New advances in the genetic basis of atrial fibrillation

Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology

Volumn 23, Issue 12, 2012, Pages 1400-1406

  Mahida, Saagar ^a   Ellinor, Patrick T ^a  

^a MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

atrial fibrillation; genetics; heart rate; inherited arrhythmias; molecular biology

Indexed keywords

ION CHANNEL; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR;

CHROMOSOME 4Q; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; EXOME; GENE LINKAGE DISEQUILIBRIUM; GENE LOCUS; GENE SEQUENCE; GENETIC ANALYSIS; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GENOTYPE; HEART ATRIUM FIBRILLATION; HERITABILITY; HUMAN; INTRON; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM; VALIDATION PROCESS;

ATRIAL FIBRILLATION; GENETIC MARKERS; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; GENETIC TESTING; HUMANS; POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE; PREVALENCE;

EID: 84871242129     PISSN: 10453873     EISSN: 15408167     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8167.2012.02445.x     Document Type: Review

References (73)

1. Snellen H,: Two Pioneers of Electrocardiography. The Correspondence Between Einthoven and Lewis from 1908-1926. Netherlands: Alphen a/d Rijn, 1983.
2. Fox CS, Parise H, D'Agostino RB, Sr., Lloyd-Jones DM, Vasan RS, Wang TJ, Levy D, Wolf PA, Benjamin EJ,: Parental atrial fibrillation as a risk factor for at 0rial fibrillation in offspring. JAMA 2004; 291: 2851-2855. (Pubitemid 38747806)
3. Ellinor PT, Yoerger DM, Ruskin JN, MacRae CA,: Familial aggregation in lone atrial fibrillation. Hum Genet 2005; 118: 179-184. (Pubitemid 41672080)
4. Darbar D, Herron KJ, Ballew JD, Jahangir A, Gersh BJ, Shen WK, Hammill SC, Packer DL, Olson TM,: Familial atrial fibrillation is a genetically heterogeneous disorder. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 41: 2185-2192. (Pubitemid 36724265)
5. Chen YH, Xu SJ, Bendahhou S, Wang XL, Wang Y, Xu WY, Jin HW, Sun H, Su XY, Zhuang QN, Yang YQ, Li YB, Liu Y, Xu HJ, Li XF, Ma N, Mou CP, Chen Z, Barhanin J, Huang W,: KCNQ1 gain-of-function mutation in familial atrial fibrillation. Science 2003; 299: 251-254. (Pubitemid 36125211)
6. Xia M, Jin Q, Bendahhou S, He Y, Larroque MM, Chen Y, Zhou Q, Yang Y, Liu Y, Liu B, Zhu Q, Zhou Y, Lin J, Liang B, Li L, Dong X, Pan Z, Wang R, Wan H, Qiu W, Xu W, Eurlings P, Barhanin J, Chen Y,: A Kir2.1 gain-of-function mutation underlies familial atrial fibrillation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 332: 1012-1019. (Pubitemid 40798187)
7. Hong K, Piper DR, Diaz-Valdecantos A, Brugada J, Oliva A, Burashnikov E, Santos-de-Soto J, Grueso-Montero J, Diaz-Enfante E, Brugada P, Sachse F, Sanguinetti MC, Brugada R,: De novo KCNQ1 mutation responsible for atrial fibrillation and short QT syndrome in utero. Cardiovasc Res 2005; 68: 433-440. (Pubitemid 41566563)
8. Das S, Makino S, Melman YF, Shea MA, Goyal SB, Rosenzweig A, Macrae CA, Ellinor PT,: Mutation in the S3 segment of KCNQ1 results in familial lone atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm 2009; 6: 1146-1153.
9. Olson TM, Alekseev AE, Liu XK, Park S, Zingman LV, Bienengraeber M, Sattiraju S, Ballew JD, Jahangir A, Terzic A,: Kv1.5 channelopathy due to KCNA5 loss-of-function mutation causes human atrial fibrillation. Hum Mol Genet 2006; 15: 2185-2191. (Pubitemid 43985509)
10. Olson TM, Michels VV, Ballew JD, Reyna SP, Karst ML, Herron KJ, Horton SC, Rodeheffer RJ, Anderson JL,: Sodium channel mutations and susceptibility to heart failure and atrial fibrillation. JAMA 2005; 293: 447-454.
