Brain SCALE: Brain structure and cognition: An adolescent longitudinal twin study into the genetic etiology of individual differences

Twin Research and Human Genetics

Volumn 15, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 453-467

  Van Soelen, Inge L C ^a,b   Brouwer, Rachel M ^b   Peper, Jiska S ^b,c   Van Leeuwen, Marieke ^a,d   Koenis, Marinka M G ^b   Van Beijsterveldt, Toos C E M ^a   Swagerman, Suzanne C ^a   Kahn, René S ^b   Pol, Hilleke E Hulshoff ^b   Boomsma, Dorret I ^a  

^a VU UNIVERSITY AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

^b UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER UTRECHT   (Netherlands)

^c LEIDEN UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^d NETHERLANDS CANCER INSTITUTE   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Development; Growth; IQ; MRI; Puberty; Twin study

Indexed keywords

DNA;

ADOLESCENT; ARTICLE; BRAIN; BRAIN DEVELOPMENT; COGNITION; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; GENETIC ANALYSIS; GENETICS; GENOME ANALYSIS; HUMAN; INDIVIDUALITY; INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT; MALE; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOMETRY; REGISTER; SIBLING; TWINS;

ADOLESCENT; BRAIN; CHILD; CHILD BEHAVIOR; COGNITION; FEMALE; GENE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION; HUMANS; LONGITUDINAL STUDIES; MALE; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; ORGAN SIZE; PHENOTYPE; QUANTITATIVE TRAIT, HERITABLE; SIBLINGS; TWINS;

EID: 84871284014     PISSN: 18324274     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/thg.2012.4     Document Type: Article

References (128)

1. Achenbach, T. M. (1991).Manual for the Child Behavior Check-list/ 4-18 and 1991 Profile. Burlington, VT: Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont.
2. Achenbach, T. M., & Rescorla, L. A. (2001). Manual for the ASEBA School-age Forms & Profiles. Burlington VT: Research Center for Children, Youth & Families, University of Vermont.
3. Akil, H., Martone, M. E., & Van, E. (2011). Challenges and opportunities in mining Neuro Science data. Science, 331, 708-712.
4. Baron-Cohen, S.,Wheelwright, S., Hill, J., Raste, Y., & Plumb, I. (2001). The 'Reading the Mind in the Eyes' test revised version: A study with normal adults, and adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 42, 241-251.
5. Bartels, M., de Geus, E. J., Kirschbaum, C., Sluyter, F., & Boomsma, D. I. (2003). Heritability of daytime cortisol levels in children. Behavior Genetics, 33, 421-433.
6. Bartels, M., van Beijsterveldt, C. E., & Boomsma, D. I. (2009). Breastfeeding, maternal education and cognitive function: A prospective study in twins. Behavior Genetics, 39, 616- 622.
7. Bartels,M., vanBeijsterveldt,C. E., Derks, E.M., Stroet, T.M., Polderman, T. J., Hudziak, J. J., & Boomsma, D. I. (2007). Young Netherlands Twin Register (Y-NTR): A longitudinal multiple informant study of problem behavior. Twin Research and Human Genetics, 10, 3-11.
8. Bartzokis, G., Beckson, M., Lu, P. H., Nuechterlein, K. H., Edwards, N., & Mintz, J. (2001). Age-related changes in frontal and temporal lobe volumes in men: A magnetic resonance imaging study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58, 461-465.
9. Benes, F. M., Turtle, M., Khan, Y., & Farol, P. (1994). Myelination of a key relay zone in the hippocampal formation occurs in the human brain during childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 477-484.
10. Bienvenu, O. J., Davydow, D. S., & Kendler, K. S. (2011). Psychiatric 'diseases' versus behavioral disorders and degree of genetic influence. Psychological Medicine, 41, 33-40.
11. Blakemore, S. J., Burnett, S., & Dahl, R. E. (2010). The role of puberty in the developing adolescent brain. Human Brain Mapping, 31, 926-933.
12. Blokland, G. A., McMahon, K. L., Thompson, P. M., Martin, N. G., de Zubicaray, G. I., & Wright, M. J. (2011). Heritability of working memory brain activation. Journal of Neuro Science, 31, 10882-10890.
