Treatment of Rickettsia spp. infections: A review

Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy

Volumn 10, Issue 12, 2012, Pages 1425-1437

  Botelho Nevers, Elisabeth ^a   Socolovschi, Cristina ^a   Raoult, Didier ^a   Parola, Philippe ^a  

^a AIX MARSEILLE UNIVERSITY   (France)

Author keywords

antibiotics; doxycycline; outcome; rickettsioses; treatment

Indexed keywords

AMOXICILLIN; AZITHROMYCIN; CHLORAMPHENICOL; CIPROFLOXACIN; CLARITHROMYCIN; COTRIMOXAZOLE; DEXAMETHASONE; DOXYCYCLINE; ERYTHROMYCIN; GENTAMICIN; JOSAMYCIN; LEVOFLOXACIN; OFLOXACIN; PEFLOXACIN; PREDNISOLONE; PRISTINAMYCIN; QUINOLINE DERIVED ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; RIFAMPICIN; ROXITHROMYCIN; TELITHROMYCIN; TETRACYCLINE; THIAMPHENICOL; TROVAFLOXACIN;

AFRICAN TICK BITE FEVER; ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY; BACTERIUM CULTURE; BOUTONNEUSE FEVER; CELL CULTURE; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; DRUG TREATMENT FAILURE; DYE DILUTION CURVE; FLEA; GENUS; HUMAN; IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE TEST; IN VITRO STUDY; IN VIVO STUDY; JAPANESE SPOTTED FEVER; LOUSE; MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION; MITE; MORTALITY; NONHUMAN; PARASITE VECTOR; PATHOGENESIS; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RECOMMENDED DRUG DOSE; REVIEW; RICKETTSIA; RICKETTSIA AFRICAE; RICKETTSIA AKARI; RICKETTSIA CONORII; RICKETTSIA FELIS; RICKETTSIA JAPONICA; RICKETTSIA PARKERI; RICKETTSIA PROWAZEKII; RICKETTSIA RICKETTSII; RICKETTSIA TYPHI; RICKETTSIOSIS; ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER; SEROLOGY; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TICK; TYPHUS; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT;

ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; DOXYCYCLINE; HUMANS; MEDLINE; RICKETTSIA; RICKETTSIA INFECTIONS; TICK-BORNE DISEASES; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TYPHUS, ENDEMIC FLEA-BORNE; TYPHUS, EPIDEMIC LOUSE-BORNE;

EID: 84871410889     PISSN: 14787210     EISSN: 17448336     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1586/eri.12.139     Document Type: Review

References (96)

