Personality and Metaphor Use: How Extraverted and Introverted Young Adults Experience Becoming Friends

European Journal of Personality

Volumn 26, Issue 6, 2012, Pages 600-612

  Nelson, Paul A ^a   Thorne, Avril ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Actor partner; Extraversion introversion; Friendship; Metaphor; Narrative

Indexed keywords

EID: 84870063158     PISSN: 08902070     EISSN: 10990984     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/per.1839     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. Albright, L., Kenny, D. A., & Malloy, T. E. (1988). Consensus in personality judgments at zero acquaintance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 387-395. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.55.3.387.
2. Allport, G. W., & Odbert, H. (1936). Trait-names: A psycho-lexical study. Psychological Monographs, 47, 171.
3. Altman, I., & Taylor, D. A. (1973). Social penetration: The development of interpersonal relationships. New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.
4. Asendorpf, J. B., & Wilpers, S. (1998). Personality effects on social relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1531-1544. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1531.
5. Ashton, M. C., Lee, K., & Paunonen, S. V. (2002). What is the central feature of extraversion? Social attention versus reward sensitivity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 245-252. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.83.1.245.
6. Atkinson, J. W. (1958). Motives in fantasy, action, and society. New York: Van Nostrand.
7. Back, M. D., Baumert, A., Denissen, J. J. A., Hartung, F. M., Penke, L., Schmukle, S. C.,Wrzus, C. (2011). PERSOC: A unified framework for understanding the dynamic interplay of personality and social relationships. European Journal of Personality, 25, 90-107. DOI: 10.1002/per.811.
8. Back, M. D., Schmukle, S. C., & Egloff, B. (2009). Predicting actual behavior from the explicit and implicit self-concept of personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97, 533-548. DOI: 10.1037/a0016229.
9. Baxter, L. A. (1992). Root metaphors in accounts of developing romantic relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 9, 253-275. DOI: 10.1177/0265407592092006.
10. Benet-Martínez, V., & John, O. P. (1998). Los Cinco Grandes across cultures and ethnic groups: Multitrait method analyses of the Big Five in Spanish and English. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 729-750. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.75.3.729.
11. Berg, J. H. (1984). Development of friendship between roommates. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 346-356. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.46.2.346.
12. Berg, J. H., & Clark, M. S. (1986). Differences in social exchange between intimate and other relationships: Gradually evolving or quickly apparent? In V. J. Derlega & B. A. Winstead (Eds.), Friendship and social interaction (pp. 1101-1128). New York, NY: Springer-Verlag.
13. Block, J. (1971). Lives through Time. Berkeley, CA: Bancroft Books.
14. Bono, J. E., Boles, T. L., Judge, T. A., & Lauver, K. J. (2002). The role of personality in task and relationship conflict. Journal of Personality, 70, 311-344. DOI: 10.1111/1467-6494.05007.
15. Borkenau, P., Brecke, S., Mottig, C., & Paelecke, M. (2009). Extraversion is accurately perceived after a 50-ms exposure to a face. Journal of Research in Personality, 43, 703-706. DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2009.03.007.
16. Braiker, H. B., & Kelley, H. H. (1979). Conflict in the development of close relationships. In R. L. Burgess & T. L. Huston (Eds.), Social exchange in developing relationships (pp. 138-168). New York, NY: Academic Press.
17. Briggs, K. C., & Myers, I. B. (1998). The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, Form M. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
18. Charteris-Black, J. (2002). Second language figurative proficiency: A comparative study of Malay and English. Applied Linguistics, 23, 104-133. DOI: 10.1093/applin/23.1.104.
19. Cohen, D., & Leung, A. K. (2009). The hard embodiment of culture. European Journal of Social Psychology, 39, 1278-1289. DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.671.
20. Cook, W. L., & Kenny, D. A. (2005). The Actor-Partner Interdependence Model: A model of bidirectional effects in developmental studies. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 29, 101-109. DOI: 10.1080/01650250444000405.
21. Eaton, L.G., & Funder, D. C. (2003). The creation and consequences of the social world: An Interactional analysis of extraversion. European Journal of Personality, 17, 375-395. DOI: 10.1002/per.477.
22. Endler, N. S., & Magnusson, D. (1976). Toward an interactional psychology of personality. Psychological Bulletin, 83, 956-974. DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.83.5.956.
23. Fast, L. A., & Funder, D. C. (2008). Personality as manifest in word use: Correlations with self-report, acquaintance report, and behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94, 334-346. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.94.2.334.
