메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 9, Issue 11, 2012, Pages 4017-4032

Quantitative RT-PCR detection of hepatitis A virus, rotaviruses and enteroviruses in the Buffalo River and source water dams in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa

Author keywords

Detection; Enteric RNA viruses; Enteroviruses; Hepatitis a virus; Quantification; Real time RT PCR; Rotaviruses; Surface waters

Indexed keywords

RIVER WATER; VIRUS RNA;

EID: 84870826526     PISSN: 16617827     EISSN: 16604601     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph9114017     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (47)

References (77)
  • 1
    • 0003661906 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • World Health Organization (WHO), WHO Press: Geneva, Switzerland
    • World Health Organization (WHO). World Health Statistics 2009; WHO Press: Geneva, Switzerland, 2009; pp. 1-149.
    • (2009) World Health Statistics 2009 , pp. 1-149
  • 2
    • 79251611702 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection of bacterial indicators and human and bovine enteric viruses in surface water and groundwater sources potentially impacted by animal and human wastes in Lower Yakima Valley, Washington
    • Gibson, K.E.; Schwab, K.J. Detection of bacterial indicators and human and bovine enteric viruses in surface water and groundwater sources potentially impacted by animal and human wastes in Lower Yakima Valley, Washington. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2011, 77, 355-362.
    • (2011) Appl. Environ. Microbiol , vol.77 , pp. 355-362
    • Gibson, K.E.1    Schwab, K.J.2
  • 3
    • 0036100176 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimating the burden of disease from water sanitation and hygiene at a global level
    • Pruss, A.; Kay, D.; Fewtrell, L.; Bartram, J. Estimating the burden of disease from water sanitation and hygiene at a global level. Environ. Health Perspect. 2002, 110, 537-542.
    • (2002) Environ. Health Perspect , vol.110 , pp. 537-542
    • Pruss, A.1    Kay, D.2    Fewtrell, L.3    Bartram, J.4
  • 4
    • 50849137516 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimating child mortality due to diarrhoea in developing countries
    • Boschi-Pinto, C.; Velebit, L.; Shibuya, K. Estimating child mortality due to diarrhoea in developing countries. Bull. World Health Organ. 2008, 86, 710-717.
    • (2008) Bull. World Health Organ , vol.86 , pp. 710-717
    • Boschi-Pinto, C.1    Velebit, L.2    Shibuya, K.3
  • 8
    • 77954790267 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inadequately treated wastewater as a source of human enteric viruses in the environment
    • Okoh, A.I.; Sibanda, T.; Gusha, S.S. Inadequately treated wastewater as a source of human enteric viruses in the environment. Int. J. Environ. Res. Pub. Health 2010, 7, 2620-2637.
    • (2010) Int. J. Environ. Res. Pub. Health , vol.7 , pp. 2620-2637
    • Okoh, A.I.1    Sibanda, T.2    Gusha, S.S.3
  • 9
    • 84862885411 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Water quality assessment: Surface water sources used for drinking and irrigation in Zaria, Nigeria are a public health hazard
    • Chigor, V.N.; Umoh, V.J.; Okuofu, C.A.; Ameh, J.B.; Igbinosa, E.O.; Okoh, A.I. Water quality assessment: Surface water sources used for drinking and irrigation in Zaria, Nigeria are a public health hazard. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2012, 184, 3389-3400.
    • (2012) Environ. Monit. Assess , vol.184 , pp. 3389-3400
    • Chigor, V.N.1    Umoh, V.J.2    Okuofu, C.A.3    Ameh, J.B.4    Igbinosa, E.O.5    Okoh, A.I.6
  • 11
    • 46549089667 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New tools for the study and direct surveillance of viral pathogens in water
    • Bosch, A.; Guix, S.; Sano, D.; Pinto, R.M. New tools for the study and direct surveillance of viral pathogens in water. Curr. Op. Biotechnol. 2008, 19, 1-7.
    • (2008) Curr. Op. Biotechnol , vol.19 , pp. 1-7
    • Bosch, A.1    Guix, S.2    Sano, D.3    Pinto, R.M.4
  • 12
    • 20544469964 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enteric viruses of human and animals in aquatic environments: Heath risks, detection and potential water quality assessment tools
    • Fong, T.T.; Lipp, E.K. Enteric viruses of human and animals in aquatic environments: Heath risks, detection and potential water quality assessment tools. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2005, 69, 357-371.
