Metabolism and the heart: An overview of muscle, fat, and bone metabolism in heart failure

International Journal of Cardiology

Volumn 162, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 77-85

  Loncar, Goran ^a   Fülster, Susann ^b   Von Haehling, Stephan ^b   Popovic, Vera ^c  

^a Clinical Medical Center Zvezdara   (Serbia)

^b CHARITÉ UNIVERSITÄTSMEDIZIN BERLIN   (Germany)

^c CLINICAL CENTER OF SERBIA   (Serbia)

Author keywords

Bone; Cross talk; Fat; Heart failure; Skeletal muscle

Indexed keywords

ADIPONECTIN; ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR; BRAIN NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE; CYCLOSPORIN; FOLLISTATIN; GHRELIN; GLUCOCORTICOID; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; LEPTIN; MYOSTATIN; OSTEOCLAST DIFFERENTIATION FACTOR; PROTEASOME; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; UBIQUITIN;

BONE DENSITY; BONE MASS; BONE METABOLISM; CACHEXIA; DRUG MEGADOSE; EXERCISE; FATIGUE; FRACTURE; HEART FAILURE; HEART TRANSPLANTATION; HUMAN; LIPID METABOLISM; LIPOLYSIS; MUSCLE ATROPHY; MUSCLE MASS; MUSCLE METABOLISM; MUSCLE STRENGTH; MUSCLE WEAKNESS; NONHUMAN; OSTEOLYSIS; OSTEOPENIA; OSTEOPOROSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; SKELETAL MUSCLE; ADIPOSE TISSUE; BONE TISSUE; DRUG EFFECT; MUSCLE TISSUE; PATHOGENESIS; PROTEIN BLOOD LEVEL; PROTEIN SECRETION; WASTING SYNDROME;

ADIPOSE TISSUE; BONE AND BONES; HEART FAILURE; HUMANS; MUSCLE, SKELETAL;

EID: 84870662951     PISSN: 01675273     EISSN: 18741754     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.09.079     Document Type: Review

References (141)