11. Watanabe H, Darbar D, Kaiser DW, Jiramongkolchai K, Chopra S, Donahue BS, Kannankeril PJ, Roden DM,: Mutations in sodium channel beta1-and beta2-subunits associated with atrial fibrillation. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2009; 2: 268-275.
12. Gudbjartsson DF, Arnar DO, Helgadottir A, Gretarsdottir S, Holm H, Sigurdsson A, Jonasdottir A, Baker A, Thorleifsson G, Kristjansson K, Palsson A, Blondal T, Sulem P, Backman VM, Hardarson GA, Palsdottir E, Helgason A, Sigurjonsdottir R, Sverrisson JT, Kostulas K, Ng MC, Baum L, So WY, Wong KS, Chan JC, Furie KL, Greenberg SM, Sale M, Kelly P, MacRae CA, Smith EE, Rosand J, Hillert J, Ma RC, Ellinor PT, Thorgeirsson G, Gulcher JR, Kong A, Thorsteinsdottir U, Stefansson K,: Variants conferring risk of atrial fibrillation on chromosome 4q25. Nature 2007; 448: 353-357. (Pubitemid 47080348)
13. Ellinor PT, Lunetta KL, Glazer NL, Pfeufer A, Alonso A, Chung MK, Sinner MF, de Bakker PI, Mueller M, Lubitz SA, Fox E, Darbar D, Smith NL, Smith JD, Schnabel RB, Soliman EZ, Rice KM, Van Wagoner DR, Beckmann BM, van Noord C, Wang K, Ehret GB, Rotter JI, Hazen SL, Steinbeck G, Smith AV, Launer LJ, Harris TB, Makino S, Nelis M, Milan DJ, Perz S, Esko T, Kottgen A, Moebus S, Newton-Cheh C, Li M, Mohlenkamp S, Wang TJ, Kao WH, Vasan RS, Nothen MM, MacRae CA, Stricker BH, Hofman A, Uitterlinden AG, Levy D, Boerwinkle E, Metspalu A, Topol EJ, Chakravarti A, Gudnason V, Psaty BM, Roden DM, Meitinger T, Wichmann HE, Witteman JC, Barnard J, Arking DE, Benjamin EJ, Heckbert SR, Kaab S,: Common variants in KCNN3 are associated with lone atrial fibrillation. Nat Genet 2010; 42: 240-244.
14. Benjamin EJ, Rice KM, Arking DE, Pfeufer A, van Noord C, Smith AV, Schnabel RB, Bis JC, Boerwinkle E, Sinner MF, Dehghan A, Lubitz SA, D'Agostino RB Sr, Lumley T, Ehret GB, Heeringa J, Aspelund T, Newton-Cheh C, Larson MG, Marciante KD, Soliman EZ, Rivadeneira F, Wang TJ, Eiriksdottir G, Levy D, Psaty BM, Li M, Chamberlain AM, Hofman A, Vasan RS, Harris TB, Rotter JI, Kao WH, Agarwal SK, Stricker BH, Wang K, Launer LJ, Smith NL, Chakravarti A, Uitterlinden AG, Wolf PA, Sotoodehnia N, Kottgen A, van Duijn CM, Meitinger T, Mueller M, Perz S, Steinbeck G, Wichmann HE, Lunetta KL, Heckbert SR, Gudnason V, Alonso A, Kaab S, Ellinor PT, Witteman JC,: Variants in ZFHX3 are associated with atrial fibrillation in individuals of European ancestry. Nat Genet 2009; 41: 879-881.
