Effects of H2O, pH, and oxidation state on the stability of Fe minerals on Mars

Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets

Volumn 110, Issue 12, 2005, Pages 1-15

  King, Penny L ^a,b   McSween, Jr ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GEOCHEMISTRY; IRON; MARS;

EID: 31844441977     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2005JE002482     Document Type: Review

References (107)

1. Arvidson, R., F. Poulet, J.-P. Bibring, M. Wolff, A. Gendrin, R. V. Morris, J. J. Freeman, Y. Langevin, N. Marigold, and G. Bellucci (2005), Spectral reflectance and morphologic correlations in Eastern Terra Meridiani, Mars, Science, 307, 1591-1594.
2. Baker, V. R. (2001), Water and the Martian landscape, Nature, 412, 228-236.
3. Bandfield, J. L., V. E. Hamilton, and P. R. Christensen (2000), A global view of Martian surface compositions from MGS-TES, Science, 287, 1626-1630.
4. Bandfield, J. L., T. D. Glotch, and P. R. Christensen (2003), Spectroscopic identification of carbonate minerals in the Martian dust, Science, 301, 1084-1087.
5. Banin, A., B. C. Clark, and H. Wanke (1992), Surface chemistry and mineralogy, in Mars, edited by H. H. Kieffer et al., pp. 594-625, Univ. of Ariz. Press, Tucson.
6. Banin, A., F. X. Han, I. Kan, and A. Cicelsky (1997), Acidic volatiles and the Mars soil, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 13,341-13,356.
7. Bell, J. F., III (1996), Iron, sulfate, carbonate, and hydrated minerals on Mars, in Mineral Spectroscopy: A Tribute to Roger G. Burns, edited by M. D. Dyar, C. McCammon, and M. W. Schaefer, Spec. Publ. Geochem. Soc., 5, 359-380.
8. Bell, J. F., III, J. B. Pollack, T. R. Geballe, D. P. Cruikshank, and R. Freedman (1994), Spectroscopy of Mars from 2.04 to 2.44 μm during the 1993 opposition: Absolute calibration and atmospheric vs. mineralogic origin of narrow absorption features, Icarus, III, 106-123.
9. Bell, J. F., III, et al. (2000), Mineralogic and compositional properties of Martian soil and dust: Results from Mars Pathfinder, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 1721-1755.
10. Bell, J. F., III, et al. (2004), Pancam multispectral imaging results from the Spirit Rover at Gusev Crater, Science, 305, 800-806.
11. Bibring, J. P., et al. (2005), Mars surface diversity as revealed by the OMEGA/Mars Express observations, Science, 307, 1576-1581.
12. Bigham, J. M., and D. K. Nordstrom (2000), Iron and aluminum hydroxysulfates from acid sulfate waters, in Sulfate Minerals: Crystallography, Geochemistry and Environmental Significance, edited by C. N. Alpers, J. L. Jambor, and D. K. Nordstrom, pp. 351-403, Mineral. Soc. of Am./Geochem. Soc., Washington, D. C.
13. Bigham, J. M., U. Schwertmann, S. J. Traina, R. L. Winland, and M. Wolf (1996), Schwertmannite and the chemical modeling of iron in acid sulfate waters, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 60, 2111-2121.
14. Bishop, J. L., and E. Murad (1996), Schwertmannite on Mars? Spectroscopic analyses of schwertmannite, its relationship to other ferric minerals, and its possible presence in the surface material on Mars, in Mineral Spectroscopy: A Tribute to Roger G. Burns, edited by M. D. Dyar, C. A. McCammon, and M. W. Schaefer, Spec. Publ. Geochem. Soc., 5, 337-358.
15. Bishop, J. L., S. L. Murchie, C. M. Pieters, and A. P. Zent (2002), A model for formation of dust, soil, and rock coatings on Mars: Physical and chemical processes on the Martian surface, J. Geophys. Res., 107(E11), 5097, doi:10.1029/2001JE001581.
16. Bland, P. A., and T. B. Smith (2000), Meteorite accumulation on Mars, Icarus, 144, 21-26.
17. Bridges, J. C., D. C. Catling, J. M. Saxton, T. D. Swindle, I. C. Lyon, and M. M. Grady (2001), Alteration assemblages in Martian meteorites: Implications for near-surface processes, Space Sci. Rev., 96, 365-392.