    • (2005) Appl. Environ. Microbiol , vol.69 , pp. 357-371
    • Fong, T.T.1    Lipp, E.K.2
  • 13
    • 46549084562 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of sample storage methods for detecting enteric viruses in environmental water
    • Haramoto, E.; Katayama, H.; Utagawa, E.; Ohgaki, S. Development of sample storage methods for detecting enteric viruses in environmental water. J. Virol. Methods 2008, 151, 1-6.
    • (2008) J. Virol. Methods , vol.151 , pp. 1-6
    • Haramoto, E.1    Katayama, H.2    Utagawa, E.3    Ohgaki, S.4
  • 14
    • 0032148957 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human enteric viruses in the water environment: A minireview
    • Bosch, A. Human enteric viruses in the water environment: A minireview. Int. Microbiol. 1998, 1, 191-196.
    • (1998) Int. Microbiol , vol.1 , pp. 191-196
    • Bosch, A.1
  • 16
    • 0022996495 scopus 로고
    • Human rotavirus studies in volunteers: Determination of infectious dose and serological response to infection
    • Ward, R.L.; Bernstein, D.I.; Young, E.C.; Sherwood, J.R.; Knowlton, D.R.; Schiff, G.M. Human rotavirus studies in volunteers: Determination of infectious dose and serological response to infection. J. Infect. Dis. 1986, 154, 871-880.
    • (1986) J. Infect. Dis , vol.154 , pp. 871-880
    • Ward, R.L.1    Bernstein, D.I.2    Young, E.C.3    Sherwood, J.R.4    Knowlton, D.R.5    Schiff, G.M.6
  • 22
    • 0035012515 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The occurrence of hepatitis A and astroviruses in selected river and dam waters in South Africa
    • Taylor, M.B.; Cox, N.; Very, M.A.; Grabow, W.O.K. The occurrence of hepatitis A and astroviruses in selected river and dam waters in South Africa. Water Res. 2001, 35, 2653-2660.
    • (2001) Water Res , vol.35 , pp. 2653-2660
    • Taylor, M.B.1    Cox, N.2    Very, M.A.3    Grabow, W.O.K.4
  • 24
    • 77955706715 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Economic burden of diarrheal disease in a tertiary level hospital, Gauteng, South Africa
    • MacIntyre, U.E.; de Villiers, F.P.R. The Economic burden of diarrheal disease in a tertiary level hospital, Gauteng, South Africa. J. Infect. Dis. 2010, 202, S116-S125.
    • (2010) J. Infect. Dis , vol.202
    • Macintyre, U.E.1    de Villiers, F.P.R.2
  • 28
    • 0034762323 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular epidemiology of rotaviruses in Nigeria: Detection of unusual strains with G2P [6] and G8P [1] specificities
    • Adah, M.; Wade, A.; Taniguchi, K. Molecular epidemiology of rotaviruses in Nigeria: Detection of unusual strains with G2P [6] and G8P [1] specificities. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2001, 39, 3969-3975.
    • (2001) J. Clin. Microbiol , vol.39 , pp. 3969-3975
    • Adah, M.1    Wade, A.2    Taniguchi, K.3
  • 29
    • 34548445833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enteric Hepatitis Viruses
    • Bosch, A., Ed.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands
    • Pinto, R.M.; Saiz, J.C. Enteric Hepatitis Viruses. In Human Viruses in Water; Bosch, A., Ed.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2007; pp. 39-67.
    • (2007) Human Viruses In Water , pp. 39-67
    • Pinto, R.M.1    Saiz, J.C.2
  • 30
    • 54449089903 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recovery and sequence analysis of hepatitis A virus from springwater implicated in an outbreak of acute viral hepatitis
    • Tallon, L.A.; Love, D.C.; Moore, Z.S.; Sobsey, M.D. Recovery and sequence analysis of hepatitis A virus from springwater implicated in an outbreak of acute viral hepatitis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2008, 74, 6158-6160.
