Viral and bacterial causes of severe acute respiratory illness among children aged less than 5 years in a high malaria prevalence area of Western Kenya, 2007-2010

Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal

Volumn 32, Issue 1, 2013, Pages

  Feikin, Daniel R ^a,b   Njenga, M Kariuki ^a,b   Bigogo, Godfrey ^a,b   Aura, Barrack ^a,b   Aol, George ^a,b   Audi, Allan ^a,b   Jagero, Geoffrey ^a,b   Muluare, Peter O ^a,b   Gikunju, Stella ^a,b   Nderitu, Leonard ^a,b   Winchell, Jonas M ^c   Schneider, Eileen ^c   Erdman, Dean D ^c   Steven Oberste, M ^c   Katz, Mark A ^b,c   Breiman, Robert F ^a,b  

^a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Kenya   (Kenya)

^b CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION   (United States)

^c NATIONAL CENTER FOR IMMUNIZATION AND RESPIRATORY DISEASES   (United States)

Author keywords

Africa; Kenya; pneumonia; respiratory viruses; severe acute respiratory illness; Streptococcus pneumoniae

Indexed keywords

ACUTE RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASE; ADENOVIRUS; AFRICA; BLOOD SAMPLING; CALCULATION; COMMUNITY; ENTEROVIRUS; HEALTH CARE; HOSPITAL PATIENT; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; INFECTION; INFLUENZA VIRUS; KENYA; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; NASOPHARYNX; OUTPATIENT; OXYGEN SATURATION; PNEUMONIA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; REAL TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL PNEUMOVIRUS; REVIEW; SALMONELLA; SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY ILLNESS; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE; THROAT CULTURE; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION;

BACTERIA; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; ENDEMIC DISEASES; HUMANS; INFANT; KENYA; MALARIA; ODDS RATIO; PREVALENCE; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS; STATISTICS, NONPARAMETRIC; VIRUSES;

EID: 84871735103     PISSN: 08913668     EISSN: 15320987     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/INF.0b013e31826fd39b     Document Type: Review

References (53)