1. D.M. Lloyd-Jones, M.G. Larson, and E.P. Leip Framingham Heart Study. Lifetime risk for developing congestive heart failure: the Framingham Heart Study Circulation 106 2002 3068 3072
2. M. Senni, C.M. Tribouilloy, and R.J. Rodeheffer Congestive heart failure in the community: trends in incidence and survival in a 10-year period Arch Intern Med 159 1999 29 34
3. S. Stewart, K. MacIntyre, D.J. Hole, S. Capewell, and J.J. McMurray More 'malignant' than cancer? Five-year survival following a first admission for heart failure Eur J Heart Fail 3 2001 315 322
4. M.R. Cowie, D.A. Wood, and A.J. Coats Survival of patients with a new diagnosis of heart failure: a population based study Heart 83 2000 505 510
5. A.M. Katz, and P.B. Katz Diseases of the heart in the works of Hippocrates Br Heart J 24 1962 257 264
6. J. Springer, S. von Haehling, and S.D. Anker The need for a standardized definition for cachexia in chronic illness Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 2 2006 416 417
7. S. von Haehling, and S.D. Anker Cachexia as a major underestimated and unmet medical need: facts and numbers J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 1 2010 1 5
8. S.J. Pocock, J.J. McMurray, and J. Dobson Weight loss and mortality risk in patients with chronic heart failure in the candesartan in heart failure: assessment of reduction in mortality and morbidity (CHARM) programme Eur Heart J 29 2008 2641 2650
9. S.D. Anker, A. Negassa, and A.J. Coats Prognostic importance of weight loss in chronic heart failure and the effect of treatment with angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors: an observational study Lancet 361 2003 1077 1083
10. S. von Haehling, M. Lainscak, J. Springer, and S.D. Anker Cardiac cachexia: a systematic overview Pharmacol Ther 121 2009 227 252
11. S. von Haehling, W. Doehner, and S.D. Anker Revisiting the obesity paradox in heart failure: new insights? Eur J Heart Fail 13 2011 130 132
12. S.D. Anker, and S. von Haehling The obesity paradox in heart failure: accepting reality and making rational decisions Clin Pharmacol Ther 90 2011 188 190
13. T.B. Horwich, G.C. Fonarow, M.A. Hamilton, W.R. MacLellan, M.A. Woo, and J.H. Tillisch The relationship between obesity and mortality in patients with heart failure J Am Coll Cardiol 38 2001 789 795
14. J.P. Curtis, J.G. Selter, and Y. Wang The obesity paradox: body mass index and outcomes in patients with heart failure Arch Intern Med 165 2005 55 61
15. S. Kenchaiah, S.J. Pocock, and D. Wang CHARM Investigators. Body mass index and prognosis in patients with chronic heart failure: insights from the candesartan in heart failure: assessment of reduction in mortality and morbidity (CHARM) program Circulation 116 2007 627 636
16. A.L. Clark, C. Knosalla, and E. Birks Heart transplantation in heart failure: the prognostic importance of body mass index at time of surgery and subsequent weight changes Eur J Heart Fail 9 2007 839 844
17. S.D. Anker, P.P. Ponikowski, and A.L. Clark Cytokines and neurohormones relating to body composition alterations in the wasting syndrome of chronic heart failure Eur Heart J 20 1999 683 693
18. S. von Haehling, W. Doehner, and S.D. Anker Nutrition, metabolism, and the complex pathophysiology of cachexia in chronic heart failure Cardiovasc Res 73 2007 298 309
19. S. Strassburg, J. Springer, and S.D. Anker Muscle wasting in cardiac cachexia Int J Biochem Cell Biol 37 2005 1938 1947
20. T.P. Braun, and D.L. Marks Pathophysiology and treatment of inflammatory anorexia in chronic disease J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 1 2010 135 145
21. S. von Haehling, J.E. Morley, and S.D. Anker An overview of sarcopenia: facts and numbers on prevalence and clinical impact J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 1 2010 129 133
22. C.B. Confavreux, R.L. Levine, and G. Karsenty A paradigm of integrative physiology, the crosstalk between bone and energy metabolisms Mol Cell Endocrinol 310 2009 21 29
23. M. Cicoira, L. Zanolla, and L. Franceschini Skeletal muscle mass independently predicts peak oxygen consumption and ventilatory response during exercise in noncachectic patients with chronic heart failure J Am Coll Cardiol 37 2001 2080 2085