1. Dumler JS, Barbet AF, Bekker CP et al. Reorganization of genera in the families Rickettsiaceae and Anaplasmataceae in the order Rickettsiales: Unification of some species of Ehrlichia with Anaplasma, Cowdria with Ehrlichia and Ehrlichia with Neorickettsia, descriptions of six new species combinations and designation of Ehrlichia equi and 'HGE agent' as subjective synonyms of Ehrlichia phagocytophila. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 51(Pt 6), 2145-2165 (2001).
2. Watt G, Parola P. Scrub typhus and tropical rickettsioses. Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. 16(5), 429-436 (2003). (Pubitemid 37270602)
3. Parola P, Paddock CD, Raoult D. Tick-borne rickettsioses around the world: Emerging diseases challenging old concepts. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 18(4), 719-756 (2005). (Pubitemid 41504513)
4. Dumler JS, Madigan JE, Pusterla N, Bakken JS. Ehrlichioses in humans: Epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. Clin. Infect. Dis. 45(Suppl. 1), S45-S51 (2007). (Pubitemid 47036025)
5. Chapman AS, Bakken JS, Folk SM et al.; Tickborne Rickettsial Diseases Working Group; CDC. Diagnosis and management of tickborne rickettsial diseases: Rocky Mountain spotted fever, ehrlichioses, and anaplasmosis Y United States: A practical guide for physicians and other health-care and public health professionals. MMWR Recomm. Rep. 55(RR-4), 1-27 (2006).
6. Rajapakse S, Rodrigo C, Fernando SD. Drug treatment of scrub typhus. Trop. Doct. 41(1), 1-4 (2011).
7. Botelho-Nevers E, Raoult D. Host, pathogen and treatment-related prognostic factors in rickettsioses. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 30(10), 1139-1150 (2011).
8. Raoult D, Roussellier P, Galicher V, Perez R, Tamalet J. In vitro susceptibility of Rickettsia conorii to ciprofloxacin as determined by suppressing lethality in chicken embryos and by plaque assay. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 29(3), 424-425 (1986). (Pubitemid 16143248)
9. Rolain JM, Maurin M, Vestris G, Raoult D. In vitro susceptibilities of 27 rickettsiae to 13 antimicrobials. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42(7), 1537-1541 (1998). (Pubitemid 28311537)
10. Rolain JM, Raoult D. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing for some atypical microorganisms (Chlamydia, Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, Ehrlichia, Coxiella and Spirochetes).Antibiotics in Laboratory Medicine. In: Victor L (Ed.).Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, NY, USA, 266-288 (2005).
11. Rolain JM, Stuhl L, Maurin M, Raoult D. Evaluation of antibiotic susceptibilities of three rickettsial species including Rickettsia felis by a quantitative PCR DNA assay. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46(9), 2747-2751 (2002).
12. Parola P, Davoust B, Raoult D. Tick- and flea-borne rickettsial emerging zoonoses. Vet. Res. 36(3), 469-492 (2005). (Pubitemid 40718654)
13. Parola P, Raoult D. Ticks and tickborne bacterial diseases in humans: An emerging infectious threat. Clin. Infect. Dis. 32(6), 897-928 (2001). (Pubitemid 32524824)
14. Jensenius M, Fournier PE, Raoult D. Rickettsioses and the international traveler. Clin. Infect. Dis. 39(10), 1493-1499 (2004). (Pubitemid 39518214)
15. Socolovschi C, Bitam I, Raoult D, Parola P. Transmission of Rickettsia conorii conorii in naturally infected Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 15(Suppl. 2), 319-321 (2009).
16. Botelho-Nevers E, Rovery C, Richet H, Raoult D. Analysis of risk factors for malignant Mediterranean spotted fever indicates that fluoroquinolone treatment has a deleterious effect. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 66(8), 1821-1830 (2011).
17. Colomba C, Saporito L, Siracusa L, Giammanco G, Bonura S, Titone L. [Mediterranean spotted fever in paediatric and adult patients: Two clinical aspects of the same disease]. Infez. Med. 19(4), 248-253 (2011).