13. Boomsma, D. I., de Geus, E. J., Vink, J.M., Stubbe, J.H.,Distel, M. A., Hottenga, J. J., Posthuma, D., van Beijsterveldt, T. C., Hudziak, J. J., Bartels, M., & Willemsen, G. (2006). Netherlands Twin Register: From twins to twin families. Twin Research and Human Genetics, 9, 849-857.
14. Boomsma, D. I., van Beijsterveldt, C. E., & Hudziak, J. J. (2005). Genetic and environmental influences on Anxious/ Depression during childhood: A study from The Netherlands Twin Register. Genes, Brain and Behavior, 4, 466-481.
15. Bramen, J. E., Hranilovich, J. A., Dahl, R. E., Forbes, E. E., Chen, J., Toga, A. W., Dinov, I. D., Worthman, C. M., & Sowell, E. R. (2011). Puberty influences medial temporal lobe and cortical graymattermaturation differently in boys than girls matched for sexual maturity. Cerebral Cortex, 21, 636-646.
16. Brans, R. G., Kahn, R. S., Schnack, H. G., van Baal, G. C., Posthuma, D., van Haren, N. E., Lepage, C., Lerch, J. P., Collins, D. L., Evans, A. C., Boomsma, D. I., & Hulshoff Pol, H. E. (2010). Brain plasticity and intellectual ability are influenced by shared genes. Journal of Neuro Science, 30, 5519-5524.
17. Brouwer, R. M., Mandl, R. C., Peper, J. S., van Baal, G. C., Kahn, R. S., Boomsma, D. I., & Hulshoff Pol, H. E. (2010). Heritability of DTI and MTR in nine-year-old children. Neuroimage, 53, 1085-1092.
18. Brouwer, S. I., van Beijsterveldt, T. C., Bartels, M., Hudziak, J. J., & Boomsma, D. I. (2006). Influences on achieving motor milestones: A twin-singleton study. Twin Research and Human Genetics, 9, 424-430.
19. Casey, B. J., Galvan, A., & Hare, T. A. (2005a). Changes in cerebral functional organization during cognitive development. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 15, 239-244.
20. Casey, B. J., Tottenham, N., Liston, C., & Durston, S. (2005b). Imaging the developing brain:What have we learned about cognitive development? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9, 104- 110.
21. Cito (1995). Drie minuten leestest. Arnhem: Cito.
22. Corsi, P. M. (1974). Human memory and the medial temporal region of the brain. Dissertation Abstracts International, 34, 819B (University Microfilms No. AAI05-77717).
23. Crone, E. A. (2009). Executive functions in adolescence: Inferences from brain and behavior. Developmental Science, 12, 825-830.
24. Deary, I. J., Penke, L., & Johnson,W. (2010). The Neuro Science of human intelligence differences. Nature Reviews Neuro Science, 11, 201-211.
25. Delemarre-van de Waal, H. (2002). Regulation of puberty. Best Practice and Research Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 16, 1-12.
26. Demetriou, A., Christou, C., Spanoudis, G., & Platsidou, M. (2002). The development of mental processing: Efficiency, working memory, and thinking. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 67, Serial Number 268.
27. de Zeeuw, L. E. J., van Beijsterveldt, C. E. M., deGeus, E. J. C., & Boomsma, D. I. (2012). Twin specific risk factors in primary school achievements.Manuscript submitted for publication.
28. Dosenbach,N.U., Nardos,B., Cohen, A. L., Fair,D.A., Power, J. D., Church, J. A., Nelson, S. M., Wig, G. S., Vogel, A. C., Lessov-Schlaggar, C. N., Barnes, K. A., Dubis, J.W., Feczko, E., Coalson, R. S., Pruett, J.R., Jr., Barch, D. M., Petersen, S. E., & Schlaggar, B. L. (2010). Prediction of individual brain maturity using fMRI. Science, 329, 1358-1361.
29. Durston, S., Davidson, M. C., Tottenham, N., Galvan, A., Spicer, J., Fossella, J. A., & Casey, B. J. (2006). A shift from diffuse to focal cortical activity with development. Developmental Science, 9, 1-8.
30. Durston, S., Nederveen, H., van Dijk, S., van Belle, J., de Zeeuw, P., Langen, M., & van Dijk, A. (2009). Magnetic resonance simulation is effective in reducing anxiety related tomagnetic resonance scanning in children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 48, 206-207.