24. S.D. Anker, P. Ponikowski, and S. Varney Wasting as independent risk factor for mortality in chronic heart failure Lancet 349 1997 1050 1053
25. D.M. Mancini, G. Walter, and N. Reichek Contribution of skeletal muscle atrophy to exercise intolerance and altered muscle metabolism in heart failure Circulation 85 1992 1364 1373
26. A.J. Coats, A.L. Clark, M. Piepoli, M. Volterrani, and P.A. Poole-Wilson Symptoms and quality of life in heart failure: the muscle hypothesis Br Heart J 72 1994 S36 S39
27. R.D. Kilgour, A. Vigano, and B. Trutschnigg Cancer-related fatigue: the impact of skeletal muscle mass and strength in patients with advanced cancer J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 1 2010 177 185
28. S.D. Anker, J.W. Swan, and M. Volterrani The influence of muscle mass, strength, fatigability and blood flow on exercise capacity in cachectic and non-cachectic patients with chronic heart failure Eur Heart J 18 1997 259 269
29. S. Fuelster, T. Kung, and A. Sandek Sarcopenia in patients with chronic heart failure: results from the SICA-HF Study (Suppl) Eur J Heart Fail 10 2011 S57 (Abstract).
30. K. Fearon, W.J. Evans, and S.D. Anker Myopenia - a new universal term for muscle wasting J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2 2011 1 3
31. A.D. Williams, S. Selig, and D.L. Hare Reduced exercise tolerance in CHF may be related to factors other than impaired skeletal muscle oxidative capacity J Card Fail 10 2004 141 148
32. B.M. Massie, A. Simonini, P. Sahgal, L. Wells, and G.A. Dudley Relation of systemic and local muscle exercise capacity to skeletal muscle characteristics in men with congestive heart failure J Am Coll Cardiol 27 1996 140 145
33. M. Schaufelberger, B.O. Eriksson, L. Lönn, B. Rundqvist, K.S. Sunnerhagen, and K. Swedberg Skeletal muscle characteristics, muscle strength and thigh muscle area in patients before and after cardiac transplantation Eur J Heart Fail 3 2001 59 67
34. R. Aquilani, S. Viglio, and P. Iadarola Oral amino acid supplements improve exercise capacities in elderly patients with chronic heart failure Am J Cardiol 101 2008 104E 110E
35. A. Macchi, I. Franzoni, and F. Buzzetti The role of essential amino acid supplementation in chronic heart failure Eur Heart J 30 Suppl 2009 869 (Abstract).
36. F.S. Dioguardi Clinical use of amino acids as dietary supplement: pros and cons J Cachex Sarcopenia Muscle 2 2011 75 80
37. B.D. Duscha, W.E. Kraus, and S.J. Keteyian Capillary density of skeletal muscle: a contributing mechanism for exercise intolerance in class II-III chronic heart failure independent of other peripheral alterations J Am Coll Cardiol 33 1999 1956 1963
38. A. Miján-de-la-Torre Recent insights on chronic heart failure, cachexia and nutrition Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 12 2009 251 257
39. M. Kojima, H. Hosoda, Y. Date, M. Nakazato, H. Matsuo, and K. Kangawa Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach Nature 402 1999 656 660
40. N. Nagaya, M. Uematsu, and M. Kojima Elevated circulating level of ghrelin in cachexia associated with chronic heart failure: relationships between ghrelin and anabolic/catabolic factors Circulation 104 2001 2034 2038
41. T. Akamizu, and K. Kangawa Ghrelin for cachexia J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 1 2010 169 176
42. T.D. Müller, D. Perez-Tilve, J. Tong, P.T. Pfluger, and M.H. Tschöp Ghrelin and its potential in the treatment of eating/wasting disorders and cachexia J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 1 2010 159 167
43. Y.J. Akashi, S. Palus, and R. Datta No effects of human ghrelin on cardiac function despite profound effects on body composition in a rat model of heart failure Int J Cardiol 137 2009 267 275
44. N. Nagaya, J. Moriya, and Y. Yasumura Effects of ghrelin administration on left ventricular function, exercise capacity, and muscle wasting in patients with chronic heart failure Circulation 110 2004 3674 3679
45. S. Gallas, G. Gourcerol, P. Ducrotté, P. Déchelotte, A.M. Leroi, and S.O. Fetissov Gastric electrical stimulation increases ghrelin production: a new approach to anorexia-cachexia J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 1 2010 47 (Abstract 055).