18. Raoult D, Roussellier P, Vestris G, Tamalet J. In vitro antibiotic susceptibility of Rickettsia rickettsii and Rickettsia conorii: Plaque assay and microplaque colorimetric assay. J. Infect. Dis. 155(5), 1059-1062 (1987). (Pubitemid 17062852)
19. Raoult D, Roussellier P, Tamalet J. In vitro evaluation of josamycin, spiramycin, and erythromycin against Rickettsia rickettsii and R. conorii. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 32(2), 255-256 (1988). (Pubitemid 18061385)
20. Rolain JM, Raoult D. Prediction of resistance to erythromycin in the genus Rickettsia by mutations in L22 ribosomal protein. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 56(2), 396-398 (2005). (Pubitemid 41158531)
21. Ives TJ, Manzewitsch P, Regnery RL, Butts JD, Kebede M. In vitro susceptibilities of Bartonella henselae, B. quintana, B. elizabethae, Rickettsia rickettsii, R. conorii, R. akari, and R. prowazekii to macrolide antibiotics as determined by immunofluorescent-antibody analysis of infected Vero cell monolayers. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41(3), 578-582 (1997). (Pubitemid 27098407)
22. Maurin M, Raoult D. In vitro susceptibilities of spotted fever group rickettsiae and Coxiella burnetti to clarithromycin. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 37(12), 2633-2637 (1993). (Pubitemid 23357859)
23. Drancourt M, Raoult D. In vitro susceptibilities of Rickettsia rickettsii and Rickettsia conorii to roxithromycin and pristinamycin. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 33(12), 2146-2148 (1989). (Pubitemid 20000154)
24. Rolain JM, Maurin M, Bryskier A, Raoult D. In vitro activities of telithromycin (HMR 3647) against Rickettsia rickettsii, Rickettsia conorii, Rickettsia africae, Rickettsia typhi, Rickettsia prowazekii, Coxiella burnetii, Bartonella henselae, Bartonella quintana, Bartonella bacilliformis, and Ehrlichia chaffeensis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44(5), 1391-1393 (2000).
25. Raoult D, Roussellier P, Vestris G, Galicher V, Perez R, Tamalet J. Susceptibility of Rickettsia conorii and R. rickettsii to pefloxacin, in vitro and in ovo. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 19(3), 303-305 (1987). (Pubitemid 17027998)
26. Jabarit-Aldighieri N, Torres H, Raoult D. Susceptibility of Rickettsia conorii, R. rickettsii, and Coxiella burnetii to PD 127,391, PD 131,628, pefloxacin, ofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 36(11), 2529-2532 (1992).
27. Maurin M, Raoult D. Bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity of levofloxacin against Rickettsia rickettsii, Rickettsia conorii, 'Israeli spotted fever group rickettsia' and Coxiella burnetii. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 39(6), 725-730 (1997). (Pubitemid 27296412)
28. Botelho-Nevers E, Edouard S, Leroy Q, Raoult D. Deleterious effect of ciprofloxacin on Rickettsia conorii-infected cells is linked to toxin-antitoxin module up-regulation. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 67(7), 1677-1682 (2012).
29. Bella-Cueto F, Font-Creus B, Segura-Porta F, Espejo-Arenas E, López-Parés P, Muñoz-Espín T. Comparative, randomized trial of one-day doxycycline versus 10-day tetracycline therapy for Mediterranean spotted fever. J. Infect. Dis. 155(5), 1056-1058 (1987). (Pubitemid 17062851)
30. Lochary ME, Lockhart PB, Williams WT Jr. Doxycycline and staining of permanent teeth. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 17(5), 429-431 (1998). (Pubitemid 28232872)
31. Cascio A, Di Liberto C, D'Angelo M et al. No findings of dental defects in children treated with minocycline. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48(7), 2739-2741 (2004). (Pubitemid 38823456)
32. Smilack JD. The tetracyclines. Mayo Clin. Proc. 74(7), 727-729 (1999). (Pubitemid 29321290)
33. Shaked Y, Samra Y, Maier MK, Rubinstein E. Relapse of rickettsial Mediterranean spotted fever and murine typhus after treatment with chloramphenicol. J. Infect. 18(1), 35-37 (1989). (Pubitemid 19052927)
34. Ruiz Beltrán R, Herrero Herrero JI. Evaluation of ciprofloxacin and doxycycline in the treatment of Mediterranean spotted fever. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 11(5), 427-431 (1992).
