. 107(E10), 5088 (2002). doi: 10.1029/2002JE001891
80. G. Iacono-Marziano, Y. Morizet, E. Le-Trong, F. Gaillard, New experimental data and semi-empirical parameterization of H2O-CO2 solubility in mafic melts. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 97, 1-23 (2012). doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2012. 08.035
81. B.M. Jakosky, R.J. Phillips, Mars' volatile and climate history. Nature 412, 237-244 (2001) (Pubitemid 32674725)
82. 2 in the ancient Martian atmosphere: implications for transient greenhouse warming. J. Geophys. Res. (Planets) 114, E11011 (2009). doi: 10.1029/2008JE003313
83. J.R. Johnson, J.F. Bell, E. Cloutis, M. Staid, W.H. Farrand, T. Mccoy, M. Rice, A. Wang, A. Yen, Mineralogic constraints on sulfur-rich soils from Pancam spectra at Gusev crater, Mars. Geophys. Res. Lett. 34(13), L13202 (2007) (Pubitemid 47399626)
84. S.S. Johnson, M.A. Mischna, T.L. Grove, M.T. Zuber, Sulfur-induced greenhouse warming on early Mars. J. Geophys. Res. 113, E08005 (2008). doi: 10.1029/2007JE002962
85. L. Keszthelyi, S. Self, T. Thordarson, Flood lavas on Earth, Io and Mars. J. Geol. Soc. 163, 253-264 (2006). doi: 10.1144/0016-764904-503 (Pubitemid 43336796)
86. M.R. Kilburn, B.J. Wood, Metal-silicate partitioning and the incompatibility of S and Si during core formation. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 152, 139-148 (1997)
87. P.L. King, H.Y. McSween, Effects of H2O, pH, and oxidation state on the stability of Fe minerals on Mars. J. Geophys. Res. 110, E12S10 (2005). doi: 10.1029/2005JE002482 (Pubitemid 43180503)
88. P.L. King, S.M. McLennan, Sulfur on Mars. Elements 6(2), 107-112 (2010)
89. P.L. King, D.T. Lescinsky, H.W. Nesbitt, The composition and evolution of primordial solutions on Mars, with application to other planetary bodies. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 68, 4993-5008 (2004) (Pubitemid 39648824)
90. L.P. Knauth, D.M. Burt, K.H. Wohletz, Impact origin of sediments at the opportunity landing site on Mars. Nature 438, 1123-1128 (2005) (Pubitemid 41831676)
91. S.P. Kounaves et al., Soluble sulfate in the martian soil at the Phoenix landing site. Geophys. Res. Lett. 37, L09201 (2010)
92. M.D. Kraft, J.R. Michalski, T.G. Sharp, Effects of pure silica coatings on thermal emission spectra of basaltic rocks: considerations for Martian surface mineralogy. Geophys. Res. Lett. 30(24), 2288 (2003)
93. M.D. Lane, P.R. Christensen, Thermal infrared emission spectroscopy of salt minerals predicted for Mars. Icarus 135(2), 528-536 (1998) (Pubitemid 128346356)
94. M.D. Lane, J.L. Bishop, M.D. Dyar, P.L. King, M. Parente, B.C. Hyde, Mineralogy of the Paso Robles soils on Mars. Am. Mineral. 93(5-6), 728-739 (2008)
95. Y. Langevin, F. Poulet, J.P. Bibring, B. Gondet, Sulfates in the North polar region of mars detected by OMEGA/Mars express. Science 307(5715), 1584-1586 (2005) (Pubitemid 40354733)
96. L. Le Deit, S. Le Mouelic, O. Bourgeois, J.P. Combe, D. Mege, C. Sotin, A. Gendrin, E. Hauber, N. Mangold, J.-P. Bibring, Ferric oxides in East Candor Chasma, Valles Marineris (Mars) inferred from analysis of OMEGA/Mars Express data: identification and geological interpretation. J. Geophys. Res. Planets 113(E7), E07001 (2008)
97. L. Le Deit, O. Bourgeois, D. Mege, E. Hauber, S. Le Mouelic, M. Masse, R. Jaumann, J.-P. Bibring, Morphology, stratigraphy, and mineralogical composition of a layered formation covering the plateaus around Valles Marineris, Mars: implications for its geological history. Icarus 208(2), 684-703 (2010)