46. G. Baldanzi, N. Filigheddu, and S. Cutrupi Ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin inhibit cell death in cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells through ERK1/2 and PI 3-kinase/AKT J Cell Biol 159 2002 1029 1037
47. K. Matsumura, T. Tsuchihashi, K. Fujii, I. Abe, and M. Iida Central ghrelin modulates sympathetic activity in conscious rabbits Hypertension 40 2002 694 699
48. W.E. Mitch, and A.L. Goldberg Mechanisms of muscle wasting. The role of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway N Engl J Med 335 1996 1897 1905
49. L.D. Libera, and G. Vescovo Muscle wastage in chronic heart failure, between apoptosis, catabolism and altered anabolism: a chimaeric view of inflammation? Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 7 2004 435 441
50. T. Szabó, A. Sandek, and A. Hartmann Increased proteasome activity in skeletal muscle of patients with chronic heart failure-a fluent transition to cachectic disease state? J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 1 2010 45 46 (Abstract 006).
51. D. Cai, J.D. Frantz, and N.E. Tawa Jr. IKKbeta/NF-kappaB activation causes severe muscle wasting in mice Cell 119 2004 285 298
52. R.W. Jackman, and S.C. Kandarian The molecular basis of skeletal muscle atrophy Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 287 2004 C834 C843
53. S. Ventadour, and D. Attaix Mechanisms of skeletal muscle atrophy Curr Opin Rheumatol 18 2006 631 635
54. A.C. McPherron, A.M. Lawler, and S.J. Lee Regulation of skeletal muscle mass in mice by a new TGF-beta superfamily member Nature 387 1997 83 90
55. S.J. Lee Regulation of muscle mass by myostatin Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 20 2004 61 86
56. K.G. Shyu, M.J. Lu, B.W. Wang, H.Y. Sun, and H. Chang Myostatin expression in ventricular myocardium in a rat model of volume-overload heart failure Eur J Clin Invest 36 2006 713 719
57. D.L. Allen, A.S. Cleary, and K.J. Speaker Myostatin, activin receptor IIb, and follistatin-like-3 gene expression are altered in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle of obese mice Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 294 2008 E918 E927
58. K.T. Murphy, R. Koopman, B. Leger, J. Trieu, C. Ibebunjo, and G.S. Lynch Novel effects of myostatin inhibition on skeletal muscles of aging mice: implications for sarcopenia J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 1 2010 70 71 (Abstract 063).
59. K. Lenk, R. Schur, and A. Linke Impact of exercise training on myostatin expression in the myocardium and skeletal muscle in a chronic heart failure model Eur J Heart Fail 11 2009 342 348
60. I. George, L.T. Bish, and G. Kamalakkannan Myostatin activation in patients with advanced heart failure and after mechanical unloading Eur J Heart Fail 12 2010 444 453
61. D. Gruson, S.A. Ahn, J.M. Ketelslegers, and M.F. Rousseau Increased plasma myostatin in heart failure Eur J Heart Fail 13 2011 734 736
62. E. Zamora, R. Simó, and J. Lupón Serum myostatin levels in chronic heart failure Rev Esp Cardiol 63 2010 992 996
63. K. Lenk, G. Schuler, and V. Adams Skeletal muscle wasting in cachexia and sarcopenia: molecular pathophysiology and impact of exercise training J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 1 2010 9 21
64. K. Lenk, V. Adams, A. Linke, R. Schur, S. Erbs, and G. Schuler Impact of exercise training on myostatin expression in the myocardium and skeletal muscle in a chronic heart failure model and patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 1 2010 86 (Abstract 097).
65. A.R. Lima, P.F. Martinez, and K. Okoshi Myostatin and follistatin expression in skeletal muscles of rats with chronic heart failure Int J Exp Pathol 91 2010 54 62
66. S.J. Lee, and A.C. McPherron Regulation of myostatin activity and muscle growth Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98 2001 9306 9311
67. R.D. Thomas, N.P. Silverton, L. Burkinshaw, and D.B. Morgan Potassium depletion and tissue loss in chronic heart-disease Lancet 2 1979 9 11
68. S. von Haehling, E.A. Jankowska, and S.D. Anker Tumour necrosis factor-alpha and the failing heart-pathophysiology and therapeutic implications Basic Res Cardiol 99 2004 18 28
69. S. von Haehling, S. Genth-Zotz, S.D. Anker, and H.D. Volk Cachexia: a therapeutic approach beyond cytokine antagonism Int J Cardiol 85 2002 173 183