31. Eriksen, B. A., & Eriksen, C.W. (1974). Effects of noise letters upon identification of a target letter in a nonsearch task. Perception & Psychophysics, 16, 143-149.
32. Eriksen, C. W., & Schultz, D. W. (1979). Information processing in visual-search-continuous-flow conception and experimental results. Perception & Psychophysics, 25, 249- 263.
33. Estourgie-van Burk, G. F., Bartels, M., Boomsma, D. I., & Delemarre-van de Waal, H. A. (2010). Body size of twins compared with siblings and the general population: From birth to late adolescence. Journal of Pediatrics, 156, 586-591.
34. Fair, D. A., Cohen, A. L., Power, J. D., Dosenbach, N. U., Church, J. A.,Miezin, F. M., Schlaggar, B. L., & Petersen, S. E. (2009). Functional brain networks develop from a 'local to distributed' organization. PLoS Computational Biology, 5, e1000381.
35. Faraone, S. V., Perlis, R. H., Doyle, A. E., Smoller, J.W., Goralnick, J. J., Holmgren, M. A., & Sklar, P. (2005). Molecular genetics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 57, 1313-1323.
36. Felsenfeld, S., vanBeijsterveldt,C.E., & Boomsma,D. I. (2010). Attentional regulation in young twinswith probable stuttering, high nonfluency, and typical fluency. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 53, 1147-1166.
37. Fornito, A., Zalesky, A., Bassett, D. S., Meunier, D., Ellison- Wright, I., Yucel, M., Wood, S. J., Shaw, K., O' Connor, J., Nertney, D., Mowry, B. J., Pantelis, C., & Bullmore, E. T. (2011). Genetic influences on cost-efficient organization of human cortical functional networks. Journal of Neuro Science, 31, 3261-3270.
38. Franic, S., Middeldorp, C. M., Dolan, C. V., Ligthart, L., & Boomsma, D. I. (2010). Childhood and adolescent anxiety and depression: Beyond heritability. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 49, 820-829.
39. Gathercole, S. E., Pickering, S. J., Ambridge, B., & Wearing, H. (2004). The structure of working memory from 4 to 15 years of age. Developmental Psychology, 40, 177-190.
40. Gevins, A., & Cutillo, B. (1993). Spatiotemporal dynamics of component processes in human working memory. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 87, 128-143.
41. Giedd, J. N., Blumenthal, J., Jeffries, N. O., Castellanos, F. X., Liu, H., Zijdenbos, A., Paus, T., Evans, A. C., & Rapoport, J. L. (1999). Brain development during childhood and adolescence: A longitudinal MRI study. Nature Neuro Science, 2, 861-863.
42. Giedd, J. N., Clasen, L. S., Lenroot, R., Greenstein, D., Wallace, G. L., Ordaz, S., Molloy, E. A., Blumenthal, J. D., Tossell, J. W., Stayer, C., Samango-Sprouse, C. A., Shen, D., Davatzikos, C., Merke, D., Chrousos, G. P. (2006). Puberty-related influences on brain development. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 254-255, 154-162.
43. Glahn,D. C.,Winkler, A. M., Kochunov, P., Almasy, L.,Duggirala, R.,Carless,M.A., Curran, J.C., Olvera,R. L., Laird, A. R., Smith, S. M., Beckmann, C. F., Fox, P. T., & Blangero, J. (2010). Genetic control over the resting brain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 107, 1223-1228.
44. Gogtay, N., Giedd, J. N., Lusk, L., Hayashi, K. M., Greenstein, D., Vaituzis, A. C., Nugent, T. F., Herman, D. H., Clasen, L. S., Toga, A. W., Rapoport, J. L., & Thompson, P. M. (2004). Dynamic mapping of human cortical development during childhood through early adulthood. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 101, 8174- 8179.
45. Gogtay, N., Giedd, J., & Rapoport, J. L. (2002). Brain development in healthy, hyperactive, and psychotic children. Archives of Neurology, 59, 1244-1248.
46. Gogtay, N., & Thompson, P. M. (2010). Mapping gray matter development: Implications for typical development and vulnerability to psychopathology. Brain and Cognition, 72, 6-15.
47. Gur, R. C., Ragland, J. D.,Moberg, P. J., Turner, T. H., Bilker, W. B., Kohler, C., Siegel, S. J., & Gur, R. E. (2001). Computerized neurocognitive scanning: I. Methodology and validation in healthy people. Neuropsychopharmacology, 25, 766-776.