98. J. Li, C.B. Agee, Geochemistry of mantle-core differentiation at high pressure. Nature 381, 686-689 (1996)
99. J. Li, C.B. Agee, Element partitioning constraints on the light element composition of the Earth's core. Geophys. Res. Lett. 28, 81-84 (2001). doi: 10.1029/2000GL012114
100. K.A. Lichtenberg et al., Stratigraphy of hydrated sulfates in the sedimentary deposits of Aram Chaos, Mars. J. Geophys. Res. Planets 115, E00D17 (2010)
101. J.-P. Lorand, V. Chevrier, V. Sautter, Sulfide mineralogy and redox conditions in some Shergottites. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. Lett. 40, 1257-1272 (2005) (Pubitemid 41556366)
102. T.W. Lyons, B.C. Gill, Ancient sulfur cycling and oxygenation of the early biosphere. Elements 6, 93-99 (2010)
103. N. Mangold, A. Gendrin, B. Gondet, S. LeMouelic, C. Quantin, V. Ansan, J.P. Bibring, Y. Langevin, P. Masson, G. Neukum, Spectral and geological study of the sulfate-rich region of West Candor Chasma, Mars. Icarus 194(2), 519-543 (2008)
104. N. Mangold, L. Roach, R. Milliken, S. Le Mouelic, V. Ansan, J.P. Bibring, P. Masson, J.F. Mustard, S. Murchie, G. Neukum, A late Amazonian alteration layer related to local volcanism on Mars. Icarus 207(1), 265-276 (2010)
105. J.C. Marty, G. Balmino, J. Duron, P. Rosenblatt, S. Le Maistre, A. Rivoldini, V. Dehant, T. Van Hoolst, Martian gravity field model and its time variations from MGS and Odyssey data. Planet. Space Sci. 57, 350-363 (2009)
106. M. Masse, S. Le Mouelic, O. Bourgeois, J.-P. Combe, L. Le Deit, C. Sotin, J.-P. Bibring, B. Gondet, Y. Langevin, Mineralogical composition, structure, morphology, and geological history of Aram Chaos crater fill on Mars derived from OMEGA Mars Express data. J. Ge ophys. Res. Planets 113(E12), E12006 (2008)
107. M. Masse, O. Bourgeois, S. Le Mouelic, C. Verpoorter, L. Le Deit, J.P. Bibring, Martian polar and circum-polar sulfate-bearing deposits: sublimation tills derived from the North Polar Cap. Icarus 209(2), 434-451 (2010)
108. M. Masse, O. Bourgeois, S. Le Mouelic, C. Verpoorter, A. Spiga, L. Le Deit, Wide distribution and glacial origin of Polar Gypsum on Mars. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 317, 44-55 (2012)
109. J. Mavrogenes, H.S.C. O'Neill, The relative effects of pressure, temperature and oxygen fugacity on the solubility of sulfide in magmas. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 63, 1173-1180 (1999) (Pubitemid 29485374)
110. T. McCollom, B.M. Hynek, A volcanic environment for bedrock diagenesis at Meridiani Planum on Mars. Nature 438 (2005)
111. F.M. McCubbin, A. Smirnov, H. Nekvasil, J. Wang, E. Hauri, D.H. Lindsley, Hydrous magmatism on Mars: a source of water for the surface and subsurface during the Amazonian. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 292, 132-138 (2010)
112. F.M. McCubbin, E.H. Hauri, S.M. Elardo, K.E. Vander Kaaden, J.H. Wang, C.K. Shearer, Hydrous melting of the martian mantle produced both depleted and enriched Shergottites. Geology 40, 683-686 (2012). doi: 10.1130/G33242.1
113. W.F. McDonough, S.S. Sun, The composition of the Earth. Chem. Geol. 120, 1125-1130 (1995)
114. A.S. McEwen, M.C. Malin, M.H. Carr, W.K. Hartmann, Voluminous volcanism on early Mars revealed in Valles Marineris. Nature 397, 584-586 (1999) (Pubitemid 29091936)
115. S.M. McLennan, J.P. Grotzinger, The sedimentary rock cycle of Mars, in The Martian Surface: Composition, Mineralogy, and Physical Properties, ed. by J.F. Bell III (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2008), pp. 541-577