70. C.J. Lavie, A.F. Osman, R.V. Milani, and M.R. Mehra Body composition and prognosis in chronic systolic heart failure: the obesity paradox Am J Cardiol 91 2003 891 894
71. S. von Haehling, R. Stepney, and S.D. Anker Advances in understanding and treating cardiac cachexia: highlights from the 5th Cachexia Conference Int J Cardiol 144 2010 347 349
72. C.J. Lavie, R.V. Milani, and H.O. Ventura Obesity and cardiovascular disease: risk factor, paradox, and impact of weight loss J Am Coll Cardiol 53 2009 1925 1932
73. V. Mohamed-Ali, S. Goodrick, K. Bulmer, J.M. Holly, J.S. Yudkin, and S.W. Coppack Production of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors by human subcutaneous adipose tissue in vivo Am J Physiol 277 1999 E971 E975
74. A.M. Feldman, A. Combes, and D. Wagner The role of tumor necrosis factor in the pathophysiology of heart failure J Am Coll Cardiol 35 2000 537 544
75. S.D. Anker, and S. von Haehling Inflammatory mediators in chronic heart failure: an overview Heart 90 2004 464 470
76. S. von Haehling, J.C. Schefold, J. Springer, and S.D. Anker The cholesterol paradox revisited: heart failure, systemic inflammation, and beyond Heart Fail Clin 4 2008 141 151
77. M. Rauchhaus, A.L. Clark, and W. Doehner The relationship between cholesterol and survival in patients with chronic heart failure J Am CollCardiol 42 2003 1933 1940
78. T.B. Horwich, M.A. Hamilton, W.R. Maclellan, and G.C. Fonarow Low serum total cholesterol is associated with marked increase in mortality in advanced heart failure J Card Fail 8 2002 216 224
79. M. Rauchhaus, A.J. Coats, and S.D. Anker The endotoxin-lipoprotein hypothesis Lancet 356 2000 930 933
80. A. Sandek, S. Utchill, and M. Rauchhaus The endotoxin-lipoprotein hypothesis: an update Arch Med Sci 3 2007 S81 S90
81. E.S. Orwoll, S.K. Oviatt, M.R. McClung, L.J. Deftos, and G. Sexton The rate of bone mineral loss in normal men and the effects of calcium and cholecalciferol supplementation Ann Intern Med 112 1990 29 34
82. R. Eastell, I.T. Boyle, and J. Compston Management of male osteoporosis: report of the UK Consensus Group QJM 91 1998 71 92
83. B. Bozic, G. Loncar, and N. Prodanovic Relationship between high circulating adiponectin with bone mineral density and bone metabolism in elderly males with chronic heart failure J Card Fail 16 2010 301 307
84. E.A. Jankowska, J. Jakubaszko, and A. Cwynar Bone mineral status and bone loss over time in men with chronic systolic heart failure and their clinical and hormonal determinants Eur J Heart Fail 11 2009 28 38
85. A.M. Kenny, R. Boxer, S. Walsh, W.D. Hager, and L.G. Raisz Femoral bone mineral density in patients with heart failure Osteoporos Int 17 2006 1420 1427
86. A. Zittermann, S.S. Schleithoff, and R. Koerfer Markers of bone metabolism in congestive heart failure Clin Chim Acta 366 2006 27 36
87. S. Abou-Raya, and A. Abou-Raya Osteoporosis and congestive heart failure (CHF) in the elderly patient: double disease burden Arch Gerontol Geriatr 49 2009 250 254
88. S.D. Anker, A.L. Clark, M.M. Teixeira, P.G. Hellewell, and A.J. Coats Loss of bone mineral in patients with cachexia due to chronic heart failure Am J Cardiol 83 1999(b 612 615
89. P. Glendenning, G.N. Kent, and B.D. Adler High prevalence of osteoporosis in cardiac transplant recipients and discordance between biochemical turnover markers and bone histomorphometry Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 50 1999 347 355
90. E. Shane, M. Rivas, and R.B. Staron Fracture after cardiac transplantation: a prospective longitudinal study J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81 1996 1740 1746
91. R.J. Frost, C. Sonne, U. Wehr, and H.U. Stempfle Effects of calcium supplementation on bone loss and fractures in congestive heart failure Eur J Endocrinol 156 2007 309 314
92. E. Shane, D. Mancini, and K. Aaronson Bone mass, vitamin D deficiency, and hyperparathyroidism in congestive heart failure Am J Med 103 1997 197 207
93. B.M. Prior, K.J. Cureton, and C.M. Modlesky In vivo validation of whole body composition estimates from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry J Appl Physiol 83 1997 623 630
