High rate of pneumococcal bacteremia in a prospective cohort of older children and adults in an area of high HIV prevalence in rural western Kenya

BMC Infectious Diseases

Volumn 10, Issue , 2010, Pages

  Feikin, Daniel R ^a,b   Jagero, Geoffrey ^a,b   Aura, Barrack ^a,b   Bigogo, Godfrey M ^a,b   Oundo, Joseph ^a,b   Beall, Bernard W ^c   Karani, Angela ^d   Morpeth, Susan ^d   Njenga, M Kariuki ^a,b   Breiman, Robert F ^a,b  

^a CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION   (United States)

^b KENYA MEDICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Kenya)

^c NATIONAL CENTER FOR IMMUNIZATION AND RESPIRATORY DISEASES   (United States)

^d KEMRI WELLCOME TRUST RESEARCH PROGRAMME   (Kenya)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BETA LACTAM ANTIBIOTIC; COTRIMOXAZOLE; PNEUMOCOCCUS VACCINE; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGE DISTRIBUTION; ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY; ARTICLE; BACTEREMIA; BACTERIUM ISOLATE; BLOOD CULTURE; BROTH DILUTION; CHILD; CHILD HEALTH; CLINICAL FEATURE; COHORT ANALYSIS; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE SURVEILLANCE; FEVER; HOSPITAL ADMISSION; HOSPITAL PATIENT; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; INCIDENCE; KENYA; LATEX AGGLUTINATION TEST; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; NONHUMAN; OUTPATIENT; PNEUMOCOCCAL INFECTION; PREVALENCE; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASE; RURAL AREA; SEROTYPE; SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY ILLNESS; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE; CLASSIFICATION; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; MICROBIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION; MICROBIOLOGY; MIDDLE AGED; PRESCHOOL CHILD; RURAL POPULATION; SEROTYPING;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; BACTEREMIA; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; COHORT STUDIES; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; KENYA; MICROBIAL SENSITIVITY TESTS; MIDDLE AGED; PNEUMOCOCCAL INFECTIONS; PREVALENCE; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RURAL POPULATION; SEROTYPING; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 77953693735     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14712334     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-10-186     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Berkley JA, Lowe BS, Mwangi I, Williams T, Bauni E, Mwarumba S, Ngetsa C, Slack MPE, Njenga S, Hart CA, Maitland K, English M, Marsh K, Scott JAG. Bacteremia among children admitted to a rural hospital in Kenya. N Engl J Med 2005, 352:39-47.
2. Cutts FT, Zaman SM, Enwere G, Jaffar S, Levine OS, Okoko JB, Oluwalana C, Vaughan A, Obaro SK, Leach A, McAdam KP, Biney E, Saaka M, Onwuchekwa U, Yallop F, Pierce NF, Greenwood BM, Adegbola RA, . for the Gambian Pneumococcal Vaccine Trial Group Efficacy of nine-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine against pneumonia and invasive pneumococcal disease in The Gambia: randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2005, 365:1139-1146. for the Gambian Pneumococcal Vaccine Trial Group.
3. O'Brien KL, Wolfson LJ, Watt JP, Henkle E, Deloria-Knoll M, McCall N, Lee E, Mulholland EK, Levine OS, Cherian T, . for the Hib and Pneumococcal Global Burden of Disease Study Team Burden of disease caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae in children younger than 5 years: global estimates. Lancet 2009, 374:893-902. for the Hib and Pneumococcal Global Burden of Disease Study Team.
4. Archibald LK, McDonald LC, Nwanyanwu O, Kazembe P, Dobbie H, Tokars J, Rellers LB, Jarvis WR. A hospital-based prevalence survey of bloodstream infections in febrile patients in Malawi: implications for diagnosis and therapy. J Infect Dis 2000, 181:1414-1420.
5. Arthur G, Nduba VN, Kariuki SM, Kimari J, Bhatt SM, Gilks CF. Trends in bloodstream infections among human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults admitted to a hospital in Nairobi, Kenya, during the last decade. Clin Infect Dis 2001, 33:248-256.