116. S.M. McLennan, J.P. Grotzinger, J.A. Hurowitz, N.J. Tosca, Sulfate geochemistry and the sedimentary rock record of Mars, in Workshop on Martian Sulfates as Records of Atmospheric-Fluid-Rock Interactions. LPI Contribution, vol. 1331 (The Lunar & Planetary Institute, Houston, 2006), p. 54
117. S.M. McLennan, Geochemistry of sedimentary processes on Mars, in Mars Sedimentology, ed. by J.P. Grotzinger, R.E. Milliken. SEPM Special Publication (2012)
118. S.M. McLennan, J.F. Bell, W.M. Calvin, P.R. Christensen, B.C. Clark, P.A. de Souza, J. Farmer, W.H. Farrand, D.A. Fike, R. Gellert, A. Ghosh, T.D. Glotch, J.P. Grotzinger, B. Hahn, K.E. Herkenhoff, J.A. Hurowitz, J.R. Johnson, S.S. Johnson, B. Jolliff, G. Klingelhöfer, A.H. Knoll, Z. Learner, M.C. Malin, H.Y. McSween, J. Pocock, S.W. Ruff, L.A. Soderblom, S.W. Squyres, N.J. Tosca, W.A. Watters, M.B. Wyatt, A. Yen, Provenance and diagenesis of the evaporite-bearing Burns formation, Meridiani Planum, Mars. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 240, 95-121 (2005) (Pubitemid 41662772)
119. H.Y. McSween, G.J. Taylor, M.B. Wyatt, Elemental composition of the Martian crust. Science 324, 736-739 (2009)
120. H.Y. McSween, I.O. McGlynn, A.D. Rogers, Determining the modal mineralogy of Martian soils. J. Geophys. Res. Planets 115, E00F12 (2010)
121. H.Y. McSween, T.L. Grove, R.C. Lentz, J.C. Dann, A.H. Holzheid, L.R. Riciputi, J.G. Ryan, Geochemical evidence for magmatic water within Mars from pyroxenes in the Shergotty meteorite. Nature 409, 487-490 (2001) (Pubitemid 32144348)
122. H.J. Melosh, A.M. Vickery, Impact erosion of the primordial atmosphere of Mars. Nature 338, 487-489 (1989)
123. J.M. Metz, J.P. Grotzinger, D.M. Rubin, K.W. Lewis, S.W. Squyres, J.F. Bell, Sulfate-rich eolian and wet interdune deposits, Erebus crater, Meridiani Planum, Mars. J. Sediment. Res. 79, 247-264 (2009)
124. C. Meyer Jr., Website: http://curator.jsc.nasa.gov/antmet/mmc/index.cfm (2008)
125. J.R. Michalski, P.B. Niles, Deep crustal carbonate rocks exposed by meteor impact on Mars. Nat. Geosci. 3, 751-755 (2010)
126. J. Michalski, P.B. Niles, Atmospheric origin of Martian interior layered deposits: links to climate change and the global sulfur cycle. Geology 40, 419-422 (2012)
127. J.R. Michalski, J.P. Bibring, F. Poulet, D. Loizeau, N. Mangold, E.N. Dobrea et al., The Mawrth Vallis region of Mars: a potential landing site for the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission. Astrobiology 10, 687-703 (2010)
128. C. Milbury, G. Schubert, Search for the global signature of the Martian Dynamo. J. Geophys. Res. 115, E10010 (2010)
129. R.E. Milliken et al., Opaline silica in young deposits on Mars. Geology 36(11), 847-850 (2008)
130. R.E. Milliken, J.P. Grotzinger, B.J. Thomson, Paleoclimate of Mars as captured by the stratigraphic record in Gale Crater. Geophys. Res. Lett. 37, L04201 (2010)
131. A.G. Monders, E. Médard, T.L. Grove, Phase equilibrium investigations of the Adirondack class basalts from the Gusev plains, Gusev crater, Mars. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 42, 131-148 (2007) (Pubitemid 46140537)
132. 3S phase diagram and liquid structural properties up to 65 GPa. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 272, 620-626 (2008)
133. Y. Morizet, M. Paris, F. Gaillard, B. Scaillet, C-O-H fluid solubility in haplobasalt under reducing conditions: an experimental study. Chem. Geol. 279, 1-16 (2010)