94. S. von Haehling, M. Lainscak, and W. Doehner Diabetes mellitus, cachexia and obesity in heart failure: rationale and design of the Studies Investigating Co-morbidities Aggravating Heart Failure (SICA-HF) J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 1 2010 187 194
95. S. vanDiepen, S.R. Majumdar, J.A. Bakal, F.A. McAlister, and J.A. Ezekowitz Heart failure is a risk factor for orthopedic fracture: a population-based analysis of 16,294 patients Circulation 118 2008 1946 1952
96. H.X. Jiang, S.R. Majumdar, and D.A. Dick Development and initial validation of a risk score for predicting in-hospital and 1-year mortality in patients with hip fractures J Bone Miner Res 20 2005 494 500
97. M. Sharma, R. Kambadur, and K.G. Matthews Myostatin, a transforming growth factor-beta superfamily member, is expressed in heart muscle and is upregulated in cardiomyocytes after infarct J Cell Physiol 180 1999 1 9
98. J. Heineke, M. Auger-Messier, and J. Xu Genetic deletion of myostatin from the heart prevents skeletal muscle atrophy in heart failure Circulation 121 2010 419 425
99. K.G. Shyu, W.H. Ko, W.S. Yang, B.W. Wang, and P. Kuan Insulin-like growth factor-1 mediates stretch-induced upregulation of myostatin expression in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes Cardiovasc Res 68 2005 405 414
100. M.R. Morissette, S.A. Cook, and S. Foo Myostatin regulates cardiomyocyte growth through modulation of Akt signaling Circ Res 99 2006 15 24
101. J.N. Artaza, S. Reisz-Porszasz, and J.S. Dow Alterations in myostatin expression are associated with changes in cardiac left ventricular mass but not ejection fraction in the mouse J Endocrinol 194 2007 63 76
102. O. Tsukamoto, M. Fujita, and M. Kato Natriuretic peptides enhance the production of adiponectin in human adipocytes and in patients with chronic heart failure J Am Coll Cardiol 53 2009 2070 2077
103. T. Tanaka, T. Tsutamoto, and H. Sakai Effect of atrial natriuretic peptide on adiponectin in patients with heart failure Eur J Heart Fail 10 2008 360 366
104. M.B. McEntegart, B. Awede, and M.C. Petrie Increase in serum adiponectin concentration in patients with heart failure and cachexia: relationship with leptin, other cytokines, and B-type natriuretic peptide Eur Heart J 28 2007 829 835
105. D. Fujioka, K. Kawabata, and Y. Saito Role of adiponectin receptors in endothelin-induced cellular hypertrophy in cultured cardiomyocytes and their expression in infarcted heart Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 290 2006 H2409 H2416
106. J.P. Araújo, P. Lourenço, F. Rocha-Gonçalves, A. Ferreira, and P. Bettencourt Adiponectin is increased in cardiac cachexia irrespective of body mass index Eur J Heart Fail 11 2009 567 572
107. J. Fruebis, T.S. Tsao, and S. Javorschi Proteolytic cleavage product of 30-kDa adipocyte complement-related protein increases fatty acid oxidation in muscle and causes weight loss in mice Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98 2001 2005 2010
108. Y. Qi, N. Takahashi, and S.M. Hileman Adiponectin acts in the brain to decrease body weight Nat Med 10 2004 524 529
109. J. Ybarra, E. Resmini, and F. Planas Relationship between adiponectin and left atrium size in uncomplicated obese patients: adiponectin, a link between fat and heart Obes Surg 19 2009 1324 1332
110. C.J. Lyon, R.E. Law, and W.A. Hsueh Mini review: adiposity, inflammation, and atherogenesis Endocrinology 144 2003 2195 2200
111. Y. Arita, S. Kihara, and N. Ouchi Paradoxical decrease of an adipose-specific protein, adiponectin, in obesity Biochem Biophys Res Commun 257 1999 79 83
112. J.A. Eisman Good, good, good.. good vibrations: the best option for better bones? Lancet 358 2001 1924 1925
113. Y.X. Qin, H. Lam, S. Ferreri, and C. Rubin Dynamic skeletal muscle stimulation and its potential in bone adaptation J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 10 2010 12 24
114. G.M. Fogelholm, H.T. Sievänen, T.K. Kukkonen-Harjula, and M.E. Pasanen Bone mineral density during reduction, maintenance and regain of body weight in premenopausal, obese women Osteoporos Int 12 2001 199 206
115. A. Benetos, A. Zervoudaki, and A. Kearney-Schwartz Effects of lean and fat mass on bone mineral density and arterial stiffness in elderly men Osteoporos Int 20 2009 1385 1391