24. Gibbs, R. W. (1994). The poetics of mind: Figurative thought, language, and understanding. New York, NY, US: Cambridge University Press.
25. Gibbs, R. W., Lima, P. L., & Francozo, E. (2004). Metaphor is grounded in embodied experience. Journal of Pragmatics, 36, 1189-1210. DOI: 10.1016/j.pragma.2003.10.009.
26. Goetzmann, L., Moser, K. S., Vetsch, E., Grieder, E., Klaghofer, R., Naef, R., Buddeberg, C. (2007). The interplay of "big five" personality factors and metaphorical schemas: A pilot study with 20 lung transplant recipients. The Qualitative Report, 12, 397-413.
27. Graesser, A. C., McNamara, D. S., Kulikowich, J. M. (2011). Coh-Metris: Providing multilevel analyses of text characteristics. Educational Researcher, 40, 223-234. DOI: 10.3102/0013189X11413260.
28. Hays, R. B. (1985). A longitudinal study of friendship development. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 909-924. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.48.4.909.
29. Kenny, D. A. (1995). The effect of nonindependence on significance testing in dyadic research. Personal Relationships, 2, 67-75. DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-6811.1995.tb00078.x.
30. Klohnen, E. C., & Luo, S. (2003). Interpersonal attraction and personality: What is attractive-Self similarity, ideal similarity, complementarity, or attachment security? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 706-722. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.85.4.709.
31. Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors we live by. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
32. Landau, M. J., Meier, B. P., & Keefer, L. A. (2010). A metaphor-enriched social cognition. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 1045-1067. DOI: 10.1037/a0020970.
33. Lawrence, W. W., & Bargh, J. A. (2008). Experiencing physical warmth promotes interpersonal warmth. Science, 322, 606-607. DOI: 10.1126/science.1162548.
34. Lee, K., Ashton, M. C., Pozzebon, J. A., Visser, B. A., Bourdage, J. S., & Ogunfowora, B. (2009). Similarity and assumed similarity in personality reports of well-acquainted persons. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96, 460-472. DOI: 10.1037/a0014059.
35. Levesque, M. J., & Kenny, D. A. (1993). Accuracy of behavioral predictions at zero acquaintance: A social relations analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 1178-1187. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.65.6.1178.
36. Levesque, M. J., Steciuk, M., & Ledley, C. (2002). Self-disclosure patterns among well-acquainted individuals: Disclosers, confidants, and unique relationships. Social Behavior and Personality, 30, 579-592. DOI: 10.2224/sbp.2002.30.6.579.
37. Malloy, T. E., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The Social Relations Model: An integrative methodology for personality research. Journal of Personality, 54, 199-225. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1986.tb00393.x.
38. McConnell, A. R., Christine, M., Dember, W. N., & Grasha, A. F. (1993). Personality through metaphor: Optimism, pessimism, locus of control, and sensation seeking. Current Psychology, 12, 195-215. DOI: 10.1007/BF02686802.
39. McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T., Jr. (1989). Reinterpreting the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator from the perspective of the five-factor model of personality. Journal of Personality, 57, 17-40. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1989.tb00759.x.
40. Mehl, M. R., Gosling, S. D., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2006). Personality in its natural habitat: Manifestations and implicit folk theories of personality in daily life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 862-877. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.862.
41. Moser, K. S. (2000). Metaphor analysis in psychology: Method, theory, and fields of application. Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 1(2). Available: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0002212.
42. Moser, K. S. (2007). Metaphors as symbolic environment of the self: How self-knowledge is expressed verbally. Current Research in Social Psychology, 12, 151-178.
43. Murray, H. A. (1938). Explorations in personality. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
44. Myers, J. L. (1979). Fundamentals of experimental design (3rd ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
45. Nelson, P. A., Thorne, A., & Shapiro, L. A. (2011). I'm outgoing and she's reserved: The reciprocal dynamics of personality in close friendships in young adulthood. Journal of Personality, 79, 113-1147. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2011.00719.x.
46. Neyer, F. J., & Asendorpf, J. B. (2001). Personality relationship transaction in young adulthood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 1190-1204. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.81.6.1190.
47. Parker, S., & de Vries, B. (1993). Patterns of friendship for women and men in same and cross-sex relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 10, 617-626. DOI: 10.1177/0265407593104010.