134. R.V. Morris, G. Klingelhofer, C. Schroder, D.S. Rodionov, A. Yen, D.W. Ming et al., Mossbauer mineralogy of rock, soil, and dust at Meridiani Planum, Mars: Opportunity's journey across sulfate-rich outcrop, basaltic sand and dust, and hematite lag deposits. J. Geophys. Res. Planets 111, 27 (2006)
135. S.L. Murchie, J.F. Mustard, B.L. Ehlmann, R.E. Milliken, J.L. Bishop, N.K. McKeown, E.Z.N. Dobrea, F.P. Seelos, D.L. Buczkowski, S.M. Wiseman, R.E. Arvidson, J.J. Wray, G. Swayze, R.N. Clark, D.J.D. Marais, A.S. McEwen, J.P. Bibring, A synthesis of martian aqueous mineralogy after 1 Mars year of observations from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. J. Geophys. Res. (Planets) 114, E00D06 (2009a). doi: 10.1029/2009JE003342
136. S.L. Murchie, L. Roach, F. Seelos, R. Milliken, J. Mustard, R. Arvidson, S. Wisema, K. Lichtenberg, J. Andrews-Hanna, J. Bishop, J.P. Bibring, M. Parente Morris R, Evidence for the origin of layered deposits in Candor Chasma, Mars, from mineral composition and hydrologic modeling. J. Geophys. Res. (Planets) 114, E00D05 (2009b). doi: 10.1029/2009JE003343
137. D.S. Musselwhite, H.A. Dalton, W.S. Kiefer, A.H. Treiman, Experimental petrology of the basaltic shergottite Yamato-980459: implications for the thermal structure of the martian mantle. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 41, 1271-1290 (2006) (Pubitemid 44480443)
138. P.B. Niles et al., Geochemistry of carbonates on Mars: implications for climate history and nature of aqueous environments. Space Sci. Rev. (2012, this issue). doi: 10.1007/s11214-012-9940-y
139. P.B. Niles, J. Michalski, Meridiani Planum sediments on Mars formed through weathering in massive ice deposits. Nat. Geosci. 2(3), 215-220 (2009)
140. K. Nishida, H. Terasaki, E. Ohtani, A. Suzuki, The effect of sulfur content on density of the liquid Fe-S at high pressure. Phys. Chem. Miner. 35, 417-423 (2008)
141. D.K. Nordstrom, Mine waters: acidic to circumneutral. Elements 7, 393-398 (2011)
142. H.S.C. O'Neill, J. Mavrogenes, The sulfide saturation capacity and the sulfur content at sulfide saturation of silicate melts at 1400 C and 1 bar. J. Petrol. 43, 1049-1087 (2002) (Pubitemid 34667923)
143. E. Ohtani, H. Yurimoto, S. Seto, Element partitioning between metallic liquid, silicate liquid, and lower-mantle minerals: implications for core formation of the Earth. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 100, 97-114 (1997)
144. C.H. Okubo, K.W. Lewis, A.S. McEwen, R.L. Kirk, Relative age of interior layered deposits in southwest Candor Chasma based on high-resolution structural mapping. J. Geophys. Res. Planets 113(E12), E12002 (2008)
145. R.J. Phillips, M.T. Zuber, S.C. Solomon, M.P. Golombek, B.M. Jakosky, W.B. Banerdt, D.E. Smith, R.M.E. Williams, B.M. Hynek, O. Aharonson, S.A. Hauck, Ancient geodynamics and global-scale hydrology on Mars. Science 291, 2587-2591 (2001) (Pubitemid 32249680)
146. A. Pommier, F. Gaillard, M. Pichavant, Time-dependent changes of the electrical conductivity of basaltic melts with redox state. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 74, 1 (2010)
147. F. Poulet, S. Erard, Nonlinear spectral mixing: quantitative analysis of laboratory mineral mixtures. J. Geophys. Res. Planets 109(E2), E02009 (2004)
148. F. Poulet, C. Gomez, J.P. Bibring, Y. Langevin, B. Gondet, P. Pinet, G. Belluci, J. Mustard, Martian surface mineralogy from Observatoire pour la Mineralogie, l'Eau, les Glaces et l'Activite on board the Mars Express spacecraft (OMEGA/MEx): global mineral maps. J. Geophys. Res. Planets 112(E8), E08S02 (2007) (Pubitemid 47610293)