    • (2008) Appl. Environ. Microbiol , vol.74 , pp. 6158-6160
    • Tallon, L.A.1    Love, D.C.2    Moore, Z.S.3    Sobsey, M.D.4
  • 32
    • 78149498024 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emerging norovirus GII.4 2008 variant detected in hospitalised paediatric patients in South Africa
    • Mans, J.; de Villiers, J.C.; du Plessis, N.M.; Avenant, T.; Taylor, M.B. Emerging norovirus GII.4 2008 variant detected in hospitalised paediatric patients in South Africa. J. Clin. Virol. 2010, 49, 258-264.
    • (2010) J. Clin. Virol , vol.49 , pp. 258-264
    • Mans, J.1    de Villiers, J.C.2    du Plessis, N.M.3    Avenant, T.4    Taylor, M.B.5
  • 33
    • 67649979720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Donor breastmilk saved infant lives during an outbreak of rotavirus in South Africa
    • Rinaldi, M.; Brierley, E.; Bekker, A. Donor breastmilk saved infant lives during an outbreak of rotavirus in South Africa. Breastfeeding Medicine 2009, 4, 133-134.
    • (2009) Breastfeeding Medicine , vol.4 , pp. 133-134
    • Rinaldi, M.1    Brierley, E.2    Bekker, A.3
  • 34
    • 0032863422 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection of viral pathogens by reverse transcriptase PCR and of microbial indicators by standard methods in the canals of the Florida Keys
    • Griffin, D.W.; Gibson, C.J.III; Lipp, E.K.; Riley, K.; Paul, J.H.III; Rose, J.B. Detection of viral pathogens by reverse transcriptase PCR and of microbial indicators by standard methods in the canals of the Florida Keys. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1999, 65, 4118-4125.
    • (1999) Appl. Environ. Microbiol , vol.65 , pp. 4118-4125
    • Griffin, D.W.1    Gibson, C.J.2    Lipp, E.K.3    Riley, K.4    Paul, J.H.5    Rose, J.B.6
  • 35
    • 0034915467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New methods for the detection of viruses: Call for review of drinking water quality guidelines
    • Grabow, W.O.K.; Taylor, M.B.; de Villiers, J.C. New methods for the detection of viruses: Call for review of drinking water quality guidelines. Water Sci. Technol. 2001, 43, 1-8.
    • (2001) Water Sci. Technol , vol.43 , pp. 1-8
    • Grabow, W.O.K.1    Taylor, M.B.2    de Villiers, J.C.3
  • 36
    • 0035192868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic analysis of hepatitis A virus strains recovered from the environment and from patients with acute hepatitis
    • Pina, S.; Buti, M.; Jardi, R.; Clemente-Casares, P.; Jofre, J.; Girones, R. Genetic analysis of hepatitis A virus strains recovered from the environment and from patients with acute hepatitis. J. Gen. Virol. 2001, 82, 2955-2963.
    • (2001) J. Gen. Virol , vol.82 , pp. 2955-2963
    • Pina, S.1    Buti, M.2    Jardi, R.3    Clemente-Casares, P.4    Jofre, J.5    Girones, R.6
  • 37
    • 33745177798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular epidemiology of Group A rotavirus diarrhea among children in Buenos Aires, Argentina, from 1999 to 2003 and emergence of the infrequent genotype G12
    • Castello, A.A.; Arguelles, M.H.; Rota, R.P.; Olthoff, A.; Jiang, B.; Glass, R.I.; Gentsch, J.R.; Glikmann, G. Molecular epidemiology of Group A rotavirus diarrhea among children in Buenos Aires, Argentina, from 1999 to 2003 and emergence of the infrequent genotype G12. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2006, 44, 2046-2050.
    • (2006) J. Clin. Microbiol , vol.44 , pp. 2046-2050
    • Castello, A.A.1    Arguelles, M.H.2    Rota, R.P.3    Olthoff, A.4    Jiang, B.5    Glass, R.I.6    Gentsch, J.R.7    Glikmann, G.8
  • 38
    • 33845533008 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantitative detection of hepatitis A virus and enteroviruses near the United States-Mexico border and correlation with levels of fecal indicator bacteria
    • Gersberg, R.M.; Rose, M.A.; Robles-Sikisaka, R.; Dhar, A.K. Quantitative detection of hepatitis A virus and enteroviruses near the United States-Mexico border and correlation with levels of fecal indicator bacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2006, 72, 7438-7444.