48. Gur, R. C., Richard, J., Hughett, P., Calkins, M. E., Macy, L., Bilker, W. B., Brensinger, C., & Gur, R. E. (2010). A cognitive Neuro Science-based computerized battery for efficient measurement of individual differences: Standardization and initial construct validation. Journal of Neuro Science Methods, 187, 254-262.
49. Herting, M. M., Maxwell, E. C., Irvine, C., & Nagel, B. J. (2011). The impact of sex, puberty, and hormones on white matter microstructure in adolescents. Cerebral Cortex, Oct 14. [Epub ahead of print] Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22002939
50. Hoekstra, R. A., Bartels, M., Cath, D. C., & Boomsma, D. I. (2008). Factor structure, reliability and criterion validity of the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ): A study in Dutch population and patient groups. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38, 1555-1566.
51. Hoekstra,R.A., Bartels,M., vanLeeuwen,M., & Boomsma, D. I. (2009). Genetic architecture of verbal abilities in children and adolescents. Developmental Science, 12, 1041-1053.
52. Hulshoff Pol, H. E., Schnack, H. G., Posthuma, D., Mandl, R. C., Baare,W. F., van Oel, C., vanHaren, N. E., Collins, D. L., Evans, A. C., Amunts, K., Burgel, U., Zilles, K., De Geus, E., Boomsma,D. I., & Kahn, R. S. (2006). Genetic contributions to human brainmorphology and intelligence. Journal of Neuro Science, 26, 10235-10242.
53. Huttenlocher, P. R., & Dabholkar, A. S. (1997). Regional differences in synaptogenesis in human cerebral cortex. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 387, 167-178.
54. Insel, T. R. (2010). Rethinking schizophrenia. Nature, 468, 187-193.
55. Jansma, J.M., Ramsey,N. F.,Coppola, R., & Kahn, R. S. (2000). Specific versus nonspecific brain activity in a parametric N-back task. Neuroimage, 12, 688-697.
56. Karmiloff-Smith, A. (2010). Neuroimaging of the developing brain:Taking 'developing' seriously.Human Brain Mapping, 31, 934-941.
57. Keating, D. (2004). Cognitive and brain development. In L. Steinberg (Ed.), Handbook of adolescent psychology (2nd ed.). New York:Wiley.
58. Kessler, R. C.,Angermeyer,M.,Anthony, J.C., deGraff,R.,Demyttenaere, K., Gasquet, I., de Girolamo, G., Gluzman, S., Gureje,O.,Haro, J.M.,Kawakami,N., Karam,A., Levinson, D., Medina Mora, M. E., Oakley Browne, M. A., Posada- Villa, J., Stein, D. J.,Adley Tsang, C. H.,Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., Lee, S., Heeringa, S., Pennell, B. E., Berglund, P., Gruber, M. J., Petukhova, M., Chatterji, S., & Ustun, T. B. (2007). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of mental disorders in the World Health Organization's World Mental Health Survey Initiative.World Psychiatry, 6, 168-176.
59. Kochunov, P.,Glahn,D. C., Fox, P. T., Lancaster, J. L., Saleem, K., Shelledy,W., Zilles, K., Thompson, P. M., Coulon, O., Mangin, J. F., Blangero, J., & Rogers, J. (2010). Genetics of primary cerebral gyrification: Heritability of length, depth and area of primary sulci in an extended pedigree of Papio baboons. Neuroimage, 53, 1126-1134.
60. Koten, J. W., Wood, G., Hagoort, P., Goebel, R., Propping, P., Willmes, K., & Boomsma,D. I. (2009).Genetic contribution to variation in cognitive function: an FMRI study in twins. Science, 323, 1737-1740.
61. Kremen,W. S.,Prom-Wormley, E.,Panizzon,M. S.,Eyler,L.T., Fischl, B., Neale, M. C., Franz, C. E., Lyons, M. J., Pacheco, J., Perry, M. E., Stevens, A., Schmitt, J. E., Grant, M. D., Seidman, L. J., Thermenos, H. W., Tsuang, M. T., Eisen, S. A., Dale, A. M., & Fennema-Notestine, C. (2010). Genetic and environmental influences on the size of specific brain regions in midlife: The VETSA MRI study. Neuroimage, 49, 1213-1223.
