Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in women

Diabetologia

Volumn 56, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 1-9

  Norhammar, A ^a   Schenck Gustafsson, K ^a,b  

^a KAROLINSKA UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Sweden)

^b KAROLINSKA INSTITUTE   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Cardiovascular disease; Diabetes; Epidemiology; Mortality; Review; Risk factors; Sex; Women

Indexed keywords

ANTILIPEMIC AGENT; APOLIPOPROTEIN A1; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; GLUCOSE; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; TRIACYLGLYCEROL;

ABDOMINAL FAT; ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR MORTALITY; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CAUSE OF DEATH; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; COMORBIDITY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DYSLIPIDEMIA; EARLY MENOPAUSE; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; FEMALE; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; HEALTH PROMOTION; HEART INFARCTION; HEART MUSCLE REVASCULARIZATION; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE; MENTAL STRESS; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; OBESITY; ORAL GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; OVARY POLYCYSTIC DISEASE; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREECLAMPSIA; PREGNANCY DIABETES MELLITUS; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SEX DIFFERENCE; SMOKING; WOMEN'S HEALTH;

ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; DIABETIC ANGIOPATHIES; DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHIES; FEMALE; HUMANS; HYPERGLYCEMIA; MALE; SEX FACTORS; WOMEN'S HEALTH; WORLD HEALTH;

EID: 84871614529     PISSN: 0012186X     EISSN: 14320428     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00125-012-2694-y     Document Type: Review

References (80)

1. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2011) Health at a glance 2011: OECD indicators. Available from doi: 10.1787/health-glance-2011-en
2. Scarborough P, Wickramasinghe K, Bhatnagar P, Rayner M (2011) Trends in coronary heart disease 1961-2011. British Heart Foundation, London
3. World Health Organization (2009) Women and health: today's evidence tomorrow's agenda. WHO, Geneva
4. International Diabetes Federation (2011). IDF Diabetes Atlas, 5th edn. IDF, Brussels. Available from www.idf.org/diabetesatlas
5. Mosca L, Grundy SM, Judelson D et al. (1999) Guide to preventive cardiology for women: AHA/ACC Scientific Statement Consensus panel statement. Circulation 99:2480-2484
6. Mosca L, Benjamin EJ, Berra K et al. (2011) Effectiveness-based guidelines for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in women - 2011 update: a guideline from the American Heart Association. Circulation 123:1243-1262
7. Stramba-Badiale M, Fox KM, Priori SG et al. (2006) European gender guidelines cardiovascular diseases in women: a statement from the policy conference of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 27:994-1005
8. Stramba-Badiale M (2010) Women and research on cardiovascular diseases in Europe: a report from the European Heart Health Strategy (EuroHeart) project. Eur Heart J 31:1677-1681
9. Melloni C, Berger JS, Wang TY et al. (2010) Representation of women in randomized clinical trials of cardiovascular disease prevention. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 3:135-142
10. Swedish Heart and Lung Foundation (2012) Press Release, March 8, 2012. Press contact Anna Sjödin (anna.sjodin@hjart-lungfonden.se) [press release in Swedish]
11. Nadeau KJ, Reusch JEB (2011) Cardiovascular function/dysfunction in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Curr Diab Rep 11:185-192
12. Seshasai SR, Kaptoge S, Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration et al. (2011) Diabetes mellitus, fasting glucose, and risk of cause-specific death. N Engl J Med 364:829-841
13. Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare (2009) Folkhälsorapport 2009. Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare, Stockholm [in Swedish]
14. Cooper R, Cutler J, Desvigne-Nickens P et al. (2000) Trends and disparities in coronary heart disease, stroke, and other cardiovascular diseases in the United States: findings of the national conference on cardiovascular disease prevention. Circulation 102:3137-3147
15. Gu K, Cowie CC, Harris MI (1998) Diabetes and decline in heart disease mortality in US adults. JAMA 281:1291-1297
16. Gregg EW, Gu Q, Cheng YJ, Narayan KM, Cowie CC (2007) Mortality trends in men and women with diabetes, 1971 to 2000. Ann Intern Med 147:149-155 (Pubitemid 351664594)
17. Preis SR, Hwang SJ, Coady S et al. (2009) Trends in all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality among women and men with and without diabetes mellitus in the Framingham Heart Study, 1950 to 2005. Circulation 119:1728-1735
18. Ford ES (2011) Trends in the risk for coronary heart disease among adults with diagnosed diabetes in the US. Findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2008. Diabetes Care 34:1337-1343
19. Coutinho M, Gerstein HC, Wang Y, Yusuf S (1999) The relationship between glucose and incident cardiovascular events: a metaregression analysis of published data from 20 studies of 95,783 individuals followed for 12.4 years. Diabetes Care 22:233-240 (Pubitemid 29056916)
20. DECODE Study Group (2001) Glucose tolerance and cardiovascular mortality. Comparison of fasting and 2-hours diagnostic criteria. Arch Intern Med 161:397-405
21. Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, on behalf of the INTERHEART Study investigators et al. (2004) Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet 364:937-952 (Pubitemid 39208455)
22. Huxley R, Barzi F, Woodward M (2006) Excess risk of fatal coronary heart disease associated with diabetes in men and women: meta-analysis of 37 prospective cohort studies. BMJ 332:73-78 (Pubitemid 43099245)
23. Anand SS, Islam S, Rosengren A, on behalf of the INTERHEART Investigators et al. (2008) Risk factors for myocardial infarction in women and men: insights from the INTERHEART study. Eur Heart J 29:932-940 (Pubitemid 351499478)
24. Kanaya AM, Grady D, Elizabeth Barrett-Connor E (2002) Explaining the sex difference in coronary heart disease mortality among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. A meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med 162:1737-1745
25. Orchard TJ (1996) The impact of gender and general risk factors on the occurrence of atherosclerotic vascular disease in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Ann Med 28:323-333 (Pubitemid 26268251)
26. Rautio A, Lundberg V, Messner T, Nasic S, Stegmayr B, Eliasson M (2005) Favourable trends in the incidence and outcome of myocardial infarction in non diabetic, but not in diabetic subjects: finding from the MONICA myocardial infarction registry in northern Sweden in 1989-2000. J Intern Med 258:369-377 (Pubitemid 41368688)
27. Lloyd-Jones D, Adams R, Carnethon M et al. (2009) American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Heart disease and stroke statistics - 2009 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation 119:e21-e181
28. Orchard TJ, Becker DJ, Kuller LH, Wagener DK, LaPorte RE (1982) Age and sex variations in glucose tolerance and insulin response: parallels with cardiovascular risk. J Chronic Dis 35:123-132 (Pubitemid 12172293)
29. Mittendorfer B (2005) Insulin resistance: sex matters. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 8:367-372 (Pubitemid 40863048)