    • (2006) Appl. Environ. Microbiol , vol.72 , pp. 7438-7444
    • Gersberg, R.M.1    Rose, M.A.2    Robles-Sikisaka, R.3    Dhar, A.K.4
  • 41
    • 77955800434 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The detection of enteric viruses in selected urban and rural river water and sewage in Kenya, with special reference to rotaviruses
    • Kiulia, N.M.; Netshikweta, R.N.A.; van Zyl, W.B.; Kiraithe, M.M.; Nyachieo, A.; Mwenda, J.M.; Taylor, M.B. The detection of enteric viruses in selected urban and rural river water and sewage in Kenya, with special reference to rotaviruses. J. Appl. Microbiol. 2010, 109, 818-828.
    • (2010) J. Appl. Microbiol , vol.109 , pp. 818-828
    • Kiulia, N.M.1    Netshikweta, R.N.A.2    van Zyl, W.B.3    Kiraithe, M.M.4    Nyachieo, A.5    Mwenda, J.M.6    Taylor, M.B.7
  • 43
    • 0034918604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection and rapid differentiation of human enteroviruses in water sources by restriction enzyme analysis
    • Vivier, J.C.; Clay, C.G.; Grabow, W.O. Detection and rapid differentiation of human enteroviruses in water sources by restriction enzyme analysis. Water Sci. Technol. 2001, 4, 209-212.
    • (2001) Water Sci. Technol , vol.4 , pp. 209-212
    • Vivier, J.C.1    Clay, C.G.2    Grabow, W.O.3
  • 44
    • 33749843996 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Poliovirus vaccine strains in sewage and river water in South Africa
    • Pavlov, D.N. Poliovirus vaccine strains in sewage and river water in South Africa. Can. J. Microbiol. 2006, 52, 717-723.
    • (2006) Can. J. Microbiol , vol.52 , pp. 717-723
    • Pavlov, D.N.1
  • 45
    • 0037319392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular characterization of astroviruses by reverse transcriptase PCR and sequence analysis: Comparison of clinical and environmental isolates from South Africa
    • Nadan, S.; Walter, J.E.; Grabow, W.O.K.; Mitchell, D.K.; Taylor, M.B. Molecular characterization of astroviruses by reverse transcriptase PCR and sequence analysis: Comparison of clinical and environmental isolates from South Africa. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2003, 69, 747-753.
    • (2003) Appl. Environ. Microbiol , vol.69 , pp. 747-753
    • Nadan, S.1    Walter, J.E.2    Grabow, W.O.K.3    Mitchell, D.K.4    Taylor, M.B.5
  • 46
    • 0025856015 scopus 로고
    • Detection of rotavirus in South African waters: A comparison of a cytoimmunolabelling technique with commercially available immunoassays
    • Genthe, B.; Idema, G.K.; Kfir, R.; Grabow, W.O.K. Detection of rotavirus in South African waters: A comparison of a cytoimmunolabelling technique with commercially available immunoassays. Water Sci. Technol. 1991, 24, 241-244.
    • (1991) Water Sci. Technol , vol.24 , pp. 241-244
    • Genthe, B.1    Idema, G.K.2    Kfir, R.3    Grabow, W.O.K.4
  • 47
    • 4344703431 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Application of a molecular method for the detection of group A rotaviruses in raw and treated water
    • van Zyl, W.B.; Williams, P.J.; Grabow, W.O.; Taylor, M.B. Application of a molecular method for the detection of group A rotaviruses in raw and treated water. Water Sci. Technol. 2004, 50, 223-228.
    • (2004) Water Sci. Technol , vol.50 , pp. 223-228
    • van Zyl, W.B.1    Williams, P.J.2    Grabow, W.O.3    Taylor, M.B.4
  • 48
    • 33846156536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Survival of faecal indicators and enteroviruses in soil after land-spreading of municipal sewage sludge
    • Pourcher, A.M.; Picard-Bonnaud, F.P.B.; Agnieszka, V.F.; Vasilica, S.; Gerard, M. Survival of faecal indicators and enteroviruses in soil after land-spreading of municipal sewage sludge. Appl. Soil Ecol. 2007, 35, 473-479.