6. Corbett EL, Churchyard GJ, Charalambos S, Samb B, Moloi V, Clayton TC, Grant AD, Murray J, Hayes RJ, DeCock KM. Morbidity and mortality in South African gold miners: impact of untreated disease due to human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis 2002, 34:1251-1258.
7. Feikin DR, Feldman C, Schuchat A, Janoff EN. Global strategies to prevent bacterial pneumonia in adults with HIV disease. Lancet Infect Dis 2004, 4:445-455.
8. Hill PC, Onyeama CO, Ikumapayi UN, Secka O, Ameyaw S, Simmonds N, Donkar SA, Howie SR, Tapgun M, Corrah T, Adegbola RA. Bacteraemia in patients admitted to an urban hospital in West Africa. BMC Infect Dis 2007, 7:2.
9. Ssali FN, Kamya MR, Wabwire-Mangen F, Kasasa S, Joloba M, Williams D, Mugerwa RD, Ellner JJ, Johnson JL. A prospective study of community-acquired bloodstream infections among febrile adults admitted to Mulago Hospital in Kampala, Uganda. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1998, 19:484-489.
10. Gordon MA, Banda HT, Gondwe M, Gordon SB, Boeree MJ, Walsh AL, Corkill JE, Hart CA, Gilks CF, Molyneux M. Non-typhoidal salmonella bacteraemia among HIV-infected Malawian adults: high mortality and frequent recrudescence. Aid 2002, 16:1633-1641.
11. Vugia DJ, Kiehlbauch JA, Yeboue K, N'Gbichi JM, Lacina D, Maran M, Gondo M, Kouadio K, Kadio A, Lucas SB. Pathogens and predictors of fatal septicemia associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection in Ivory Coast, west Africa. J Infect Dis 1993, 168:564-570.
12. French N, Nakiyingi J, Carpenter LM, Lugada E, Watera C, Moi K, Moore M, Antvelink D, Mulder D, Janoff EN, Whitworth J, Gilks CF. 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in HIV-1-infected Ugandan adults: double-blind, randomised and placebo controlled trial. Lancet 2000, 355:2106-2111.
13. Gilks CF, Ojoo SA, Ojoo JC, Brindle RJ, Paul J, Batchelor BI, Kimari JN, Newnham R, Bwayo J, Plummer FA, Warrell DA. Invasive pneumococcal disease in a cohort of predominantly HIV-1 infected female sex-workers in Nairobi, Kenya. Lancet 1996, 347:718-723.
14. Jones N, Huebner R, Khoosal M, Crewe-Brown H, Klugman K. The impact of HIV on Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteraemia in a South African population. Aids 1998, 12:2177-2184.
15. Karstaedt AS, Khoosal M, Crewe-Brown HH. Pneumococcal bacteremia in adults in Soweto, South Africa, during the course of a decade. Clin Infect Dis 2001, 33:610-614.
16. Adazu K, Lindblade KA, Rosen DH, Odhiambo F, Ofware P, Kwach J, Van Eijk AM, Decock KM, Amornkul P, Karanja D, Vulule JM, Slutsker L. Health and demographic surveillance in rural western Kenya: a platform for evaluating interventions to reduce morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2005, 73:1151-1158.
17. Feikin DR, Audi A, Olack B, Bigogo GM, Polyak C, Burke H, Williamson J, Breiman RF. Evaluation of the optimal recall period for disease symptoms in home-based morbidity surveillance in rural and urban Kenya. International Journal of Epidemiology 2010, 39:450-8.
18. Krishna A, Janson P, Radeny M, Nindo W. Escaping Poverty and Becoming Poor in 20 Kenyan Villages. Human Development 2004, 5:212-226.
19. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; Nineteenth Informational Supplement. CLSI document M100-S19. M100-S118 2009, Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI).
20. World Health Organization (WHO) Manual for the Laboratory Identification of Bacterial Pathogens of Public Health Importance in the Developing World. 2003, Geneva: World Health Organization, World Health Organization (WHO).
21. Oehlert GW. A note on the delta method. American Statistician 1992, 46:27-29.
22. National AIDS/STI Control Programme (NASCOP) 2007 Kenya AIDS Indicator Survey. Final Report. 2009, Nairobi: NASCOP, National AIDS/STI Control Programme (NASCOP).
23. US 2010, Census Bureau IDB Midyear Population, by Age and Sex: Kenya, Accessed August 2009, US., http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/country.php
24. Feldman C, Glatthaar M, Morar R, Mahomed AG, Kaka S, Cassel M, Klugman KP. Bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia in HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative adults. Chest 1999, 16:107-114.