62. Lebel, C., & Beaulieu, C. (2011). Longitudinal development of human brain wiring continues from childhood into adulthood. Journal of Neuro Science, 31, 10937-10947.
63. Lenroot, R. K., Gogtay, N., Greenstein, D. K., Wells, E. M., Wallace, G. L., Clasen, L. S., Blumenthal, J. D., Lerch, J., Zijdenbos, A. P., Evans, A. C., Thompson, P. M., & Giedd, J. N. (2007). Sexual dimorphism of brain developmental trajectories during childhood and adolescence. Neuroimage, 36, 1065-1073.
64. Lenroot,R.K., Schmitt, J.E., Ordaz, S. J.,Wallace,G. L., Neale, M. C., Lerch, J. P., Kendler, K. S., Evans, A. C., & Giedd, J. N. (2009).Differences in genetic and environmental influences on the human cerebral cortex associated with development during childhood and adolescence. Human Brain Mapping, 30, 163-174.
65. Limperopoulos, C., Soul, J. S., Gauvreau, K., Huppi, P. S., Warfield, S. K., Bassan, H., Robertson, R. L., Volpe, J. J., & du Plessis, A. J. (2005). Late gestation cerebellar growth is rapid and impeded by premature birth. Pediatrics, 115, 688-695.
66. Luciano, M., Smith, G. A., Wright, M. J., Geffen, G. M., Geffen, L. B., & Martin, N. G. (2001). On the heritability of inspection time and its covariance with IQ: A twin study. Intelligence, 29, 443-457.
67. Luna,B., & Sweeney, J.A. (2001). Studies of brain and cognitive maturation through childhood and adolescence: A strategy for testing neurodevelopmental hypotheses. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 27, 443-455.
68. Marshall,W.A., & Tanner, J. M. (1969).Variations in pattern of pubertal changes in girls. Archives of Diseases in Childhood, 44, 291-303.
69. Marshall, W. A., & Tanner, J. M. (1970). Variations in the pattern of pubertal changes in boys. Archives of Diseases in Childhood, 45, 13-23.
70. Muhle, R., Trentacoste, S. V., & Rapin, I. (2004). The genetics of autism. Pediatrics, 113, e472-e486.
71. Neufang, S., Specht, K., Hausmann, M., Gunturkun, O., Herpertz-Dahlmann, B., Fink, G. R., & Konrad, K. (2009). Sex differences and the impact of steroid hormones on the developing human brain. Cerebral Cortex, 19, 464-473.
72. Oldfield, R. C. (1971). The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh inventory. Neuropsychologia, 9, 97- 113.
73. Panizzon,M. S., Fennema-Notestine, C., Eyler, L. T., Jernigan, T.L., Prom-Wormley,E., Neale,M., Jacobson,K., Lyons,M. J., Grant,M. D., Franz, C. E., Xian, H., Tsuang,M., Fischl, B., Seidman, L., Dale, A., & Kremen, W. S. (2009). Distinct genetic influences on cortical surface area and cortical thickness. Cerebral Cortex, 19, 2728-2735.
74. Paus, T. (2005). Mapping brain maturation and cognitive development during adolescence. Trends in Cognitive Science, 9, 60-68.
75. Paus, T., Keshavan, M., & Giedd, J. N. (2008). Why do many psychiatric disorders emerge during adolescence? Nature Reviews Neuro Science, 9, 947-957.
76. Peper, J. S., Brouwer, R. M., Schnack, H. G., van Baal, G. C., van Leeuwen, M., van den Berg, S. M., Delemarre-van de Waal, H. A., Boomsma, D. I., Kahn, R. S., & Hulshoff Pol, H. E. (2009a). Sex steroids and brain structure in pubertal boys and girls. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34, 332-342.
77. Peper, J. S., Brouwer, R. M., Schnack, H. G., van Baal, G. C., van Leeuwen, M., van den Berg, S. M., Delemarre-van de Waal, H. A., Janke, A. L., Collins, D. L., Evans, A. C., Boomsma, D. I., Kahn, R. S., & Hulshoff Pol, H. E. (2008). Cerebral white matter in early puberty is associated with luteinizing hormone concentrations. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 33, 909-915.
78. Peper, J.S., Brouwer, R.M.,vanBaal,G. C.,Schnack,H.G., van Leeuwen,M., Boomsma, D. I., Kahn, R. S., & Hulshoff Pol, H. E. (2009b). Does having a twin brother make for a bigger brain? European Journal of Endocrinology, 160, 739-746.