15. Ellinor PT, Lunetta KL, Albert CM, Glazer NL, Ritchie MD, Smith AV, Arking DE, Muller-Nurasyid M, Krijthe BP, Lubitz SA, Bis JC, Chung MK, Dorr M, Ozaki K, Roberts JD, Smith JG, Pfeufer A, Sinner MF, Lohman K, Ding J, Smith NL, Smith JD, Rienstra M, Rice KM, Van Wagoner DR, Magnani JW, Wakili R, Clauss S, Rotter JI, Steinbeck G, Launer LJ, Davies RW, Borkovich M, Harris TB, Lin H, Volker U, Volzke H, Milan DJ, Hofman A, Boerwinkle E, Chen LY, Soliman EZ, Voight BF, Li G, Chakravarti A, Kubo M, Tedrow UB, Rose LM, Ridker PM, Conen D, Tsunoda T, Furukawa T, Sotoodehnia N, Xu S, Kamatani N, Levy D, Nakamura Y, Parvez B, Mahida S, Furie KL, Rosand J, Muhammad R, Psaty BM, Meitinger T, Perz S, Wichmann HE, Witteman JC, Kao WH, Kathiresan S, Roden DM, Uitterlinden AG, Rivadeneira F, McKnight B, Sjogren M, Newman AB, Liu Y, Gollob MH, Melander O, Tanaka T, Stricker BH, Felix SB, Alonso A, Darbar D, Barnard J, Chasman DI, Heckbert SR, Benjamin EJ, Gudnason V, Kaab S,: Meta-analysis identifies six new susceptibility loci for atrial fibrillation. Nat Genet 2012; 44: 670-675.
16. Mahida S, Lubitz SA, Rienstra M, Milan DJ, Ellinor PT,: Monogenic atrial fibrillation as pathophysiological paradigms. Cardiovasc Res 2011; 89: 692-700.
17. Kaab S, Darbar D, van Noord C, Dupuis J, Pfeufer A, Newton-Cheh C, Schnabel R, Makino S, Sinner MF, Kannankeril PJ, Beckmann BM, Choudry S, Donahue BS, Heeringa J, Perz S, Lunetta KL, Larson MG, Levy D, Macrae CA, Ruskin JN, Wacker A, Schomig A, Wichmann HE, Steinbeck G, Meitinger T, Uitterlinden AG, Witteman JC, Roden DM, Benjamin EJ, Ellinor PT,: Large scale replication and meta-analysis of variants on chromosome 4q25 associated with atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J 2009;30:813-819.
18. Viviani Anselmi C, Novelli V, Roncarati R, Malovini A, Bellazzi R, Bronzini R, Marchese G, Condorelli G, Montenero AS, Puca AA,: Association of rs2200733 at 4q25 with atrial flutter/fibrillation diseases in an Italian population. Heart 2008; 94: 1394-1396.
19. Shi L, Li C, Wang C, Xia Y, Wu G, Wang F, Xu C, Wang P, Li X, Wang D, Xiong X, Bai Y, Liu M, Liu J, Ren X, Gao L, Wang B, Zeng Q, Yang B, Ma X, Yang Y, Tu X, Wang QK,: Assessment of association of rs2200733 on chromosome 4q25 with atrial fibrillation and ischemic stroke in a Chinese Han population. Hum Genet 2009; 126: 843-849.
20. Logan M, Pagan-Westphal SM, Smith DM, Paganessi L, Tabin CJ,: The transcription factor Pitx2 mediates situs-specific morphogenesis in response to left-right asymmetric signals. Cell 1998; 94: 307-317. (Pubitemid 28376075)
21. Yoshioka H, Meno C, Koshiba K, Sugihara M, Itoh H, Ishimaru Y, Inoue T, Ohuchi H, Semina EV, Murray JC, Hamada H, Noji S,: Pitx2, a bicoid-type homeobox gene, is involved in a lefty-signaling pathway in determination of left-right asymmetry. Cell 1998; 94: 299-305. (Pubitemid 28376074)
22. Mommersteeg MT, Hoogaars WM, Prall OW, de Gier-de Vries C, Wiese C, Clout DE, Papaioannou VE, Brown NA, Harvey RP, Moorman AF, Christoffels VM,: Molecular pathway for the localized formation of the sinoatrial node. Circ Res 2007; 100: 354-362.