149. F. Poulet, J.P. Bibring, Y. Langevin, J.F. Mustard, N. Mangold, M. Vincendon, B. Gondet, P. Pinet, J.M. Bardintzeff, B. Platevoet, Quantitative compositional analysis of martian mafic regions using the MEx/OMEGA reflectance data. Icarus 201(1), 69-83 (2009)
150. F. Poulet, R.E. Arvidson, C. Gomez, R.V. Morris, J.P. Bibring, Y. Langevin, B. Gondet, J. Griffes, Mineralogy of Terra Meridiani and western Arabia Terra from OMEGA/MEx and implications for their formation. Icarus 195(1), 106-130 (2008)
151. C. Quantin, P. Allemand, N. Mangold, C. Delacourt, Ages of Valles Marineris (Mars) landslides and implications for canyon history. Icarus 172(2), 555-572 (2004) (Pubitemid 40030640)
152. R. Rieder, T. Economou, H. Wanke, A. Turkevich, J. Crisp, J. Bruckner et al., The chemical composition of Martian soil and rocks returned by the mobile alpha proton x-ray spectrometer: preliminary results from the x-ray mode. Science 278, 1771-1774 (1997) (Pubitemid 27527637)
153. K. Righter, K. Pando, L.R. Danielson, Experimental evidence for sulfur-rich martian magmas: implications for volcanism and surficial sulfur sources. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 288, 235-243 (2009)
154. K. Righter, M.J. Drake, Core formation in Earth's Moon, Mars, and Vesta. Icarus 124, 513-529 (1996) (Pubitemid 126169313)
155. K. Righter, M.J. Drake, E. Scott, Compositional relationships between meteorites and terrestrial planets, in Meteorites and the Early Solar System II, ed. by D.S. Lauretta, H.Y. McSween (University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 2006), pp. 803-828
156. K. Righter, N.L. Chabot, Moderately and slightly siderophile element constraints on the depth and extent of melting in early Mars. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 46, 157-176 (2011). doi: 10.1111/j.1945-5100.2010.01140.x
157. K. Righter, M. Humayun, Volatile Siderophile Elements in Shergottites: Constraints on Core Formation and Magmatic Degassing. 43rd LPSC Program, abstract number 2465 (2012)
158. A. Rivoldini, T. Van Hoolst, O. Verhoeven, A. Mocquet, V. Dehant, Geodesy constraints on the interior structure and composition of Mars. Icarus 213(2), 451-472 (2011)
159. L.H. Roach, J.F. Mustard, M.D. Lane, J.L. Bishop, S.L. Murchie, Diagenetic haematite and sulfate assemblages in Valles Marineris. Icarus 207(2), 659-674 (2010a)
160. L.H. Roach, J.F. Mustard, G. Swayze, R.E. Milliken, J.L. Bishop, S.L. Murchie, K. Lichtenberg, Hydrated mineral stratigraphy of Ius Chasma, Valles Marineris. Icarus 206(1), 253-268 (2010b)
161. L. Rose-Weston, J.M. Brenan, Y. Fei, R.A. Secco, D.J. Frost, Effect of pressure, temperature, and oxygen fugacity on the metal-silicate partitioning of Te, Se, and S: implications for earth differentiation source. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 73, 4598-4615 (2009)
162. A.E. Saal, E.H. Hauri, C.H. Langmuir, M.R. Perfit, Vapour undersaturation in primitive mid-ocean-ridge basalt and the volatile content of Earth's upper mantle. Nature 419, 451-455 (2002)
163. P. Schiffman, R. Zierenberg, N. Marks, J.L. Bishop, M.D. Dyar, Acid-fog deposition at Kilauea volcano: a possible mechanism for the formation of siliceous-sulfate rock coatings on Mars. Geology 34, 921-924 (2006) (Pubitemid 44734353)
164. E. Sefton-Nash, D.C. Catling, Hematitic concretions at Meridiani Planum, Mars: their growth timescale and possible relationship with iron sulfates. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 269, 365-375 (2008)
165. M. Settle, Formation and deposition of volcanic sulfate aerosols on Mars. J. Geophys. Res. 84, 8343-8354 (1979)