35. Raoult D, Gallais H, De Micco P, Casanova P. Ciprofloxacin therapy for Mediterranean spotted fever. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 30(4), 606-607 (1986). (Pubitemid 16030707)
36. Gudiol F, Pallares R, Carratala J et al. Randomized double-blind evaluation of ciprofloxacin and doxycycline for Mediterranean spotted fever. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 33(6), 987-988 (1989). (Pubitemid 19146601)
37. Cascio A, Colomba C, Di Rosa D, Salsa L, di Martino L, Titone L. Efficacy and safety of clarithromycin as treatment for Mediterranean spotted fever in children: A randomized controlled trial. Clin. Infect. Dis. 33(3), 409-411 (2001). (Pubitemid 32664852)
38. Cascio A, Colomba C, Antinori S, Paterson DL, Titone L. Clarithromycin versus azithromycin in the treatment of Mediterranean spotted fever in children: A randomized controlled trial. Clin. Infect. Dis. 34(2), 154-158 (2002). (Pubitemid 34028345)
39. Bella F, Font B, Uriz S et al. Randomized trial of doxycycline versus josamycin for Mediterranean spotted fever. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 34(5), 937-938 (1990). (Pubitemid 20142434)
40. Meloni G, Meloni T. Azithromycin vs. doxycycline for Mediterranean spotted fever. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 15(11), 1042-1044 (1996). (Pubitemid 26403802)
41. Muñoz-Espin T, López-Parés P, Espejo-Arenas E et al. Erythromycin versus tetracycline for treatment of Mediterranean spotted fever. Arch. Dis. Child. 61(10), 1027-1029 (1986). (Pubitemid 16033409)
42. Ruiz Beltrán R, Herrero Herrero JI. Deleterious effect of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in Mediterranean spotted fever. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 36(6), 1342-1343 (1992).
43. de Sousa R, Nóbrega SD, Bacellar F, Torgal J. Mediterranean spotted fever in Portugal: Risk factors for fatal outcome in 105 hospitalized patients. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 990, 285-294 (2003). (Pubitemid 36808315)
44. Bella F, Espejo E, Uriz S, Serrano JA, Alegre MD, Tort J. Randomized trial of 5-day rifampin versus 1-day doxycycline therapy for Mediterranean spotted fever. J. Infect. Dis. 164(2), 433-434 (1991).
45. Openshaw JJ, Swerdlow DL, Krebs JW et al. Rocky mountain spotted fever in the United States, 2000-2007: Interpreting contemporary increases in incidence. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 83(1), 174-182 (2010).
46. Sexton DJ, Walker DH. Spotted fever group rickettsioses. Tropical Infectious Diseases: Principles, Pathogens, and Practice. In: Guerrant RL, Walker H, Weller PF (Eds).Saunders Elsevier, NY, USA, 323-329 (2011).
47. Walker DH, Sexton DJ. Rickettsia rickettsii (Rocky Mountain spotted fever). Antimicrobial Therapy and Vaccines. In: Yu V, Weber R, Raoult D (Eds).Apple Trees Productions, LLC, NY, USA, 899-906 (2002).
48. Wisseman CL, Waddell A. In vitro sensitivity of Rickettsia rickettsii to doxycycline. J. Infect. Dis. 145(4), 584 (1982). (Pubitemid 12158352)
49. Breitschwerdt EB, Papich MG, Hegarty BC, Gilger B, Hancock SI, Davidson MG. Efficacy of doxycycline, azithromycin, or trovafloxacin for treatment of experimental Rocky Mountain spotted fever in dogs. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 43(4), 813-821 (1999). (Pubitemid 29165744)
50. Holman RC, Paddock CD, Curns AT, Krebs JW, McQuiston JH, Childs JE. Analysis of risk factors for fatal Rocky Mountain spotted fever: Evidence for superiority of tetracyclines for therapy. J. Infect. Dis. 184(11), 1437-1444 (2001). (Pubitemid 33108858)
51. Dalton MJ, Clarke MJ, Holman RC et al. National surveillance for Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 1981-1992: Epidemiologic summary and evaluation of risk factors for fatal outcome. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 52(5), 405-413 (1995).
52. Fishbein DB, Frontini MG, Giles R, Vernon LL. Fatal cases of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in the United States, 1981-1988. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 590, 246-247 (1990). (Pubitemid 20254563)