116. M.T. Hannan, D.T. Felson, and J.J. Anderson Bone mineral density in elderly men and women: results from the Framingham osteoporosis study J Bone Miner Res 7 1992 547 553
117. C. De Laet, J.A. Kanis, and A. Odén Body mass index as a predictor of fracture risk: a meta-analysis Osteoporos Int 16 2005 1330 1338
118. T.J. Beck, T.L. Oreskovic, and K.L. Stone Structural adaptation to changing skeletal load in the progression toward hip fragility: the study of osteoporotic fractures J Bone Miner Res 16 2001 1108 1119
119. M. Yamauchi, T. Sugimoto, and T. Yamaguchi Plasma leptin concentrations are associated with bone mineral density and the presence of vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 55 2001 341 347
120. A. Goulding, and R.W. Taylor Plasma leptin values in relation to bone mass and density and to dynamic biochemical markers of bone resorption and formation in postmenopausal women Calcif Tissue Int 63 1998 456 458
121. Y.E. Taes, B. Lapauw, and G. Vanbillemont Fat mass is negatively associated with cortical bone size in young healthy male siblings J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94 2009 2325 2331
122. T.G. Travison, A.B. Araujo, G.R. Esche, T.J. Beck, and J.B. McKinlay Lean mass and not fat mass is associated with male proximal femur strength J Bone Miner Res 23 2008 189 198
123. I.R. Reid Relationships among body mass, its components, and bone Bone 31 2002 547 555
124. X.H. Luo, L.J. Guo, and L.Q. Yuan Adiponectin stimulates human osteoblasts proliferation and differentiation via the MAPK signaling pathway Exp Cell Res 309 2005 99 109
125. X.H. Luo, L.J. Guo, and H. Xie Adiponectin stimulates RANKL and inhibits OPG expression in human osteoblasts through the MAPK signaling pathway J Bone Miner Res 21 2006 1648 1656
126. T. Tamura, Y. Furukawa, and R. Taniguchi Serum adiponectin level as an independent predictor of mortality in patients with congestive heart failure Circ J 71 2007 623 630
127. J. George, S. Patal, and D. Wexler Circulating adiponectin concentrations in patients with congestive heart failure Heart 92 2006 1420 1424
128. M.W. Hamrick, and S.L. Ferrari Leptin and the sympathetic connection of fat to bone Osteoporos Int 19 2008 905 912
129. N.K. Lee, H. Sowa, and E. Hinoi Endocrine regulation of energy metabolism by the skeleton Cell 130 2007 456 469
130. M. Sitnick, S.C. Bodine, and J.C. Rutledge Chronic high fat feeding attenuates load-induced hypertrophy in mice J Physiol 587 2009 5753 5765
131. S. Khosla, E.J. Atkinson, B.L. Riggs, and L.J. Melton Relationship between body composition and bone mass in women J Bone Miner Res 11 1996 857 863
132. T.K. Roberts, and J.L. Bailey Beyond nutrition: neuropeptide signaling and muscle mass maintenance in chronic kidney disease Kidney Int 74 2008 143 145
133. M. Lafontan, and N. Viguerie Role of adipokines in the control of energy metabolism: focus on adiponectin Curr Opin Pharmacol 6 2006 580 585
134. A.M. Van Berendoncks, A. Garnier, and P. Beckers Exercise training reverses adiponectin resistance in skeletal muscle of patients with chronic heart failure Heart 97 2011 1403 1409
135. A.L. Carey, and M.A. Febbraio Interleukin-6 and insulin sensitivity: friend or foe? Diabetologia 47 2004 1135 1142
136. B.K. Pedersen, and M.A. Febbraio Muscle as an endocrine organ: focus on muscle-derived interleukin-6 Physiol Rev 88 2008 1379 1406
137. B.K. Pedersen, and C.P. Fischer Beneficial health effects of exercise-the role of IL-6 as a myokine Trends Pharmacol Sci 28 2007 152 156
138. L.S. Quinn, L. Strait-Bodey, B.G. Anderson, J.M. Argilés, and P.J. Havel Interleukin-15 stimulates adiponectin secretion by 3 T3-L1 adipocytes: evidence for a skeletal muscle-to-fat signaling pathway Cell Biol Int 29 2005 449 457
139. M.S. Pathy, A.J. Sinclair, and J.E. Morley Principles and practice of geriatric medicine 4th Edition 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd 920 921
140. J. Springer, V. Adams, and S.D. Anker Myostatin: regulator of muscle wasting in heart failure and treatment target for cardiac cachexia Circulation 121 2010 354 356
141. V. Adams, A. Linke, and U. Wisloff Myocardial expression of Murf-1 and MAFbx after induction of chronic heart failure: effect on myocardial contractility Cardiovasc Res 73 2007 120 129