79. Peper, J. S., Brouwer, R. M., van Leeuwen, M., Schnack, H. G., Boomsma, D. I., Kahn, R. S., & Hulshoff Pol, H. E. (2010). HPG axis hormones during puberty: A study on the association with hypothalamic and pituitary volumes. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 35, 133-140.
80. Peper, J. S.,Hulshoff Pol,H. E., Crone, E. A., & Honk, J. (2011) Sex steroids and brain structure in pubertal boys and girls: A mini-review of neuroimaging studies. Neuro Science, 191, 28-37.
81. Peper, J. S., Schnack, H. G., Brouwer, R.M., van Baal, G. C., Pjetri, E., Szekely, E., van Leeuwen, M., van den Berg, S. M., Collins, D. L., Evans, A. C., Boomsma, D. I., Kahn, R. S., & Hulshoff Pol, H. E. (2009c). Heritability of regional and global brain structure at the onset of puberty: A magnetic resonance imaging study in 9-year-old twin pairs. Human Brain Mapping, 30, 2184-2196.
82. Posthuma, D., de Geus, E. J., Baare, W. F., Hulshoff Pol, H. E., Kahn, R. S., & Boomsma, D. I. (2002). The association between brain volume and intelligence is of genetic origin. Nature Neuro Science, 5, 83-84.
83. Power, J. D., Fair, D. A., Schlaggar, B. L., & Petersen, S. E. (2010). The development of human functional brain networks. Neuron, 67, 735-748.
84. Ramsden, S., Richardson, F.M., Josse, G., Thomas, M. S. C., Ellis, C., Shakeshaft, C., Seghier,M. L., & Price, C. J. (2011). Verbal and non-verbal intelligence changes in the teenage brain. Nature, 479, 113-116.
85. Raven, J. C. (1960). Guide to the Standard Progressive Matrices. London: H.K. Lewis.
86. Raven, J., Raven, J. C., & Court, J. H. (1998). Raven manual: Section 4 Advanced Progressive Matrices. (1998 ed.) Oxford: Oxford Psychologists Press.
87. Read, G. F.,Walker, R. F.,Wilson, D.W., & Griffiths, K. (1990). Steroid analysis in saliva for the assessment of endocrine function. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 595, 260-274.
88. Riad-Fahmy, D., Read, G. F., Walker, R. F., Walker, S. M., & Griffiths, K. (1987). Determination of ovarian steroid hormone levels in saliva. An overview. Journal of Reproductive Medicine, 32, 254-272.
89. Rimol, L. M., Panizzon, M. S., Fennema-Notestine, C., Eyler, L. T., Fischl, B., Franz, C. E., Hagler, D. J., Lyons, M. J., Neale, M. C., Pacheco, J., Perry, M. E., Schmitt, J. E., Grant, M. D., Seidman, L. J., Thermenos, H. W., Tsuang, M. T., Eisen, S. A., Kremen, W. S., & Dale, A. M. (2010). Cortical thickness is influenced by regionally specific genetic factors. Biological Psychiatry, 67, 493-499.
90. Rogers, J., Kochunov, P., Lancaster, J., Shelledy, W., Glahn, D., Blangero, J., & Fox, P. (2007). Heritability of brain volume, surface area and shape: An MRI study in an extended pedigree of baboons. Human Brain Mapping, 28, 576-583.
91. Rogers, J., Kochunov, P., Zilles, K., Shelledy, W., Lancaster, J., Thompson, P., Duggirala, R., Blangero, J., Fox, P. T., & Glahn, D. C. (2010). On the genetic architecture of cortical folding and brain volume in primates. Neuroimage, 53, 1103-1108.
92. Schmitt, J. E., Eyler, L. T.,Giedd, J.N., Kremen,W. S., Kendler, K. S., & Neale, M. C. (2007).Review of twin and family studies on neuroanatomic phenotypes and typical neurodevelopment. Twin Research and Human Genetics, 10, 683-694.
93. Shaw, P., Eckstrand, K., Sharp,W., Blumenthal, J., Lerch, J. P., Greenstein, D., Clasen, L., Evans, A., Giedd, J., & Rapoport, J. L. (2007). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is characterized by a delay in cortical maturation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 104, 19649-19654.