53. Breitschwerdt EB, Davidson MG, Hegarty BC, Papich MG, Grindem CB. Prednisolone at anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressive dosages in conjunction with doxycycline does not potentiate the severity of Rickettsia rickettsii infection in dogs. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41(1), 141-147 (1997). (Pubitemid 27000043)
54. Audoly G, Vincentelli R, Edouard S et al. Effect of rickettsial toxin VapC on its eukaryotic host. PLoS ONE 6(10), e26528 (2011).
55. Nakamura T, Takagaki K, Matsubara Y, Kikuchi K. Predictive values of clinical parameters for severe Japanese spotted fever. J. Infect. Chemother. 17(2), 246-253 (2011).
56. Nomura T, Fujimoto T, Ebisutani C, Horiguchi H, Ando S. The first fatal case of Japanese spotted fever confirmed by serological and microbiological tests in Awaji Island, Japan. Infect. Dis. 60(4), 241-243 (2007). (Pubitemid 47365055)
57. Wada K, Sakaeda H, Aono R, Chiya S. [Fulminant Japanese spotted fever Y the second fatal case in Japan]. Kansenshogaku Zasshi. 82(2), 77-81 (2008).
58. Seki M, Ikari N, Yamamoto S et al. Severe Japanese spotted fever successfully treated with fluoroquinolone. Intern. Med. 45(22), 1323-1326 (2006). (Pubitemid 44942093)
59. Roch N, Epaulard O, Pelloux I et al. African tick bite fever in elderly patients: 8 cases in French tourists returning from South Africa. Clin. Infect. Dis. 47(3), e28-e35 (2008). (Pubitemid 352009379)
60. Jensenius M, Fournier PE, Kelly P, Myrvang B, Raoult D. African tick bite fever. Lancet Infect. Dis. 3(9), 557-564 (2003). (Pubitemid 37064535)
61. Méchaï F, Han Y, Gachot B et al. Pristinamycin for Rickettsia africae infection. J. Travel Med. 16(2), 136-137 (2009).
62. Paddock CD, Finley RW, Wright CS et al. Rickettsia parkeri rickettsiosis and its clinical distinction from Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Clin. Infect. Dis. 47(9), 1188-1196 (2008).
63. Walker DH, Raoult D. Typhus group rickettsioses. Tropical Infectious Diseases: Principles, Pathogens, and Practice. In: Guerrant RL, Walker DH, Weller PF (Eds).Saunders Elsevier, NY, USA, 329-334 (2011).
64. Dumler JS, Taylor JP, Walker DH. Clinical and laboratory features of murine typhus in south Texas, 1980 through 1987. JAMA 266(10), 1365-1370 (1991).
65. Walter G, Botelho-Nevers E, Socolovschi C et al. Murine typhus in returned travelers: A report of thirty-two cases. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 86(6), 1049-1053 (2012).
66. Botelho-Nevers E, Raoult D. Fever of unknown origin due to rickettsioses. Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. 21(4), 997-1011, ix (2007). (Pubitemid 350176645)
67. Rolain JM, Raoult D. Genome comparison analysis of molecular mechanisms of resistance to antibiotics in the Rickettsia genus. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1063, 222-230 (2005).
68. Strand O, Strömberg A. Ciprofloxacin treatment of murine typhus. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 22(4), 503-504 (1990). (Pubitemid 20266858)
69. Eaton M, Cohen MT, Shlim DR, Innes B. Ciprofloxacin treatment of typhus. JAMA 262(6), 772-773 (1989). (Pubitemid 19188999)
70. Laferl H, Fournier PE, Seiberl G, Pichler H, Raoult D. Murine typhus poorly responsive to ciprofloxacin: A case report. J. Travel Med. 9(2), 103-104 (2002). (Pubitemid 34453894)
71. Van Der Kleij FG, Gansevoort RT, Kreeftenberg HG, Reitsma WD. Imported rickettsioses: Think of murine typhus. J. Intern. Med. 243(2), 177-179 (1998). (Pubitemid 28156667)
72. Koliou M, Christoforou C, Soteriades ES. Murine typhus in pregnancy: A case report from Cyprus Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 39(6-7), 625-628 (2007). (Pubitemid 47009179)
73. Merhej V, Raoult D. Rickettsial evolution in the light of comparative genomics. Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc. 86(2), 379-405 (2011).
74. Merhej V, Notredame C, Royer-Carenzi M, Pontarotti P, Raoult D. The rhizome of life: The sympatric Rickettsia felis paradigm demonstrates the random transfer of DNA sequences. Mol. Biol. Evol. 28(11), 3213-3223 (2011).