    • (2007) Appl. Soil Ecol , vol.35 , pp. 473-479
    • Pourcher, A.M.1    Picard-Bonnaud, F.P.B.2    Agnieszka, V.F.3    Vasilica, S.4    Gerard, M.5
  • 50
    • 77954815815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chemical and microbiological parameters as possible indicators for human enteric viruses in surface water
    • Jurzik, L.; Hamza, I.A.; Puchert, W.; Überla, K.; Wilhelm, M. Chemical and microbiological parameters as possible indicators for human enteric viruses in surface water. Int. J. Hygi. Environ. Health 2010, 213, 210-216.
    • (2010) Int. J. Hygi. Environ. Health , vol.213 , pp. 210-216
    • Jurzik, L.1    Hamza, I.A.2    Puchert, W.3    Überla, K.4    Wilhelm, M.5
  • 51
    • 0025933329 scopus 로고
    • Detection and enumeration of enteric viruses in cell culture
    • Dahling, D. Detection and enumeration of enteric viruses in cell culture. CRC Rev. Environ. Contamin. 1991, 21, 237-263.
    • (1991) CRC Rev. Environ. Contamin , vol.21 , pp. 237-263
    • Dahling, D.1
  • 52
    • 0033771549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PCR detection of human enteric viruses in bathing areas, waste waters and human stools in southwestern France
    • Schvoerer, E.; Bonneta, F.; Duboisa, V.; Cazauxb, G.; Serceauc, R.; Fleurya, H.J.A.; Lafona, M.E. PCR detection of human enteric viruses in bathing areas, waste waters and human stools in southwestern France. Res. Microbiol. 2000, 151, 693-701.
    • (2000) Res. Microbiol , vol.151 , pp. 693-701
    • Schvoerer, E.1    Bonneta, F.2    Duboisa, V.3    Cazauxb, G.4    Serceauc, R.5    Fleurya, H.J.A.6    Lafona, M.E.7
  • 55
    • 58149392384 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Application of PCR-based methods to assess the infectivity of enteric viruses in environmental samples
    • Rodríguez, R.A.; Pepper, I.L.; Gerba, C.P. Application of PCR-based methods to assess the infectivity of enteric viruses in environmental samples. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2009, 75, 297-307.
    • (2009) Appl. Environ. Microbiol , vol.75 , pp. 297-307
    • Rodríguez, R.A.1    Pepper, I.L.2    Gerba, C.P.3
  • 56
    • 33745152691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development, evaluation, and standardization of a real-time TaqMan reverse transcription-PCR assay for quantification of hepatitis A virus in clinical and shellfish samples
    • Costafreda, M.I.; Bosch, A.; Pinto, R.M. Development, evaluation, and standardization of a real-time TaqMan reverse transcription-PCR assay for quantification of hepatitis A virus in clinical and shellfish samples. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2006, 72, 3846-3855.
    • (2006) Appl. Environ. Microbiol , vol.72 , pp. 3846-3855
    • Costafreda, M.I.1    Bosch, A.2    Pinto, R.M.3
  • 57
    • 33745143946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid one-step quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR Assay with competitive internal positive control for detection of enteroviruses in environmental samples
    • Gregory, J.B.; Litaker, R.W.; Noble, R.T. Rapid one-step quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR Assay with competitive internal positive control for detection of enteroviruses in environmental samples. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2006, 72, 3960-3967.
    • (2006) Appl. Environ. Microbiol , vol.72 , pp. 3960-3967
    • Gregory, J.B.1    Litaker, R.W.2    Noble, R.T.3
  • 58
    • 34247170379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recovery of viral genomes in water by virus concentration methods
    • Haramoto, E.; Katayama, H.; Oguma, K.; Ohgaki, S. Recovery of viral genomes in water by virus concentration methods. J. Virol. Methods 2007, 142, 169-173.