94. Shaw, P., Gogtay, N., & Rapoport, J. (2010). Childhood psychiatric disorders as anomalies in neuro developmental trajectories. Human Brain Mapping, 31, 917-925.
95. Shaw, P., Greenstein, D., Lerch, J., Clasen, L., Lenroot, R., Gogtay, N., Evans, A., Rapoport, J., & Giedd, J. (2006). Intellectual ability and cortical development in children and adolescents. Nature, 440, 676-679.
96. Simon, H. A. (1975). Functional equivalence of problem solving skills. Cognitive Psychology, 7, 268-288.
97. Sisk, C. L., & Foster, D. L. (2004). The neural basis of puberty and adolescence. Nature Neuro Science, 7, 1040-1047.
98. Smit, D. J., Stam, C. J., Posthuma, D., Boomsma, D. I., & de Geus, E. J. (2008). Heritability of 'small-world' networks in the brain: A graph theoretical analysis of resting-state EEG functional connectivity. Human Brain Mapping, 29, 1368-1378.
99. Sowell,E.R.,Trauner,D.A., Gamst, A., & Jernigan,T. L. (2002). Development of cortical and subcortical brain structures in childhood and adolescence: A structural MRI study. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 44, 4-16.
100. Steinberg, L. (2005). Cognitive and affective development in adolescence. Trends in Cognitive Science, 9, 69-74.
101. Stroop, J. R. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18, 643-662.
102. Supekar, K., Musen, M., & Menon, V. (2009). Development of large-scale functional brain networks in children. PLoS Biology, 7, e1000157.
103. Supekar, K., Uddin, L. Q., Prater, K., Amin, H., Greicius, M. D., & Menon, V. (2010). Development of functional and structural connectivity within the defaultmode network in young children. Neuroimage, 52, 290-301.
104. Tamnes, C. K., Ostby, Y., Fjell, A. M., Westlye, L. T., Due-Tonnessen, P., & Walhovd, K. B. (2010). Brain maturation in adolescence and young adulthood: Regional agerelated changes in cortical thickness and white matter volume and microstructure. Cerebral Cortex, 20, 534-548.
105. Tanner, J. M., & Whitehouse, R. H. (1976). Clinical longitudinal standards for height, weight, height velocity, weight velocity, and stages of puberty. Archives of Diseases in Childhood, 51, 170-179.
106. Tiemeier, H., Lenroot, R. K., Greenstein, D. K., Tran, L., Pierson, R., & Giedd, J. N. (2010). Cerebellum development during childhood and adolescence: A longitudinal morphometric MRI study. Neuroimage, 49, 63-70.
107. van Beijsterveldt, C. E., & Boomsma, D. I. (2007). Genetics of parentally reported asthma, eczema and rhinitis in 5-yr-old twins. European Respiratory Journal, 29, 516-521.
108. van den Burg, W., & Kingma, A. (1999). Performance of 225 Dutch school children on Rey's Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT): Parallel test-retest reliabilities with an interval of 3 months and normative data. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 14, 545-559.
109. van den Heuvel, M. P. & Hulshoff Pol, H. E. (2010). Exploring the brain network: A review on resting-state fMRI functional connectivity. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 20, 519-534.
110. van den Heuvel, M. P.,Mandl, R. C., Kahn, R. S., & Hulshoff Pol, H. E. (2009). Functionally linked resting-state networks reflect the underlying structural connectivity architecture of the human brain.Human Brain Mapping, 30, 3127-3141.
111. van Leeuwen, M., Peper, J. S., van den Berg, S.M., Brouwer, R. M., Hulschoff Pol, E. H., Kahn, R. S., & Boomsma, D. I. (2009a). A genetic analysis of brain volumes and IQ in children. Intelligence, 37, 181-191.
112. van Leeuwen, M., van den Berg, S. M., & Boomsma, D. I. (2008). A twin-family study of general IQ. Learning and Individual Differences, 18, 76-88.
113. van Leeuwen, M., van den Berg, S. M., Hoekstra, R. A., & Boomsma, D. I. (2007). Endopheno Types for intelligence in children and adolescents. Intelligence, 35, 369-380.
114. van Leeuwen, M., van den Berg, S. M., Hoekstra, R. A., & Boomsma, D. I. (2009b). The genetic and environmental structure of verbal and visuospatial memory in young adults and children. Neuropsychology, 23, 792-802.