18. Burns, R. G. (1987), Ferric sulfates on Mars, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 570-574.
19. Burns, R. G. (1988), Gossans on Mars, Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 18th, 713-721.
20. Burns, R. G. (1993), Rates and mechanisms of chemical weathering of ferromagnesian silicate minerals on Mars, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 57, 4555-4574.
21. Burns, R. G., and D. S. Fisher (1990), Iron-sulfur mineralogy of Mars: Magmatic evolution and chemical weathering products, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 14,415-14,421.
22. Burns, R. G., and D. S. Fisher (1993), Rates of oxidative weathering on the surface of Mars, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 3365-3372.
23. Carr, M. H. (1996), Water on Mars, 229 pp., Oxford Univ. Press, New York.
24. Catling, D. C. (1999), A chemical model for evaporites on early Mars: Possible sedimentary tracers of the early climate and implications for exploration, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 16,453-16,469.
25. Christensen, P. R. (2003), Formation of recent Martian gullies through melting of extensive water-rich snow deposits, Nature, 422, 45-48.
26. Christensen, P. R., et al. (2004), Initial results from the Mini-TES experiment in Gusev Crater from the Spirit Rover, Science, 305, 837-842.
27. Clark, B. C. (1993), Geochemical components in Martian soil, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 57, 4575-4581.
28. Clark, B. C., and A. K. Baird (1979), Is the Martian Lithosphere sulfur rich?, J. Geophys. Res., 84, 8395-8403.
29. Clark, B. C., A. K. Baird, R. J. Weldon, D. M. Tsusaki, L. Schnabel, and M. P. Candelaria (1982), Chemical composition of the Martian fines, J. Geophys. Res., 87, 10,059-10,067.
30. Clark, B. C., and D. C. Van Hart (1981), The salt on Mars, Icarus, 45, 370-378.
31. Cornell, R. M., and U. Schwertmann (1996), The Iron Oxides: Structure, Properties, Reactions, Occurrence and Uses, 573 pp., John Wiley, Hoboken, N. J.
32. Dyar, M. D., and M. W. Schaefer (2003), Mössbauer spectroscopy on the surface of Mars: Constraints and expectations, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 6952, 1-18.
33. Dyar, M. D., M. D. Lane, J. L. Bishop, V. O. O'Connor, E. Cloutis, and T. Hiroi (2005a), Integrated spectroscopic studies of hydrous sulfate minerals, Lunar Planet. Sci., XXXVI, abstract 1622.
34. Dyar, M. D., A. H. Treiman, C. M. Pieters, T. Hiroi, M. D. Lane, and V. O'Connor (2005b), MIL03346, the most oxidized Martian meteorite: A first look at spectroscopy, petrography, and mineral chemistry, J. Geophys. Res., 110, E09005, doi:10.1029/2005JE002426.
35. Elwood Madden, M. E., R. J. Bodnar, and J. D. Rimstidt (2004), Jarosite as an indicator of water-limited chemical weathering on Mars, Nature, 431, 821-823.
36. Fairén, A. B., D. Fernández-Remolar, J. M. Dohn, V. R. Baker, and R. Amils (2004), Inhibition of carbonate synthesis in acidic oceans on early Mars, Nature, 431, 423-426.
37. Feldman, W. C., et al. (2002), Global distribution of neutrons from Mars: Results from Mars Odyssey, Science, 297, 75-78.
38. Foley, C. N., T. Economou, and R. N. Clayton (2003), Final chemical results from the Mars Pathfinder alpha proton X-ray spectrometer, J. Geophys. Res., 108(E12), 8096, doi:10.1029/2002JE002019.
39. Gellert, R., et al. (2004), Chemistry of the rocks and soils in Gusev Crater from the Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer, Science, 305, 829-836.
40. Gendrin, A., et al. (2005), Sulfates in Martian layered terrains: The OMEGA/Mars Express view, Science, 307, 1587-1591.
41. Gooding, J. L. (1978), Chemical weathering on Mars: Thermodynamic stabilities of primary minerals (and their alteration products) from mafic igneous rocks, Icarus, 33, 483-513.
42. Hamilton, V. E., P. R. Christensen, and J. L. Bandfield (2003), Volcanism or aqueous alteration on Mars?, Nature, 421, 711-712.