166. P.F. Shi, S.K. Saxena, Thermodynamic modelling of the C-H-O-S fluid system. Am. Mineral. 77, 1038-1049 (1992) (Pubitemid 23386188)
167. S.W. Squyres, A.H. Knoll, Sedimentary rocks at Meridiani Planum: origin, diagenesis, and implications for life on Mars. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 240(1), 1-10 (2005) (Pubitemid 41662769)
168. S.W. Squyres et al., The Spirit Rover's Athena science investigation at Gusev crater, Mars. Science 305, 794-799 (2004) (Pubitemid 39038403)
169. S.W. Squyres, R.E. Arvidson, J.F. Bell, F. Calef, B.C. Clark, B.A. Cohen, L.A. Crumpler, P.A. de Souza, W.H. Farrand, R. Gellert, J. Grant, K.E. Herkenhoff, J.A. Hurowitz, J.R. Johnson, B.L. Jolliff, A.H. Knoll, R. Li, S.M. McLennan, D.W. Ming, D.W. Mittlefehldt, T.J. Parker, G. Paulsen, M.S. Rice, S.W. Ruff, C. Schröder, A.S. Yen, K. Zacny, Ancient impact and aqueous processes at Endeavour crater, Mars. Science 336, 570-576 (2012)
170. B.D. Stanley, M.M. Hirschmann, A.C. Withers, CO2 solubility in Martian basalts and Martian atmospheric evolution. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 75, 5987-6003 (2011)
171. A.J. Stewart, M.W. Schmidt, W. Van-Westrenen, C. Liebske, Mars: a new core-crystallization regime. Science 316, 1323-1325 (2007) (Pubitemid 46871650)
172. R.B. Symonds, W.I. Rose, G.J.S. Bluth, T.M. Gerlach, Volcanic-gas studies: methods, results, and applications, in Volatiles in Magmas, Reviews in Mineralogy, vol. 30, ed. by M.R. Carroll, J.R. Holloway, (1994), pp. 1-66
173. K.L. Tanaka, J.A. Skinner, T.M. Hare, T. Joyal, A. Wenker, Resurfacing history of the northern plains of Mars based on geologic mapping of Mars Global Surveyor data. J. Geophys. Res. Planets 108(E4), 8043 (2003)
174. S.R. Taylor, S.M. McLennan, Planetary Crusts: Their Composition, Origin and Evolution (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2009), 378 pp.
175. E. Tertre, S. Castet, G. Berger, M. Loubet, E. Giffaut, Surface chemistry of kaolinite and na-montmorillonite at 25 and 60 C: experimental study and modelling. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 70, 4579-4599 (2006) (Pubitemid 44430781)
176. B.J. Thomson, N.T. Bridges, R. Milliken, A. Baldridge, S.J. Hook, J.K. Crowley, G.M. Marion, C.R. de Souza, A.J. Brown, C.M. Weitz, Constraints on the origin and evolution of the layered mound in Gale Crater, Mars using Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter data. Icarus 214, 413-432 (2011)
177. F. Tian, M.W. Claire, J.D. Haqq-Misra, M. Smith, D.C. Crisp, D. Catling, K. Zahnle, J.F. Kasting, Photochemical and climate consequences of sulfur outgassing on early Mars. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 295, 412-418 (2009). doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2010.04.016
178. J.N. Tosca, S.M. McLennan, B.C. Clark, J.P. Grotzinger, J.A. Hurowitz, A.H. Knoll, C. Schröder, S.W. Squyres, Geochemical modeling of evaporation processes on Mars: insight from the sedimentary record at Meridiani Planum. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 240, 122-148 (2005) (Pubitemid 41662773)
179. N.J. Tosca, S.M. McLennan, M.D. Dyar, E.C. Sklute, F.M. Michel, Fe oxidation processes at Meridiani Planum and implications for secondary Fe mineralogy on Mars. J. Geophys. Res. 113, E05005 (2008). doi: 10.1029/2007JE003019
180. E. Tréguier et al., Overview of mars surface geochemical diversity through APXS data multidimensional analysis: first attempt at modelling rock alteration. J. Geophys. Res. 113, E12S34 (2008). doi: 10.1029/2007JE003010