115. van Leeuwen, M., van den Berg, S. M., Peper, J. S., Hulschoff Pol, H. E., & Boomsma, D. I. (2009c). Genetic covariance structure of reading, intelligence and memory in children. Behavior Genetics, 39, 245-254.
116. van Leijenhorst, L., Moor, B. G., de Macks, Z. A. O., Rombouts, S. A. R. B.,Westenberg, P. M., & Crone, E. A. (2010). Adolescent risky decision-making: Neurocognitive development of reward and control regions. Neuroimage, 51, 345-355.
117. van Soelen, I. L. C., Brouwer, R. M., Peper, J. S., van Beijsterveldt, T. C., van, L. M., de Vries, L. S., Kahn, R. S., Hulshoff Pol, H. E., & Boomsma, D. I. (2010). Effects of Gestational Age and Birth Weight on Brain Volumes in Healthy 9 Year-Old Children. Journal of Pediatrics, 156, 896-901.
118. van Soelen, I. L. C., Brouwer, R. M., van Baal, G. C. M., Schnack,H.G., Peper, J. S.,Chen, L.,Kahn, R. S.,Boomsma, D. I., & Hulshoff Pol, H. E. (2011a). Heritability of volumetric brain changes and height in children entering puberty. Human Brain Mapping. doi:10.1002/hbm.21468
119. van Soelen, I. L. C., Brouwer, R. M., van Baal, G. C. M., Schnack, H. G., Peper, J. S., Collins, D. L., Evans, A., Kahn, R. S., Boomsma, D. I., & Hulshoff Pol, H. E. (2011b). Genetic influences on thinning of the cerebral cortex during development. NeuroImage, 59, 3871-3880.
120. van Soelen, I. L. C., Brouwer, R. M., van Leeuwen, M., Kahn, R. S., Hulshoff Pol, H. E., & Boomsma, D. I. (2011c). Heritability of verbal and performance intelligence in a pediatric longitudinal sample. Twin Research and Human Genetics, 14, 119-128.
121. van Soelen, I. L. C., van den Berg, S. M., Dekker, P. H., van Leeuwen, M., Peper, J. S., Hulschoff Pol, H. E., & Boomsma, D. I. (2009). Individual differences in dynamic measures of verbal learning abilities in young twin pairs and their older siblings. Learning and Individual Differences, 19, 440-444.
122. Verhulst, F. C., van der Ende, J., & Koot, H. M. (1997). Handleiding voor de Youth Self Report (YSR) [Dutch manual for the YSR]. Rotterdam, The Netherlands: Academic Medical Center, Rotterdam / Erasmus University, Sophia Children's Hospital, Department of Child Psychiatry.
123. Walker, R. F., Read, G. F.,Wilson, D. W., Riad-Fahmy, D., & Griffiths, K. (1990).Chronobiology in laboratory medicine: Principles and clinical applications illustrated from measurements of neutral steroids in saliva. Progress in Clinical Biological Research, 341A, 105-117.
124. Wallace, G. L., Dankner, N., Kenworthy, L., Giedd, J. N., & Martin, A. (2010). Age-related temporal and parietal cortical thinning in autism-spectrum disorders. Brain, 133, 3745-3754.
125. Wallace, G. L., Eric, S. J., Lenroot, R., Viding, E., Ordaz, S., Rosenthal, M. A., Molloy, E. A., Clasen, L. S., Kendler, K. S., Neale, M. C., & Giedd, J. N. (2006). A pediatric twin study of brain morphometry. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47, 987-993.
126. Wechsler,D., Kort,W., Compaan, E. L., Belichrodt,N., Resing, W. C. M., Schittekatte, M., Bosmans, M., Vermeir, G., & Verhaeghe, P. (2002). Handleiding WISC-IIInl [Manual WISC-IIInl]. London: The Psychological Corporation Limited, Nederlands Insitiuut van Psychologen Dienstencentrum.
127. Yakovlev, P. I., & Lecours,A. (1967). Themyelogenetic cycles of regional maturation of the brain. In A. Minkowski (Ed.), Regional development of the brain in early life (pp. 3-70). Oxford: Blackwell.
128. Yoon,U., Fahim, C., Perusse,D., & Evans,A.C. (2010). Lateralized genetic and environmental influences on human brain morphology of 8-year-old twins. Neuroimage, 53, 1117- 1125.