30. Berg G, Mesch V, Boero L et al. (2004) Lipid and lipoprotein profile in menopausal transition. Effects of hormones, age and fat distribution. Horm Metab Res 36:215-220 (Pubitemid 38626408)
31. Wannamethee PO, Lawlor DA et al. (2012) Do women exhibit greater differences in established and novel risk factors between diabetes and non-diabetes than men? The British Regional Heart Study and British Women's Heart Health Study. Diabetologia 55:80-87
32. Carpenter MW (2007) Gestational diabetes, pregnancy hypertension, and late vascular disease. Diabetes Care 30(Suppl 2):S246-S250 (Pubitemid 47036433)
33. Hannaford P, Ferry S, Hirsch S (1997) Cardiovascular sequelae of toxaemia of pregnancy. Heart 77:154-158 (Pubitemid 27115799)
34. Stuebe AM, Michels KB, Willett WC, Manson JE, Rexrode K, Rich-Edwards JW (2009) Duration of lactation and incidence of myocardial infarction in middle to late adulthood. Gynecol 200:138.e1-138.e8
35. Hokansson JE, Austin MA (1996) Plasma triglyceride level is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease independent of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level: a meta-analysis of population based prospective studies. J Cardiovasc Risk 3:213-219 (Pubitemid 26266496)
36. Mora S, Buring JE, Ridker PM, Cui Y (2011) Association of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol with incident cardiovascular events in women, by low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein b100 levels: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med 155:742-750
37. Bittner V (2005) Perspectives on dyslipidemia and coronary heart disease in women. J Am Coll Cardiol 46:1628-1635 (Pubitemid 41531614)
38. Colhoun HM, Betteridge DJ, Durrington PN, on behalf of the CARDS investigators et al. (2004) Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with atorvastatin in type 2 diabetes in the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 364:685-696 (Pubitemid 39140624)
39. Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group (2004) Effects of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin on stroke and other major vascular events in 20,536 people with cerebrovascular disease or other high-risk conditions. Lancet 363:757-767 (Pubitemid 38315165)
40. ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias. The Task Force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS). Catapano AL, Reiner Z, DeBacker G et al. (2011) Atherosclerosis 217:3-46
41. Wilson PW, D'Agostino RB, Levy D, Belanger AM, Silbershatz H, Kannel WB (1998) Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories. Circulation 97:1837-1847 (Pubitemid 28213628)
42. de Backer G, Ambrosioni E, Borch-Johnsen K et al. (2003) European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Third Joint Task Force of European and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice. Eur Heart J 24:1601-1610 (Pubitemid 37012194)
43. Stevens JR, Kothari V, Adler AI, Stratton IM, Holman R, on behalf of the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group (2001) The UKPDS risk engine: a model for the risk of coronary heart disease in type II diabetes (UKPDS 56). Clinical Science 101:671-679 (Pubitemid 33135349)
44. Ridker PM, Buring JE, Rifai N, Cock NR (2007) Development and validation of improved algorithms for the assessment of global cardiovascular risk in women: the Reynolds Risk Score. JAMA 297:611-619
45. Orth-Gomér K, Wamala SP, Horsten M, Schenck-Gustafsson K, Schneiderman N, Mittleman MA (2000) Marital stress worsens prognosis in women with coronary heart disease: The Stockholm Female Coronary Risk Study. JAMA 284:3008-3014 (Pubitemid 32014737)
46. Wang HX, Leineweber C, Kirkeeide R et al. (2007) Psychosocial stress and atherosclerosis: family and work stress accelerate progression of coronary disease in women. The Stockholm Female Coronary Angiography Study. J Intern Med 261:245-254
47. Heraclides A, Chandola T, Witte DR, Brunner EJ (2009) Psychosocial stress at work doubles the risk of type 2 diabetes in middle-aged women: evidence from the Whitehall II study. Diabetes Care 32:2230-2235
48. Heraclides AM, Chandola T, Witte DR, Brunner EJ (2012) Work stress, obesity and the risk of type 2 diabetes: gender-specific bidirectional effect in the Whitehall II study. Obesity 20:428-433
49. Levitzky YS, Pencina MJ, D'Agostino RB et al. (2008) Impact of impaired fasting glucose on cardiovascular disease. The Framingham Heart Study. JACC 51:264-270
50. Norhammar A, Tenerz A, Nilsson G et al. (2002) Glucose metabolism in patients with acute myocardial infarction and no previous diagnosis of diabetes mellitus: a prospective study. Lancet 359:2140-2144 (Pubitemid 34694020)
51. Bartnik M, Rydén L, Fererari R et al. (2004) Euro Heart Survey Investigators. The prevalence of abnormal glucose regulation in patients with coronary artery disease across Europe. The Euro Heart Survey on diabetes and the heart. Eur Heart J 25:1880-1890 (Pubitemid 39452604)
52. Hu DY, Pan CY, Yu JM (2006) The relationship between coronary artery disease and abnormal glucose regulation in China: the China Heart Survey. Eur Heart J 27:2573-2579 (Pubitemid 44627302)
53. Dotevall A, Rosengren A, Bartnik M et al. (2007) European Heart Survey Investigators. Sex-related aspects on abnormal glucose regulation in patients with coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J 28:310-315
54. Bartnik M, Malmberg K, Norhammar A, Tenerz A, Ohrvik J, Rydén L (2004) Newly detected abnormal glucose tolerance: an important predictor of long-term outcome after myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 25:1990-1997 (Pubitemid 39486017)