23. Mommersteeg MT, Brown NA, Prall OW, de Gier-de Vries C, Harvey RP, Moorman AF, Christoffels VM,: Pitx2c and Nkx2-5 are required for the formation and identity of the pulmonary myocardium. Circ Res 2007; 101: 902-909. (Pubitemid 350287177)
24. Manolio TA,: Genomewide association studies and assessment of the risk of disease. N Engl J Med 2010; 363: 166-176.
25. Lubitz SA, Sinner MF, Lunetta KL, Makino S, Pfeufer A, Rahman R, Veltman CE, Barnard J, Bis JC, Danik SP, Sonni A, Shea MA, Del Monte F, Perz S, Muller M, Peters A, Greenberg SM, Furie KL, van Noord C, Boerwinkle E, Stricker BH, Witteman J, Smith JD, Chung MK, Heckbert SR, Benjamin EJ, Rosand J, Arking DE, Alonso A, Kaab S, Ellinor PT,: Independent susceptibility markers for atrial fibrillation on chromosome 4q25. Circulation 2010; 122: 976-984.
26. Kirchhof P, Kahr PC, Kaese S, Piccini I, Vokshi I, Scheld HH, Rotering H, Fortmueller L, Laakmann S, Verheule S, Schotten U, Fabritz L, Brown NA,: PITX2c is expressed in the adult left atrium, and reducing Pitx2c expression promotes atrial fibrillation inducibility and complex changes in gene expression. Circ Cardiovasc Genet 2011; 4: 123-133.
27. Wang J, Klysik E, Sood S, Johnson RL, Wehrens XH, Martin JF,: Pitx2 prevents susceptibility to atrial arrhythmias by inhibiting left-sided pacemaker specification. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010; 107: 9753-9758.
28. Chinchilla A, Daimi H, Lozano-Velasco E, Dominguez JN, Caballero R, Delpon E, Tamargo J, Cinca J, Hove-Madsen L, Aranega AE, Franco D,: PITX2 insufficiency leads to atrial electrical and structural remodeling linked to arrhythmogenesis. Circ Cardiovasc Genet 2011; 4: 269-279.
29. Husser D, Adams V, Piorkowski C, Hindricks G, Bollmann A,: Chromosome 4q25 variants and atrial fibrillation recurrence after catheter ablation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 55: 747-753.
30. Body SC, Collard CD, Shernan SK, Fox AA, Liu KY, Ritchie MD, Perry TE, Muehlschlegel JD, Aranki S, Donahue BS, Pretorius M, Estrada JC, Ellinor PT, Newton-Cheh C, Seidman CE, Seidman JG, Herman DS, Lichtner P, Meitinger T, Pfeufer A, Kaab S, Brown NJ, Roden DM, Darbar D,: Variation in the 4q25 chromosomal locus predicts atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Circ Cardiovasc Genet 2009; 2: 499-506.
31. Gretarsdottir S, Thorleifsson G, Manolescu A, Styrkarsdottir U, Helgadottir A, Gschwendtner A, Kostulas K, Kuhlenbaumer G, Bevan S, Jonsdottir T, Bjarnason H, Saemundsdottir J, Palsson S, Arnar DO, Holm H, Thorgeirsson G, Valdimarsson EM, Sveinbjornsdottir S, Gieger C, Berger K, Wichmann HE, Hillert J, Markus H, Gulcher JR, Ringelstein EB, Kong A, Dichgans M, Gudbjartsson DF, Thorsteinsdottir U, Stefansson K,: Risk variants for atrial fibrillation on chromosome 4q25 associate with ischemic stroke. Ann Neurol 2008; 64: 402-409.
32. Ellinor PT, Lunetta KL, Albert CM, Glazer NL, Ritchie MD, Smith AV, Arking DE, Muller-Nurasyid M, Krijthe BP, Lubitz SA, Bis JC, Chung MK, Dorr M, Ozaki K, Roberts JD, Smith JG, Pfeufer A, Sinner MF, Lohman K, Ding J, Smith NL, Smith JD, Rienstra M, Rice KM, Van Wagoner DR, Magnani JW, Wakili R, Clauss S, Rotter JI, Steinbeck G, Launer LJ, Davies RW, Borkovich M, Harris TB, Lin H, Volker U, Volzke H, Milan DJ, Hofman A, Boerwinkle E, Chen LY, Soliman EZ, Voight BF, Li G, Chakravarti A, Kubo M, Tedrow UB, Rose LM, Ridker PM, Conen D, Tsunoda T, Furukawa T, Sotoodehnia N, Xu S, Kamatani N, Levy D, Nakamura Y, Parvez B, Mahida S, Furie KL, Rosand J, Muhammad R, Psaty BM, Meitinger T, Perz S, Wichmann HE, Witteman JC, Kao WH, Kathiresan S, Roden DM, Uitterlinden AG, Rivadeneira F, McKnight B, Sjogren M, Newman AB, Liu Y, Gollob MH, Melander O, Tanaka T, Stricker BH, Felix SB, Alonso A, Darbar D, Barnard J, Chasman DI, Heckbert SR, Benjamin EJ, Gudnason V, Kaab S,: Meta-analysis identifies six new susceptibility loci for atrial fibrillation. Nat Genet 2012;44:670-675.