    • (2007) J. Virol. Methods , vol.142 , pp. 169-173
    • Haramoto, E.1    Katayama, H.2    Oguma, K.3    Ohgaki, S.4
  • 59
    • 57849101993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Broadly reactive TaqMan assay for real-time RT-PCR detection of rotavirus in clinical and environmental samples
    • Jothikumar, N.; Kang, G.; Hill, V.R. Broadly reactive TaqMan assay for real-time RT-PCR detection of rotavirus in clinical and environmental samples. J. Virol. Methods 2009, 155, 126-131.
    • (2009) J. Virol. Methods , vol.155 , pp. 126-131
    • Jothikumar, N.1    Kang, G.2    Hill, V.R.3
  • 60
    • 75949100869 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection and quantification of enteroviruses in coastal seawaters from Bohai Bay, Tianjin, China
    • Zhang, M.; Zhao, H.; Yang, J.; Jiang, S.; Cai1, B. Detection and quantification of enteroviruses in coastal seawaters from Bohai Bay, Tianjin, China. J. Environ. Sci. 2010, 22, 150-154.
    • (2010) J. Environ. Sci , vol.22 , pp. 150-154
    • Zhang, M.1    Zhao, H.2    Yang, J.3    Jiang, S.4    Cail, B.5
  • 61
    • 65549131861 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection of human viruses in rivers of a densly-populated area in Germany using a virus adsorption elution method optimized for PCR analyses
    • Hamza, I.A.; Jurzik, L.; Stang, A.; Sure, K.; Uberla, K.; Wilhelm, M. Detection of human viruses in rivers of a densly-populated area in Germany using a virus adsorption elution method optimized for PCR analyses. Water Res. 2009, 43, 2657-2668.
    • (2009) Water Res , vol.43 , pp. 2657-2668
    • Hamza, I.A.1    Jurzik, L.2    Stang, A.3    Sure, K.4    Uberla, K.5    Wilhelm, M.6
  • 63
    • 74049130658 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statistical correlation between enterovirus genome copy numbers and infectious viral particles in wastewater samples
    • Donia, D.; Bonanni, E.; Diaco, L.; Divizia, M. Statistical correlation between enterovirus genome copy numbers and infectious viral particles in wastewater samples. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 2010, 50, 237-240.
    • (2010) Lett. Appl. Microbiol , vol.50 , pp. 237-240
    • Donia, D.1    Bonanni, E.2    Diaco, L.3    Divizia, M.4
  • 64
    • 77954287895 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of propidium monoazide in reverse transcriptase PCR to distinguish between infectious and noninfectious enteric viruses in water samples
    • Parshionikar, S.; Laseke, I.; Fout, G.S. Use of propidium monoazide in reverse transcriptase PCR to distinguish between infectious and noninfectious enteric viruses in water samples. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2010, 76, 4318-4326.
    • (2010) Appl. Environ. Microbiol , vol.76 , pp. 4318-4326
    • Parshionikar, S.1    Laseke, I.2    Fout, G.S.3
  • 65
    • 84870422132 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • River Health Programme (RHP), Department of Water Affairs and Forestry: Pretoria, South Africa
    • River Health Programme (RHP). State-of-Rivers Report: Buffalo River System; Department of Water Affairs and Forestry: Pretoria, South Africa, 2004; pp. 1-41.
    • (2004) State-of-Rivers Report: Buffalo River System , pp. 1-41
  • 66
    • 0003505334 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • American Public Health Association (APHA), 20th ed.; APHA: Washington DC, USA
    • American Public Health Association (APHA). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20th ed.; APHA: Washington DC, USA, 1998.
    • (1998) Standard Methods For the Examination of Water and Wastewater
  • 67
    • 18444382958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Application of cation-coated filters method to detection of noroviruses, enteroviruses, adenoviruses and torque teno viruses in the Tamagawa River in Japan
    • Haramoto, E.; Katayama, H.; Oguma, K.; Ohgaki, S. Application of cation-coated filters method to detection of noroviruses, enteroviruses, adenoviruses and torque teno viruses in the Tamagawa River in Japan. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2005, 71, 2403-2411.
    • (2005) Appl. Environ. Microbiol , vol.71
    • Haramoto, E.1    Katayama, H.2    Oguma, K.3    Ohgaki, S.4
  • 68
    • 84870562857 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Department of Water Affairs (DWAF), Department of Water Affairs: Pretoria, South Africa
    • Department of Water Affairs (DWAF). 2012 Green Drop Progress Report; Department of Water Affairs: Pretoria, South Africa, 2012.