55. Lenzen M, Rydén L, Ohrvik J et al. (2006) Euro Heart Survey Investigators. Diabetes known or newly detected, but no impaired glucose regulation, has a negative influence on 1-year outcome in patients with coronary artery disease: a report from the Euro Heart Survey on diabetes and the heart. Eur Heart J 27:2969-2974 (Pubitemid 44950440)
56. Gerstein HC, Islam S, Anand S et al. (2010) Dysglycaemia and the risk of acute myocardial infarction in multiple ethnic groups: an analysis of 15,780 patients from the INTERHEART study. Diabetologia 53:2509-2517
57. The Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Study Group, ACCORD (2008) Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 358:2545-2559 (Pubitemid 351831356)
58. The ADVANCE Collaborative Group (2008) Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 358:2560-2572 (Pubitemid 351831357)
59. Venskutonyte L, Malmberg K, Norhammar A, Wedel H, Rydén L (2010) Effect of gender on prognosis in patients with myocardial infarction and type 2 diabetes. J Intern Med 268:75-82
60. Metzger BE, Lowe LP, Dyer AR et al. (2008) Hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes. N Engl J Med 358:1991-2002 (Pubitemid 351656454)
61. Coustan DR, Lowe LP, Metzger BE, Dyer AR; International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (2010) The Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) study: paving the way for new diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes mellitus. Am J Obstet Gynecol 202:654: 1-6
62. International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (2010) International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups recommendations on the diagnosis and classification of hyperglycemia in pregnancy. Diabetes Care 33:676-682
63. Shah BR, Retnakaran R, Booth GL (2008) Increased risk of cardiovascular disease in young women following gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 31:1668-1669
64. Kim NN (2009) Sex steroid hormones in diabetes-induced sexual dysfunction: focus on the female gender. J Sex Med 6(Suppl 3):239-246
65. Ross RL, Serock MR, Khalili RA (2008) Experimental benefits of sex hormones on vascular function and the outcome of hormone therapy in cardiovascular disease. Curr Cardiol Rev 4:309-322
66. Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL et al. (2002) Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 288:321-333 (Pubitemid 34761611)
67. Schenck-Gustafsson K, Brincat M, Erel CT et al. (2011) Managing the menopause in the context of coronary heart disease. Maturitas 68:94-97
68. Norhammar A, Lindbäck J, Rydén L, Wallentin L, Stenestrand U, Register of Information and Knowledge about Swedish Heart Intensive Care Admission (RIKS-HIA) (2007) Improved but still high short- and long-term mortality rates after myocardial infarction in patients with diabetes mellitus: a time-trend report from the Swedish Register of Information and Knowledge about Swedish Heart Intensive Care Admission. Heart 93:1577-1583 (Pubitemid 350205554)
69. Norhammar A, Lagerqvist B, Saleh N (2010) Long-term mortality after PCI in patients with diabetes mellitus: results from the Swedish Coronary Angiography and Angioplasty Registry. EuroIntervention 5:891-897
70. Abbott RD, Donahue RP, Kannel WB (1988) The impact of diabetes on survival following myocardial infarction in men vs women. The Framingham Study. JAMA 260:3456-3460
71. Norhammar A, Stenestrand U, Lindbäck J, Wallentin L, Register of Information and Knowledge about Swedish Heart Intensive Care Admission (RIKS-HIA) (2008) Women younger than 65 years with diabetes mellitus are a high-risk group after myocardial infarction: a report from the Swedish Register of Information and Knowledge about Swedish Heart Intensive Care Admission (RIKS-HIA). Heart 94:1565-1570
72. Donahue RP, Rejman K, Rafalson LB, Dmochowski J, Stranges S, Trevisan M (2007) Sex differences in endothelial function markers before conversion to pre-diabetes: does the clock start ticking earlier among women. The Western New York Study. Diabetes Care 30:354-359 (Pubitemid 46198343)
73. Dotevall A, Wilhemlsen L, Lappas G, Roensgren A (2005) Considerable disturbances of cardiovascular risk factors in women with diabetes and myocardial infarction. J Diabetes Complications 19:26-34 (Pubitemid 40092367)
74. Haffner SM, Miettinen H, Stern MP (1997) Relatively more atherogenic coronary heart disease risk factors in prediabetic women than prediabetic men. Diabetologia 40:711-717 (Pubitemid 27288118)
75. Remes J, Miettinen H, Reunanen A, Pyorala K (1991) Validity of clinical diagnosis of heart failure in primary health care. Eur Heart J 12:315-321
76. Janand-Delenne B, Savin B, Habib G, Bory M, Vague P, Lassmann-Vague V (1999) Silent myocardial ischemia in patients with diabetes. Who to screen. Diabetes Care 22:1396-1400 (Pubitemid 29418229)
77. Arslanian-Engoren C, Patel A, Fang J et al. (2006) Symptoms of men and women presenting with acute coronary syndromes. Am J Cardiol 98:1177-1181 (Pubitemid 44584103)
78. Dotevall A, Hasdai D, Wallentin L, Battler A, Rosengren A (2005) Diabetes mellitus: clinical presentation and outcome in men and women with acute coronary syndromes. Data from the Euro Heart Survey ACS. Diabet Med 22:1542-1550 (Pubitemid 41641162)
79. Rydén L, Standl E, Bartnik M et al. (2007) Task Force on Diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC); European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases: executive summary. The Task Force on Diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Eur Heart J 28:88-136 (Pubitemid 47355991)
80. Gaede P, Lund-Andersen H, Parving HH, Pedersen O (2008) Effect of a multifactorial intervention on mortality in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 358:580-591 (Pubitemid 351214285)