75. Parola P. Rickettsia felis: From a rare disease in the USA to a common cause of fever in sub-Saharan Africa. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 17(7), 996-1000 (2011).
76. Socolovschi C, Mediannikov O, Sokhna C et al. Rickettsia felis-associated uneruptive fever, Senegal. Emerging Infect. Dis. 16(7), 1140-1142 (2010).
77. Faucher JF, Socolovschi C, Aubry C et al. Brill-Zinsser disease in Moroccan man, France, 2011. Emerging Infect. Dis. 18(1), 171-172 (2012).
78. Bechah Y, Capo C, Mege JL, Raoult D. Rickettsial diseases: From Rickettsia-arthropod relationships to pathophysiology and animal models. Future Microbiol. 3(2), 223-236 (2008). (Pubitemid 351984069)
79. Wisseman CL Jr, Waddell AD, Walsh WT. In vitro studies of the action of antibiotics on Rickettsia prowazeki by two basic methods of cell culture. J. Infect. Dis. 130(6), 564-574 (1974).
80. Weiss E, Dressler HR. Selection of an erythromycin-resistant strain of Rickettsia prowazekii. Am. J. Hyg. 71, 292-298 (1960).
81. Ives TJ, Marston EL, Regnery RL, Butts JD. In vitro susceptibilities of Bartonella and Rickettsia spp. to fluoroquinolone antibiotics as determined by immunofluorescent antibody analysis of infected Vero cell monolayers. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 18(3), 217-222 (2001). (Pubitemid 32979193)
82. Huys J, Kayhigi J, Freyens P, Berghe GV. Single-dose treatment of epidemic typhus with doxycyline. Chemotherapy 18(5), 314-317 (1973).
83. Raoult D, Ndihokubwayo JB, Tissot-Dupont H et al. Outbreak of epidemic typhus associated with trench fever in Burundi. Lancet 352(9125), 353-358 (1998). (Pubitemid 28352198)
84. Huys J, Freyens P, Kayihigi J, Van den Berghe G. Treatment of epidemic typhus. A comparative study of chloramphenicol, trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole and doxycycline. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 67(5), 718-721 (1973).
85. Zanetti G, Francioli P, Tagan D, Paddock CD, Zaki SR. Imported epidemic typhus. Lancet 352(9141), 1709 (1998).
86. Turcinov D, Kuzman I, Herendic B. Failure of azithromycin in treatment of BrillYZinsser disease. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44(6), 1737-1738 (2000). (Pubitemid 30340830)
87. Raoult D, Maurin M. Rickettsia akari (rickettsialpox).In: Antimicrobial Therapy and Vaccines. Yu V, Weber R, Raoult D (Eds).Apple Trees Productions, LLC, NY, USA, 889-892 (2002).
88. La Scola B, Raoult D. Laboratory diagnosis of rickettsioses: Current approaches to diagnosis of old and new rickettsial diseases. J. Clin. Microbiol. 35(11), 2715-2727 (1997). (Pubitemid 27452397)
89. Richards AL. Worldwide detection and identification of new and old rickettsiae and rickettsial diseases. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 64(1), 107-110 (2012).
90. Bechah Y, Socolovschi C, Raoult D. Identification of rickettsial infections by using cutaneous swab specimens and PCR. Emerging Infect. Dis. 17(1), 83-86 (2011).
91. Botelho-Nevers E, Rolain JM, Espinosa L, Raoult D. Statins limit Rickettsia conorii infection in cells. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 32(4), 344-348 (2008).
92. Jayaseelan E, Rajendran SC, Shariff S, Fishbein D, Keystone JS. Cutaneous eruptions in Indian tick typhus. Int. J. Dermatol. 30(11), 790-794 (1991).
93. Unsworth NB, Stenos J, Graves SR et al. Flinders Island spotted fever rickettsioses caused by "marmionii" strain of Rickettsia honei, Eastern Australia. Emerging Infect. Dis. 13(4), 566-573 (2007). (Pubitemid 46525102)
94. Parola P, Rovery C, Rolain JM, Brouqui P, Davoust B, Raoult D. rickettsia slovaca and R. raoultii in tick-borne Rickettsioses. Emerging Infect. Dis. 15(7), 1105-1108 (2009).
95. Bechah Y, Capo C, Mege JL, Raoult D. Epidemic typhus. Lancet Infect. Dis. 8(7), 417-426 (2008). (Pubitemid 351853094)
96. Canadian Task Force on the Periodic Health Examination. The periodic health examination. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 121(9), 1193-1254 (1979).