1. Black RE, Cousens S, Johnson HL, et al. Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality in 2008: a systematic analysis. Lancet. 2010;375:1969-1987.
2. Ruuskanen O, Lahti E, Jennings LC, et al. Viral pneumonia. Lancet. 2011;377:1264-1275.
3. Murdoch DR, O'Brien KL, Scott JA, et al. Breathing new life into pneumonia diagnostics. J Clin Microbiol. 2009;47:3405-3408.
4. Shann F. Etiology of severe pneumonia in children in developing countries. Pediatr Infect Dis. 1986;5:247-252. (Pubitemid 16162869)
5. Selwyn BJ. The epidemiology of acute respiratory tract infection in young children: comparison of findings from several developing countries. Coordinated Data Group of BOSTID Researchers. Rev Infect Dis. 1990;12(suppl 8):S870-S888.
6. Scott JA, Brooks WA, Peiris JS, et al. Pneumonia research to reduce childhood mortality in the developing world. J Clin Invest. 2008;118:1291-1300. (Pubitemid 351500421)
7. Levine OS, O'Brien KL, Deloria-Knoll M, et al. The Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health Project: a 21st century childhood pneumonia etiology study. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54(suppl 2):S93-101.
8. Feikin DR, Jagero G, Aura B, et al. High rate of pneumococcal bacteremia in a prospective cohort of older children and adults in an area of high HIV prevalence in rural western Kenya. BMC Infect Dis. 2010;10:186.
9. Feikin DR, Olack B, Bigogo GM, et al. The burden of common infectious disease syndromes at the clinic and household level from population-based surveillance in rural and urban Kenya. PLoS ONE. 2011;6:e16085.
10. Adazu K, Lindblade KA, Rosen DH, et al. Health and demographic surveillance in rural western Kenya: a platform for evaluating interventions to reduce morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2005;73:1151-1158. (Pubitemid 43038271)
11. Hamel MJ, Adazu K, Obor D, et al. A reversal in reductions of child mortality in western Kenya, 2003-2009. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2011;85:597-605.
12. World Health Organization. Integrated Management of Childhood Illness. 2008. Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2008/9789241597289- eng.pdf. Accessed January 28, 2009.
13. McNarry AF, Goldhill DR. Simple bedside assessment of level of consciousness: comparison of two simple assessment scales with the Glasgow Coma scale. Anaesthesia. 2004;59:34-37. (Pubitemid 38075604)
14. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing: Nineteenth Informational Supplement. CLSI document M100-S19. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2009.
15. Feikin DR, Njenga MK, Bigogo G, et al. Etiology and incidence of viral and bacterial acute respiratory illness among older children and adults in rural western Kenya, 2007-2010. Plos One. 2012;7:e43656.
16. Kodani M, Yang G, Conklin LM, et al. Application of TaqMan low-density arrays for simultaneous detection of multiple respiratory pathogens. J Clin Microbiol. 2011;49:2175-2182.
17. WHO collaborating Centre for Influenza. CDC protocol of real-time RTPCR for influenza A (H1N1). 2009. Available at: http://www.who.int/csr/resources/ publications/swineflu/CDCRealtimeRTPCR-SwineH1Assay-2009-20090430.pdf. Accessed March 30, 2012.
18. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Clusters of acute respiratory illness associated with human enterovirus 68-Asia, Europe, and United States, 2008-2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2011;60:1301-1304.
19. Lu X, Holloway B, Dare RK, et al. Real-time reverse transcription-PCR assay for comprehensive detection of human rhinoviruses. J Clin Microbiol. 2008;46:533-539. (Pubitemid 351231298)
20. Nix WA, Maher K, Johansson ES, et al. Detection of all known parechoviruses by real-time PCR. J Clin Microbiol. 2008;46:2519-2524.
21. Thurman KA, Warner AK, Cowart KC, et al. Detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and Legionella spp. in clinical specimens using a single-tube multiplex real-time PCR assay. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2011;70:1-9.
22. Bickel PJ, Doksum KA. Mathematical Statistics: Basic Ideas and Selected Topics. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, Inc.; 2001.
23. Kleinbaum DG, Kupper LL, Morganstern H. Epidemiologic Research: Principles and Quantitative Methods. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold; 1982.
24. Singleton RJ, Bulkow LR, Miernyk K, et al. Viral respiratory infections in hospitalized and community control children in Alaska. J Med Virol. 2010;82:1282-1290.
25. Brittain-Long R, Nord S, Olofsson S, et al. Multiplex real-time PCR for detection of respiratory tract infections. J Clin Virol. 2008;41:53-56. (Pubitemid 50019324)
26. Jansen RR, Wieringa J, Koekkoek SM, et al. Frequent detection of respiratory viruses without symptoms: toward defining clinically relevant cutoff values. J Clin Microbiol. 2011;49:2631-2636.
27. Jartti T, Jartti L, Peltola V, et al. Identification of respiratory viruses in asymptomatic subjects: asymptomatic respiratory viral infections. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2008;27:1103-1107.
28. Hammitt LL, Kazungu S, Morpeth SC, et al. A preliminary study of pneumonia etiology among hospitalized children in Kenya. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54(suppl 2):S190-S199.