    • (2012) 2012 Green Drop Progress Report
  • 69
    • 60349113984 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simian hepatitis A virus derived from a captive rhesus monkey in India is similar to the strain isolated from wild African green monkeys in Kenya
    • Arankalle, V.A.; Ramakrishnan, J. Simian hepatitis A virus derived from a captive rhesus monkey in India is similar to the strain isolated from wild African green monkeys in Kenya. J. Viral Hepati.2009, 16, 214-218.
    • (2009) J. Viral Hepati , vol.16 , pp. 214-218
    • Arankalle, V.A.1    Ramakrishnan, J.2
  • 70
    • 74549210563 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection in cynomolgus monkeys Macaca fascicularis: Evidence of active extrahepatic site of HAV replication
    • Amado, L.A.; Marchevsky, R.S.; de Paula, V.S.; Hooper, C.; Freire, M.D.S.; Gaspar, A.M.C.; Pinto, M.A. Experimental hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection in cynomolgus monkeys Macaca fascicularis: Evidence of active extrahepatic site of HAV replication. Int. J. Exp. Pathol. 2010, 91, 87-97.
    • (2010) Int. J. Exp. Pathol , vol.91 , pp. 87-97
    • Amado, L.A.1    Marchevsky, R.S.2    de Paula, V.S.3    Hooper, C.4    Freire, M.D.S.5    Gaspar, A.M.C.6    Pinto, M.A.7
  • 71
    • 84870833587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global Alert Response (GAR): Hepatitis A, World Health Organization (WHO). Available online, accessed on 9 October 2012
    • Global Alert Response (GAR): Hepatitis A, 2012. World Health Organization (WHO). Available online: http://www.who.int/csr/disease/hepatitis/whocdscsredc2007/en/index3.html (accessed on 9 October 2012).
    • (2012)
  • 72
  • 73
    • 84870814255 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rotavirus in South Africa: From discovery to vaccine introduction
    • Steele, A.D.; Glass, R. Rotavirus in South Africa: From discovery to vaccine introduction. South Afri. J. Epidemiol.Infect. 2011, 26, 184-190.
    • (2011) South Afri. J. Epidemiol.Infect , vol.26 , pp. 184-190
    • Steele, A.D.1    Glass, R.2
  • 74
    • 20544452526 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection of enteroviruses in untreated and treated drinking water supplies in South Africa
    • Ehlers, M.M.; Grabow, W.O.K.; Pavlov, D.N. Detection of enteroviruses in untreated and treated drinking water supplies in South Africa. Water Res. 2005, 39, 2253-2258.
    • (2005) Water Res , vol.39 , pp. 2253-2258
    • Ehlers, M.M.1    Grabow, W.O.K.2    Pavlov, D.N.3
  • 76
    • 43949145628 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection of enteroviruses within brackish water from the Damshui River watershed, Taiwan
    • doi: 10.1061/(ASCE) 0733-9372(2008)134:6(486)
    • Chen, C.H.; Hsu, B.M.; Wan, M.T. Detection of enteroviruses within brackish water from the Damshui River watershed, Taiwan. J. Environ. Engineer. 2008, 134, 486. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE) 0733-9372(2008)134:6(486).
    • (2008) J. Environ. Engineer , vol.134 , pp. 486
    • Chen, C.H.1    Hsu, B.M.2    Wan, M.T.3
  • 77
    • 3042563900 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Survival of infectious Poliovirus-1 in river water compared to the persistence of somatic coliphages, thermotolerant coliforms, and poliovirus-1 genome
    • Skraber, S.; Gassilloud, B.; Schwartzbrod, L.; Gantzer, C. Survival of infectious Poliovirus-1 in river water compared to the persistence of somatic coliphages, thermotolerant coliforms, and poliovirus-1 genome. Water Res. 2004, 38, 2927-2933.
    • (2004) Water Res , vol.38 , pp. 2927-2933
    • Skraber, S.1    Gassilloud, B.2    Schwartzbrod, L.3    Gantzer, C.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.