48. Patterson, C. M., Kosson, D. S., & Newman, J. P. (1987). Reaction to punishment, reflectivity, and passive-avoidance learning in extraverts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 565-575. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.52.3.565.
49. Paunonen, S. V. (2003). Big Five factors of personality and replicated predictions of behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 411-422. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.84.2.411.
50. Pennebaker, J. W., Booth, R. J., & Francis, M. E. (2007). LIWC2007: Linguistic inquiry and word count. Austin, Texas: liwc.net.
51. Preacher, K. J., Rucker, D. D., MacCallum, R. C., & Nicewander, W. A. (2005) Use of the extreme groups approach: A critical reexamination and new recommendations. Psychological Methods, 10, 178-192. DOI: 10.1037/1082-989X.10.2.178.
52. Quinn, N. (1987). Convergent evidence for a cultural model of American marriage. In D. Holland & N. Quinn (Eds.), Cultural models in language and thought (pp. 173-192). New York, NY, US: Cambridge University.
53. Sadler, P., & Woody, E. (2003). Is who you are who you're talking to? Interpersonal style and complementarity in mixed-sex interactions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 80-96. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.84.1.80.
54. Schneider, B. H., Smith, A., Poisson, S. E., & Kwan, A. B. (1997). Cultural dimensions of children's peer relations. In S. Duck (Ed.), Handbook of personal relationships: Theory, research and interventions (pp. 121-146). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
55. Selfhout, M., Burk, W., Branje, S., Denissen, J., van Aken, M., & Meeus, W. (2010). Emerging late adolescent friendship networks and Big Five personality traits: A social network approach. Journal of Personality, 78, 509-538. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00625.x.
56. Selfhout, M., Denissen, J., Branje, S., & Meeus, W. (2009). In the eye of the beholder: Perceived, actual, and peer-rated similarity in personality, communication, and friendship intensity during the acquaintanceship process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96, 1152-1165. DOI: 10.1037/a0014468.
57. Shaver, P., Furman, W., & Buhrmester, D. (1985). Transition to college: Network changes, social skills, and loneliness. In S. Duck, & D. Perlman (Eds.), Understanding personality relationships: An interdisciplinary approach (pp. 193-219). Thousand Oaks, CA, US: Sage Publications.
58. Spain, S. M., Jackson, J. J., & Edmonds, G. W. (2011). Extending the actor-partner interdependence model for binary outcomes: A multilevel logistic approach. Personal Relationships. DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-6811.2011.01371.x.
59. Stone, D. L. (1986). Relationship between introversion/extraversion, values regarding control over information, and perceptions of invasion of privacy. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 62, 371-376.
60. Sunnafrank, M. (1986). Predicted outcome value during initial interactions: A reformulation of uncertainty reduction theory. Human Communication Research, 13, 3-33. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2958.1986.tb00092.x.
61. Sunnafrank, M., & Ramirez, A., Jr., (2004). At first sight: Persistent relational effects of get-acquainted conversations. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 21, 361-379. DOI: 10.1177/0265407504042837.
62. Tendahl, M., & Gibbs, R. W. (2008). Complementary perspectives on metaphor: Cognitive linguistics and relevance theory. Journal of Pragmatics, 40, 1823-1864. DOI: 10.1016/j.pragma.2008.02.001.
63. Thorne, A. (1987). The press of personality: A study of conversations between introverts and extraverts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 718-726. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.53.4.718.
64. Thorne, A. (2004). Putting the person into social identity. Human Development, 47, 361-365. DOI: 10.1159/000081038.
65. Thorne, A., & Gough, H. G. (1991). Portraits of type: An MBTI research compendium. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
66. Thorne, A., Korobov, N., & Morgan, E. M. (2007). Channeling identity: A study of storytelling in conversations of introverted and extraverted friends. Journal of Research in Personality 41, 1008-1031. DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2006.12.001.
67. Thorne, A., Shapiro, L., Cardilla, K., Korobov, N., & Nelson, P. (2009). Caught in the act: How extraverted and introverted friends communally cope with being recorded. Journal of Research in Personality, 43, 634-642. DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2009.03.014.
68. VanLear, C. A. (1987). The formation of social relationships: A longitudinal study of social penetration. Human Communication Research, 13, 299-322. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2958.1987.tb00107.x.
69. VanLear, C. A. (1991). Testing a cyclical model of communicative openness in relationship development: Two longitudinal studies. Communication Monographs, 58, 337-361. DOI: 10.1080/03637759109376235.