33. Berry FB, Miura Y, Mihara K, Kaspar P, Sakata N, Hashimoto-Tamaoki T, Tamaoki T,: Positive and negative regulation of myogenic differentiation of C2C12 cells by isoforms of the multiple homeodomain zinc finger transcription factor ATBF1. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 25057-25065.
34. Jung CG, Kim HJ, Kawaguchi M, Khanna KK, Hida H, Asai K, Nishino H, Miura Y,: Homeotic factor ATBF1 induces the cell cycle arrest associated with neuronal differentiation. Development 2005; 132: 5137-5145. (Pubitemid 43020170)
35. Chesterman ES, Gainey GD, Varn AC, Peterson RE Jr, Kern MJ,: Investigation of Prx1 protein expression provides evidence for conservation of cardiac-specific posttranscriptional regulation in vertebrates. Dev Dyn 2001; 222: 459-470. (Pubitemid 33042144)
36. Schnabel RB, Sullivan LM, Levy D, Pencina MJ, Massaro JM, D'Agostino RB Sr, Newton-Cheh C, Yamamoto JF, Magnani JW, Tadros TM, Kannel WB, Wang TJ, Ellinor PT, Wolf PA, Vasan RS, Benjamin EJ,: Development of a risk score for atrial fibrillation (Framingham Heart Study): A community-based cohort study. Lancet 2009; 373: 739-745.
37. Ihida-Stansbury K, McKean DM, Gebb SA, Martin JF, Stevens T, Nemenoff R, Akeson A, Vaughn J, Jones PL,: Paired-related homeobox gene Prx1 is required for pulmonary vascular development. Circ Res 2004; 94: 1507-1514. (Pubitemid 38780324)
38. Bergwerff M, Gittenberger-de Groot AC, Wisse LJ, DeRuiter MC, Wessels A, Martin JF, Olson EN, Kern MJ,: Loss of function of the Prx1 and Prx2 homeobox genes alters architecture of the great elastic arteries and ductus arteriosus. Virchows Arch 2000; 436: 12-19. (Pubitemid 30122223)
39. Kohler M, Hirschberg B, Bond CT, Kinzie JM, Marrion NV, Maylie J, Adelman JP,: Small-conductance, calcium-activated potassium channels from mammalian brain. Science 1996; 273: 1709-1714. (Pubitemid 26317786)
40. Li N, Timofeyev V, Tuteja D, Xu D, Lu L, Zhang Q, Zhang Z, Singapuri A, Albert TR, Rajagopal AV, Bond CT, Periasamy M, Adelman J, Chiamvimonvat N,: Ablation of a Ca2+-activated K+ channel (SK2 channel) results in action potential prolongation in atrial myocytes and atrial fibrillation. J Physiol 2009; 587: 1087-1100.
41. Schulze-Bahr E, Neu A, Friederich P, Kaupp UB, Breithardt G, Pongs O, Isbrandt D,: Pacemaker channel dysfunction in a patient with sinus node disease. J Clin Invest 2003; 111: 1537-1545. (Pubitemid 38063286)
42. Milanesi R, Baruscotti M, Gnecchi-Ruscone T, DiFrancesco D,: Familial sinus bradycardia associated with a mutation in the cardiac pacemaker channel. N Engl J Med 2006; 354: 151-157. (Pubitemid 43076712)
43. Frey N, Olson EN,: Calsarcin-3, a novel skeletal muscle-specific member of the calsarcin family, interacts with multiple Z-disc proteins. J Biol Chem 2002; 277: 13998-14004. (Pubitemid 34968008)
44. Beqqali A, Monshouwer-Kloots J, Monteiro R, Welling M, Bakkers J, Ehler E, Verkleij A, Mummery C, Passier R,: CHAP is a newly identified Z-disc protein essential for heart and skeletal muscle function. J Cell Sci 2010; 123: 1141-1150.