25. Adegbola RA, Hill PC, Secka O, Ikumapayi UN, Lahai G, Greenwood BM, Corrah T. Serotype and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae causing invasive disease in The Gambia 1996-2003. Trop Med Int Health 2006, 11:1128-1135.
26. Crewe-Brown HH, Karstaedt AS, Saunders GL, Khoosal M, Jones N, Wasas A, Klugman KP. Streptococcus pneumoniae blood culture isolates from patients with and without human immunodeficiency virus infection: alterations in penicillin susceptibilities and in serogroups or serotypes. Clin Infect Dis 1997, 25:1165-1172.
27. Gordon SB, Kanyanda S, Walsh AL, Goddard K, Chaponda M, Atkinson V, Mulwafu W, Molyneux EM, Zijlstra EE, Molyneux ME, Graham SM. Poor potential coverage for 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, Malawi. Emerg Infect Dis 2003, 9:747-749.
28. Hausdorff WP, Bryant J, Paradiso PR, Siber GR. Which pneumococcal serogroups cause the most invasive disease: implications for conjugate vaccine formulation and use, part I. Clin Infect Dis 2000, 30:100-121.
29. Holliman RE, Liddy H, Johnson JD, Adjei O. Epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease in Kumasi, Ghana. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2007, 101:405-413.
30. Paul J, Bates J, Kimari J, Gilks C. Serotypes and antibiotic susceptibilities of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Nairobi, Kenya. J Infect 1996, 32:139-142.
31. Scott JA, Hall AJ, Hannington A, Edwards R, Mwarumba S, Lowe B, Griffiths D, Crook D, Marsh K. Serotype distribution and prevalence of resistance to benzylpenicillin in three representative populations of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from the coast of Kenya. Clin Infect Dis 1998, 27:1442-1450.
32. Hausdorff WP, Feikin DR, Klugman KP. Epidemiological differences among pneumococcal serotypes. Lancet Infect Dis 2005, 5:83-93.
33. Leimkugel J, Adams Forgor A, Gagneux S, Pflüger V, Flierl C, Awine E, Naegeli M, Dangy JP, Smith T, Hodgson A, Pluschke G. An outbreak of serotype 1 Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis in northern Ghana with features that are characteristic of Neisseria meningitidis meningitis epidemics. J Infect Dis 2005, 192:192-199.
34. Gill CJ, Mwanakasale V, Fox MP, Chilengi R, Tembo M, Nsofwa M, Chalwe V, Mwananyanda L, Mukwamataba D, Malilwe B, Champo D, Macleod WB, Thea DM, Hamer DH. Impact of human immunodeficiency virus infection on Streptococcus pneumoniae colonization and seroepidemiology among Zambian women. J Infect Dis 2008, 197:1000-1005.
35. Hamel MJ, Greene C, Chiller T, Ouma P, Polyak C, Otieno K, Williamson J, Shi YP, Feikin DR, Marston B, Brooks JT, Poe A, Zhou Z, Ochieng B, Mintz E, Slutsker L. Does cotrimoxazole prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV-associated opportunistic infections select for resistant pathogens in Kenyan adults?. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2008, 79:320-330.
36. Heffernan RT, Barrett NL, Gallagher KM, Hadler JL, Harrison LH, Reingold AL, Khoshnood K, Holford TR, Schuchat A. Declining incidence of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae infections among persons with AIDS in an era of highly active antiretroviral therapy, 1995-2000. J Infect Dis 2005, 191:2038-2045.
37. Whitney CG, Farley MM, Hadler J, Harrison LH, Bennett NM, Lynfield R, Reingold A, Cieslak PR, Pilishvili T, Jackson D, Facklam RR, Jorgensen JH, Schuchat A, . Active Bacterial Core Surveillance of the Emerging Infections Program Network Decline in invasive pneumococcal disease after the introduction of protein-polysaccharide conjugate vaccine. N Engl J Med 2003, 348:1737-1746. Active Bacterial Core Surveillance of the Emerging Infections Program Network.
38. Flannery B, Heffernan RT, Harrison LH, Ray SM, Reingold AL, Hadler J, Schaffner W, Lynfield R, Thomas AR, Li J, Campsmith M, Whitney CG, Schuchat A. Changes in invasive Pneumococcal disease among HIV-infected adults living in the era of childhood pneumococcal immunization. Ann Intern Med 2006, 144:1-9.
39. French N, Gordon SB, Mwalukomo T, White SA, Mwafulirwa G, Longwe H, Mwaiponya M, Zijlstra EE, Molyneux ME, Gilks CF. A trial of a 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in HIV-infected adults. N Engl J Med 2010, 362:812-822.