43. Hammarstrom, J. M., R. R. Seal II, A. L. Meier, and J. M. Kornfeld (2005), Secondary sulfate minerals associated with acid drainage in the eastern US: Recycling of metals and acidity in surficial environments, Chem. Geol., 215, 407-431.
44. Hoefen, T. M., R. N. Clark, J. L. Bandfield, M. D. Smith, J. C. Pearl, and P. R. Christensen (2003), Discovery of olivine in the Nili Fossae region of Mars, Science, 302, 627-630.
45. Hurowitz, J. A., S. M. McLennan, N. J. Tosca, R. Arvidson, J. R. Michalski, D. W. Ming, C. Schröder, and S. W. Squyres (2005), In situ and experimental evidence for acidic weathering of rocks and soils on Mars, J. Geaphys. Res., doi:10.1029/2005JE002515, in press.
46. Jakosky, B. M., and R. J. Phillips (2001), Mars' volatile and climate history, Nature, 412, 237-244.
47. Jambor, J. L., D. K. Nordstrom, and C. N. Alpers (2000), Metal-sulfate salts from sulfide mineral oxidation, in Sulfate Minerals: Crystallography, Geochemistry and Environmental Significance, edited by C. N. Alpers, J. L. Jambor, and D. K. Nordstrom, pp. 303-350, Mineral. Soc. of. Am./Geochem. Soc., Washington, D. C.
48. Jamieson, H. E., C. Robinson, C. N. Alpers, R. B. McCleskey, D. K. Nordstrom, and R. C. Peterson (2005), Major and trace element composition of copiapite-group minerals and coexisting water from the Richmond mine, Iron Mountain, California, Chem. Geol., 215, 387-405.
49. Jerz, J. K., and J. D. Rimstidt (2003), Efflorescent iron sulfate minerals: Paragenesis, relative stability, and environmental impact, Am. Mineral., 88, 1919-1932.
50. Jerz, J. K., and J. D. Rimstidt (2004), Pyrite oxidation in moist air, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 68, 701-714.
51. King, P. L., D. T. Lescinsky, and H. W. Nesbitt (2004), The composition and evolution of primordial solutions on Mars, with application to other planetary bodies, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 68, 4993-5008.
52. Klingelhöfer, G., et al. (2004), Jarosite and hematite at Meridiani Planum from Opportunity's Mössbauer spectrometer, Science, 306, 1740-1745.
53. Kraft, M. D., J. R. Michalski, and T. G. Sharp (2003), Effects of pure silica coatings on thermal emission spectra of basaltic rocks: Considerations for Martian surface mineralogy, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(24), 2288, doi:10.029/2003GL018848.
54. Krauskopf, K. B., and D. K. Bird (1995), Introduction to Geochemistry, 647 pp., McGraw-Hill, New York.
55. Lane, M. D., M. D. Dyar, and J. L. Bishop (2004), Spectroscopic evidence for hydrous iron sulfate in the Martian soil, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L19702, doi:10.1029/2004GL021231.
56. Lane, M. D., J. L. Bishop, M. D. Dyar, E. Cloutis, F. L. Forray, and T. Hiroi (2005), Integrated spectroscopic studies of anhydrous sulfate minerals, Lunar Planet. Sci., XXXVI, abstract 1442.
57. Langevin, Y., P. Poulet, J.-P. Bibring, and B. Gondet (2005), Sulfates in the north polar region of Mars detected by OMEGA/Mars Express, Science, 307, 1584-1586.
58. Lee, P., and C. P. McKay (2003), Mars: Always cold, sometimes wet?, Lunar Planet. Sci., XXXIV, abstract 2127.
59. 3, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 68, 1049-1059.
60. Marion, G. M., D. C. Catling, and J. S. Kargel (2003), Modeling aqueous ferrous iron chemistry at low temperatures with application to Mars, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 67, 4251-4266.
61. McBride, M. B. (1994), Environmental Chemistry of Soils, 406 pp., Oxford Univ. Press, New York.
62. McLennan, S. M. (2000), Chemical composition of Martian soil rocks: Complex mixing and sedimentary transport, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 1335-1338.
63. McLennan, S. M. (2003) Sedimentary silica on Mars, Geology, 315-318.
64. McSween, H. Y., Jr., and R. P. Harvey (1998), An evaporation model for formation of carbonates in the ALH84001 Martian meteorite, Int. Geol. Rev., 40, 774-783.