181. M. Wadhwa, Redox states of Mars' upper mantle and crust from Eu anomalies in Shergottite pyroxenes. Science 291, 1527-1530 (2001). doi: 10.1126/science.1057594 (Pubitemid 32179215)
182. P.J. Wallace, Volatiles in subduction zone magmas: concentrations and fluxes based on melt inclusion and volcanic gas data. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 140, 217-240 (2005) (Pubitemid 41447551)
183. A. Wang et al., Sulfate deposition in subsurface regolith in Gusev crater, Mars. J. Geophys. Res. Planets 111(E2), E02S17 (2006)
184. C. Wang, J. Hirama, T. Nagasaka, S. Ban-Ya, Phase equilibria of liquid Fe-S-C ternary. ISIJ Int. 11, 1292-1299 (1991)
185. H. Wänke, G. Dreibus, Chemistry and accretion history of Mars. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A 359, 285-293 (1994)
186. C.M. Weitz, M.D. Lane, M. Staid, E.N. Dobrea, Gray hematite distribution and formation in Ophir and Candor chasmata. J. Geophys. Res. Planets 113, 30 (2008)
187. C.M. Weitz, R.E. Milliken, J.A. Grant, A.S. McEwen, R.M.E. Williams, J.L. Bishop, B.J. Thomson, Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter observations of light-toned layered deposits and associated fluvial landforms on the plateaus adjacent to Valles Marineris. Icarus 205(1), 73-102 (2010)
188. C.M. Weitz, J.L. Bishop, P. Thollot, N. Mangold, L.H. Roach, Diverse mineralogies in two troughs of Noctis Labyrinthus, Mars. Geology 39, 899-902 (2011)
189. L. Wendt, C. Gross, T. Kneissl, M. Sowe, J.P. Combe, L. LeDeit, P.C. McGuire, G. Neukum, Sulfates and iron oxides in Ophir Chasma, Mars, based on OMEGA and CRISM observations. Icarus 213(1), 86-103 (2011)
190. L. Wilson, J.W. Head, Mars: review and analysis of volcanic eruption theory and relationships to observed landforms. Rev. Geophys. 32, 221-264 (1994)
191. S.M. Wiseman, R.E. Arvidson, R.V. Morris, F. Poulet, J.C. Andrews-Hanna, J.L. Bishop, S.L. Murchie, F.P. Seelos, D. Des Marais, J.L. Griffes, Spectral and stratigraphic mapping of hydrated sulfate and phyllosilicate-bearing deposits in northern Sinus Meridiani, Mars. J. Geophys. Res. Planets 115, E00D18 (2010)
192. S.M. Wiseman et al., Phyllosilicate and sulfate-hematite deposits within Miyamoto crater in southern Sinus Meridiani, Mars. Geophys. Res. Lett. 35(19), L19204 (2008)
193. J.J. Wray, E.Z.N. Dobrea, R.E. Arvidson, S.M. Wiseman, S.W. Squyres, A.S. McEwen, J.F. Mustard, S.L. Murchie, Phyllosilicates and sulfates at Endeavour Crater, Meridiani Planum, Mars. Geophys. Res. Lett. 36, L21201 (2009)
194. J.J. Wray, R.E. Milliken, C.M. Dundas, G.A. Swayze, J.C. Andrews-Hanna, A.M. Baldridge, M. Chojnacki, J.L. Bishop, B.L. Ehlmann, S.L. Murchie, R.N. Clark, F.P. Seelos, L.L. Tornabene, S.W. Squyres, Columbus crater and other possible groundwater-fed paleolakes of Terra Sirenum, Mars. J. Geophys. Res. Planets 116, E01001 (2011)
195. J.J. Wray, S.W. Squyres, L.H. Roach, J.L. Bishop, J.F. Mustard, E.Z.N. Dobrea, Identification of the Ca-sulfate bassanite in Mawrth Vallis, Mars. Icarus 209(2), 416-421 (2010)
196. J. Zipfel, P. Scherer, B. Spettel, G. Dreibus, L. Schultz, Petrology and chemistry of the new shergottite Dar al Gani 476. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 35, 95-106 (2000) (Pubitemid 30168239)
197. M.Y. Zolotov, M.V. Mironenko, Timing of acid weathering on Mars: a kinetic-thermodynamic assessment. J. Geophys. Res. 112(E7), E07006 (2007). doi: 10.1029/2006JE002882 (Pubitemid 47421497)
198. M.Y. Zolotov, Martian Volcanic Gases: are they Terrestrial-like? Lunar and Planetary Science XXXIV, abstract number 1795 (2003)