45. Sowa G,: Caveolae, caveolins, cavins, and endothelial cell function: New insights. Front Physiol 2012; 2: 120.
46. Nicolae DL, Gamazon E, Zhang W, Duan S, Dolan ME, Cox NJ,: Trait-associated SNPs are more likely to be eQTLs: Annotation to enhance discovery from GWAS. PLoS Genet 2010; 6: e1000888.
47. Liu Y, Liu XS, Wei L, Altman RB, Batzoglou S,: Eukaryotic regulatory element conservation analysis and identification using comparative genomics. Genome Res 2004; 14: 451-458. (Pubitemid 38380399)
48. Carey M,: Transcriptional Regulation in Eukaryotes: Concepts, Strategies, and Techniques. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2000.
49. Loots GG,: Genomic identification of regulatory elements by evolutionary sequence comparison and functional analysis. Adv Genet 2008; 61: 269-293.
50. Manolio TA, Collins FS, Cox NJ, Goldstein DB, Hindorff LA, Hunter DJ, McCarthy MI, Ramos EM, Cardon LR, Chakravarti A, Cho JH, Guttmacher AE, Kong A, Kruglyak L, Mardis E, Rotimi CN, Slatkin M, Valle D, Whittemore AS, Boehnke M, Clark AG, Eichler EE, Gibson G, Haines JL, Mackay TF, McCarroll SA, Visscher PM,: Finding the missing heritability of complex diseases. Nature 2009; 461: 747-753.
51. Cirulli ET, Goldstein DB,: Uncovering the roles of rare variants in common disease through whole-genome sequencing. Nat Rev Genet 2010; 11: 415-425.
52. Rosenberg NA, Huang L, Jewett EM, Szpiech ZA, Jankovic I, Boehnke M,: Genome-wide association studies in diverse populations. Nat Rev Genet 2010; 11: 356-366.
53. Go AS, Hylek EM, Phillips KA, Chang Y, Henault LE, Selby JV, Singer DE,: Prevalence of diagnosed atrial fibrillation in adults: National implications for rhythm management and stroke prevention. The AnTicoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation (ATRIA) Study. JAMA 2001; 285: 2370-2375. (Pubitemid 32424106)
54. Ruo B, Capra AM, Jensvold NG, Go AS,: Racial variation in the prevalence of atrial fibrillation among patients with heart failure: The Epidemiology, Practice, Outcomes, and Costs of Heart Failure (EPOCH) study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 43: 429-435. (Pubitemid 38167704)
55. Marcus GM, Alonso A, Peralta CA, Lettre G, Vittinghoff E, Lubitz SA, Fox ER, Levitzky YS, Mehra R, Kerr KF, Deo R, Sotoodehnia N, Akylbekova M, Ellinor PT, Paltoo DN, Soliman EZ, Benjamin EJ, Heckbert SR,: European ancestry as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation in African Americans. Circulation 2010; 122: 2009-2015.
56. Lubitz SA, Yin X, Fontes JD, Magnani JW, Rienstra M, Pai M, Villalon ML, Vasan RS, Pencina MJ, Levy D, Larson MG, Ellinor PT, Benjamin EJ,: Association between familial atrial fibrillation and risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation. JAMA 2010; 304: 2263-2269.
57. Kooperberg C, LeBlanc M, Obenchain V,: Risk prediction using genome-wide association studies. Genet Epidemiol 2010; 34: 643-652.
58. Wray NR, Goddard ME, Visscher PM,: Prediction of individual genetic risk to disease from genome-wide association studies. Genome Res 2007; 17: 1520-1528. (Pubitemid 47529436)
59. Ackerman MJ, Priori SG, Willems S, Berul C, Brugada R, Calkins H, Camm AJ, Ellinor PT, Gollob M, Hamilton R, Hershberger RE, Judge DP, Le Marec H, McKenna WJ, Schulze-Bahr E, Semsarian C, Towbin JA, Watkins H, Wilde A, Wolpert C, Zipes DP,: HRS/EHRA Expert Consensus Statement on the State of Genetic Testing for the Channelopathies and Cardiomyopathies. This document was developed as a partnership between the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS) and the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA). Heart Rhythm 2011; 8: 1308-1339.