65. McSween, H. Y., Jr., and K. Keil (2000), Mixing relationships in the Martian regolith and the composition of globally homogeneous dust, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 64, 2155-2166.
66. McSween, H. Y., Jr., and A. H. Treiman (1998), Martian meteorites, in Planetary Materials, Rev. Mineral., vol. 36, edited by J. J. Papike, pp. 6-01 to 6-53, Mineral. Soc. of Am., Washington, D. C.
67. Merwin, H. E., and E. Posnjak (1937), Sulfate incrustations in the Copper Queen Mine, Bisbee, Arizona, Am. Mineral., 22, 567-571.
68. Michalski, J. R., M. D. Kraft, T. G. Sharp, L. B. Williams, and P. R. Christensen (2005), Mineralogical constraints on the high-silica Martian surface component observed by TES, Icarus, 174, 161-177.
69. Morris, R. V., D. G. Agresti, H. V. J. Lauer, J. A. Newcomb, T. D. Shelfer, and A. V. Murali (1989), Evidence for pigmentary hematite on Mars based on optical, magnetic, and Mössbauer studies of superparamagnetic (nanocrystalline) hematite, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 2760-2778.
70. Morris, R. V., D. W. Ming, D. C. Golden, and J. F. Bell (1996), An occurrence of jarositic tephra on Mauna Kea, Hawaii: Implications for the ferric mineralogy of the Martian surface, in Mineral Spectroscopy: A Tribute to Roger G. Burns, edited by M. D. Dyar, C. McCammon, and M. W. Schaefer, Spec. Publ. Geochem. Soc., 5, 327-336.
71. Morris, R. V., et al. (2004), Mineralogy at Gusev Crater from the Mössbauer spectrometer on the Spirit Rover, Science, 305, 833-836.
72. Morris, R. V., D. W. Ming, B. C. Clark, G. Klingelhoefer, R. Gellert, D. S. Rodionov, C. Schroeder, P. A. de Souza, A. Yen, and the Athena Science Team (2005), Abundance and speciation of water and sulfate at Gusev Crater and Meridiani Planum, Lunar Planet. Sci., XXXVI, abstract 2239.
73. Moses, C. O., and J. S. Herman (1991), Pyrite oxidation at circumneutral pH, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 55, 471-482.
74. Mukhin, L. M., A. P. Koscheev, Y. P. Dikov, J. Huth, and H. Wänke (1996), Experimental simulations of the photodecomposition of carbonates and sulphates on Mars, Nature, 379, 141-143.
75. Mustard, J. F., F. Poulet, A. Gendrin, J.-P. Bibring, Y. Langevin, B. Gondet, N. Mangold, G. Bellucci, and F. Altieri (2005), Olivine and pyroxene diversity in the crust of Mars, Science, 307, 1594-1597.
76. Nesbitt, H. W., G. M. Bancroft, A. R. Pratt, and M. J. Scaini (1998), Sulfur and iron surface states on fractured pyrite surfaces, Am. Mineral., 83, 1067-1076.
77. Newsom, H. E. (1980), Hydrothermal alteration of impact melt sheets with implications for Mars, Icarus, 44, 207-216.
78. Newsom, H. E., J. Hagerty, and F. Goff (1999), Mixed hydrothermal fluids and the origin of the Martian soil, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 8717-8728.
79. Nordstrom, D. K., and J. L. Munoz (1986), Geochemical Thermodynamics, 477 pp., Blackwell Sci., Malden, Mass.
80. Nordstrom, D. K., C. N. Alpers, C. J. Ptacek, and D. W. Blowes (2000), Negative pH and extremely acidic mine waters from Iron Mountain, California, Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, 254-258.
81. O'Connor, V. O. (1968), Mineral stability at the Martian surface, J. Geophys. Res., 73, 5301-5311.
82. 4), Am. Mineral., 72, 67-75.
83. O'Neill, H. S. C., and J. A. Mavrogenes (2002), The sulfide capacity and the sulfur content at sulfide saturation of silicate melts at 1400°C and 1 bar, J. Petrol., 43, 1049-1087.
84. Phillips, R. J., et al. (2001), Ancient geodynamics and global-scale hydrology on Mars, Science, 291. 2587-2591.
85. Pokrovsky, O. S., and J. Schott (2000), Forsterite surface composition in aqueous solutions: A combined potentiometric, electrokinetic, and spectroscopic approach, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 64, 3299-3312.