29. Mathisen M, Strand TA, Valentiner-Branth P, et al. Respiratory viruses in nepalese children with and without pneumonia: a case-control study. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2010;29:731-735.
30. Wolf DG, Greenberg D, Shemer-Avni Y, et al. Association of human metapneumovirus with radiologically diagnosed community-acquired alveolar pneumonia in young children. J Pediatr. 2010;156:115-120.
31. Fry AM, Lu X, Olsen SJ, et al. Human rhinovirus infections in rural Thailand: epidemiological evidence for rhinovirus as both pathogen and bystander. PLoS ONE. 2011;6:e17780.
32. Fry AM, Lu X, Chittaganpitch M, et al. Human bocavirus: a novel parvovirus epidemiologically associated with pneumonia requiring hospitalization in Thailand. J Infect Dis. 2007;195:1038-1045. (Pubitemid 46452110)
33. Prill MM, Iwane MK, Edwards KM, et al. New Vaccine Surveillance Network. Human coronavirus in young children hospitalized for acute respiratory illness and asymptomatic controls. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2012;31: 235-240.
34. Gelman A, Carlin JB, Stern HS, et al. Bayesian Data Analysis. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: Chapman and Hall/CRC; 2004.
35. Houben ML, Coenjaerts FE, Rossen JW, et al. Disease severity and viral load are correlated in infants with primary respiratory syncytial virus infection in the community. J Med Virol. 2010;82:1266-1271.
36. Albrich WC, Madhi SA, Adrian PV, et al. Use of a rapid test of pneumococcal colonization density to diagnose pneumococcal pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54:601-609.
37. Fuller JA, Njenga MK, Bigogo G, et al. Associations of CT values of real-time PCR of viral upper respiratory tract infection with clinical severity, Kenya. J Med Virol. In press.
38. O'Callaghan-Gordo C, Bassat Q, Morais L, et al. Etiology and epidemiology of viral pneumonia among hospitalized children in rural Mozambique: a malaria endemic area with high prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2011;30:39-44.
39. Nokes DJ, Okiro EA, Ngama M, et al. Respiratory syncytial virus infection and disease in infants and young children observed from birth in Kilifi District, Kenya. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46:50-57. (Pubitemid 351263559)
40. Madhi SA, Kuwanda L, Cutland C, et al. Five-year cohort study of hospitalization for respiratory syncytial virus associated lower respiratory tract infection in African children. J Clin Virol. 2006;36:215-221. (Pubitemid 43884808)
41. Madhi SA, Ramasamy N, Bessellar TG, et al. Lower respiratory tract infections associated with influenza A and B viruses in an area with a high prevalence of pediatric human immunodeficiency type 1 infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2002;21:291-297. (Pubitemid 34326866)
42. Morpeth SC, Ramadhani HO, Crump JA. Invasive non-Typhi Salmonella disease in Africa. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49:606-611.
43. Tabu C, Breiman RF, Ochieng B, et al. Differing burden and epidemiology of non-Typhi Salmonella bacteremia in rural and urban Kenya, 2006-2009. PLoS One. 2012;7:e31237.
44. Scott JA, Hall AJ, Muyodi C, et al. Aetiology, outcome, and risk factors for mortality among adults with acute pneumonia in Kenya. Lancet. 2000;355:1225-1230. (Pubitemid 30184532)
45. Graham SM, Molyneux EM, Walsh AL, et al. Nontyphoidal Salmonella infections of children in tropical Africa. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2000;19:1189-1196. (Pubitemid 32003365)
46. Klugman KP, Madhi SA, Huebner RE, et al. Vaccine Trialists Group. A trial of a 9-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children with and those without HIV infection. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:1341-1348. (Pubitemid 37186212)
47. Cutts FT, Zaman SM, Enwere G, et al. Gambian Pneumococcal Vaccine Trial Group. Efficacy of nine-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine against pneumonia and invasive pneumococcal disease in The Gambia: randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;365:1139-1146. (Pubitemid 40417563)
48. Adegbola RA, Hill PC, Secka O, et al. Serotype and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae causing invasive disease in The Gambia 1996-2003. Trop Med Int Health. 2006;11:1128-1135. (Pubitemid 44015251)
49. Kim C, Nyoka R, Ahmed JA, et al. Epidemiology of respiratory infections caused by atypical bacteria in two Kenyan refugee camps. J Immigr Minor Health. 2012;14:140-145.
50. Olsen SJ, Thamthitiwat S, Chantra S, et al. Incidence of respiratory pathogens in persons hospitalized with pneumonia in two provinces in Thailand. Epidemiol Infect. 2010;138:1811-1822.
51. Ideh RC, Howie SR, Ebruke B, et al. Transthoracic lung aspiration for the aetiological diagnosis of pneumonia: 25 years of experience from The Gambia. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2011;15:729-735.
52. Davidson M, Tempest B, Palmer DL. Bacteriologic diagnosis of acute pneumonia. Comparison of sputum, transtracheal aspirates, and lung aspirates. JAMA. 1976;235:158-163.
53. Bassat Q, Machevo S, O'Callaghan-Gordo C, et al. Distinguishing malaria from severe pneumonia among hospitalized children who fulfilled integrated management of childhood illness criteria for both diseases: a hospital-based study in Mozambique. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2011;85:626-634.