60. Smith JG, Newton-Cheh C, Almgren P, Struck J, Morgenthaler NG, Bergmann A, Platonov PG, Hedblad B, Engstrom G, Wang TJ, Melander O,: Assessment of conventional cardiovascular risk factors and multiple biomarkers for the prediction of incident heart failure and atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 56: 1712-1719.
61. Strobaek D, Hougaard C, Johansen TH, Sorensen US, Nielsen EO, Nielsen KS, Taylor RD, Pedarzani P, Christophersen P,: Inhibitory gating modulation of small conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels by the synthetic compound (R)-N-(benzimidazol-2-yl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphtylamine (NS8593) reduces afterhyperpolarizing current in hippocampal CA1 neurons. Mol Pharmacol 2006; 70: 1771-1782.
62. Strobaek D, Jorgensen TD, Christophersen P, Ahring PK, Olesen SP,: Pharmacological characterization of small-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels stably expressed in HEK 293 cells. Br J Pharmacol 2000; 129: 991-999. (Pubitemid 30142913)
63. Diness JG, Sorensen US, Nissen JD, Al-Shahib B, Jespersen T, Grunnet M, Hansen RS,: Inhibition of small-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels terminates and protects against atrial fibrillation. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2010; 3: 380-390.
64. Skibsbye L, Diness JG, Sorensen US, Hansen RS, Grunnet M,: The duration of pacing-induced atrial fibrillation is reduced in vivo by inhibition of small conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2011; 57: 672-681.
65. Bucchi A, Tognati A, Milanesi R, Baruscotti M, DiFrancesco D,: Properties of ivabradine-induced block of HCN1 and HCN4 pacemaker channels. J Physiol 2006; 572: 335-346.
66. Barbuti A, Scavone A, Mazzocchi N, Terragni B, Baruscotti M, DiFrancesco D,: A caveolin-binding domain in the HCN4 channels mediates functional interaction with caveolin proteins. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2012;53:187-195.
67. Lin MT, Adelman JP, Maylie J,: Modulation of endothelial SK3 channel activity by Ca2+-dependent caveolar trafficking. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2012;303:C318-327.
68. Gudbjartsson DF, Holm H, Gretarsdottir S, Thorleifsson G, Walters GB, Thorgeirsson G, Gulcher J, Mathiesen EB, Njolstad I, Nyrnes A, Wilsgaard T, Hald EM, Hveem K, Stoltenberg C, Kucera G, Stubblefield T, Carter S, Roden D, Ng MC, Baum L, So WY, Wong KS, Chan JC, Gieger C, Wichmann HE, Gschwendtner A, Dichgans M, Kuhlenbaumer G, Berger K, Ringelstein EB, Bevan S, Markus HS, Kostulas K, Hillert J, Sveinbjornsdottir S, Valdimarsson EM, Lochen ML, Ma RC, Darbar D, Kong A, Arnar DO, Thorsteinsdottir U, Stefansson K,: A sequence variant in ZFHX3 on 16q22 associates with atrial fibrillation and ischemic stroke. Nat Genet 2009; 41: 876-878.
69. Jorgensen TJ, Ruczinski I, Kessing B, Smith MW, Shugart YY, Alberg AJ,: Hypothesis-driven candidate gene association studies: Practical design and analytical considerations. Am J Epidemiol 2009; 170: 986-993.
70. Vignal A, Milan D, SanCristobal M, Eggen A,: A review on SNP and other types of molecular markers and their use in animal genetics. Genet Sel Evol 2002; 34: 275-305. (Pubitemid 34774107)
71. Reumers J, Conde L, Medina I, Maurer-Stroh S, Van Durme J, Dopazo J, Rousseau F, Schymkowitz J,: Joint annotation of coding and non-coding single nucleotide polymorphisms and mutations in the SNPeffect and PupaSuite databases. Nucleic Acids Res 2008; 36: D825 -D829.
72. Roeder K, Wasserman L,: Genome-wide significance levels and weighted hypothesis testing. Stat Sci 2009; 24: 398-413.
73. Ambrosone CB,: The promise and limitations of genome-wide association studies to elucidate the causes of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2007; 9: 114.