86. Regenspurg, S., A. Brand, and S. Peiffer (2004), Formation and stability of schwertmannite in acidic mining lakes, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 68, 1185-1197.
87. Rieder, R., et al. (2004), Chemistry of rocks and soils at Meridiani Planum from the Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer, Science, 306, 1746-1749.
88. 5 Pascals) pressure and at higher temperatures, U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull., 1452, 456 pp.
89. Rochette, P., J.-P. Lorand, G. Fillion, and V. Sautter (2001), Pyrrhotite and the remnant magnetization of SNC meteorites: A changing perspective on Martian magnetism, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 190, 1-12.
90. Ruff, S. W. (2004), Spectral evidence for zeolite in the dust on Mars, Icarus, 168, 131-143.
91. Russell, J. D. (1979), Infrared spectroscopy of ferrihydrite: Evidence for the presence of structural hydroxyl groups, Clay Miner., 14, 109-114.
92. Schaefer, M. W. (1996), Are there abiotically-precipitated iron-formations on Mars?, in Mineral Spectroscopy: A Tribute to Roger G. Burns, edited by M. D. Dyar, C. McCammon, and M. W. Schaefer, Spec. Publ. Geochem. Soc., 5, 381-393.
93. Settle, M. (1979), Formation and deposition of volcanic sulfate aerosols on Mars, J. Geophys. Res., 84, 8343-8354.
94. Squyres, S. W., et al. (2004a), In situ evidence for an ancient aqueous environment at Meridiani Planum, Mars, Science, 306, 1709-1714.
95. Squyres, S. W., et al. (2004b), The Opportunity Rover's Athena Science Investigation at Meridiani Planum, Mars, Science, 306, 1698-1703.
96. Squyres, S. W., et al. (2004c), The Spirit Rover's Athena Science Investigation at Gusev Crater, Mars, Science, 305, 794-799.
97. Stockstill, K. R., J. E. Moersch, S. W. Ruff, A. Baldridge, and J. Farmer (2005), Thermal Emission Spectrometer hyperspectral analyses of proposed paleolake basins on Mars: No evidence for in-place carbonates, J Geophys. Res., 110, E10004, doi:10.1029/2004JE002353.
98. Thomas, J. E., W. M. Skinner, and R. S. C. Smart (2003), A comparison of the dissolution behavior of troilite with other iron (II) sulfides; implications of structure, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 67, 831-843.
99. Tosca, N. J, S. M. McLennan, D. H. Lindsley, and M. A. A. Schoonen (2004), Acid-sulfate weathering of synthetic Martian basalt: The acid fog model revisited, J. Geophys. Res., 109, E05003, doi:10.1029/ 2003JE002218.
100. Tosca, N. J., S. M. McLennan, B. C. Clark, J. P. Grotzinger, J. A. Hurowitz, A. H. Knoll, C. Schröder, and S. W. Squyers (2005), Geochemical modeling of evaporation processes on Mars: Insight from the sedimentary record at Meridiani Planum, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 240, 122-148.
101. Wallace, P., and L. S. E. Carmichael (1992), Sulfur in basaltic magmas, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 56, 1863-1874.
102. Warren, P. H. (1998), Petrologic evidence for low-temperature, possibly flood evaporitic origin of carbonates in the ALH84001 meteorite, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 16,759-16,773.
103. 2, and organic acids, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 55, 943-954.
104. Wyatt, M. B., and H. Y. McSween (2002), Spectral evidence for weathered basalt as an alternative to andesite in the northern lowlands of Mars, Nature, 417, 263-266.
105. Zolotov, M. Y. (2003), Martian volcanic gases: Are they terrestrial-like?, Lunar Planet Sci., XXXIV, abstract 1795.
106. Zolotov, M. Y., E. V. Zabalueva, and R. O. Kuzmin (1997), Stability of hydrated salts and goethite within the desiccated upper layer of the Martian regolith, Lunar Planet. Sci., XXVII, abstract 1295.
107. Zolotov, M. Y., E. L. Shock, P. Niles, and L. Leshin (2004), Martian subsurface waters: Alkaline and reduced throughout history, in Second Conference on Early Mars, abstract 8036, Lunar Planet. Inst., Houston, Tex.