MoO3 thickness, thermal annealing and solvent annealing effects on inverted and direct polymer photovoltaic solar cells

Materials

Volumn 5, Issue 12, 2012, Pages 2521-2536

  Chambon, Sylvain ^a   Derue, Lionel ^a   Lahaye, Michel ^a   Pavageau, Bertrand ^a   Hirsch, Lionel ^a   Wantz, Guillaume ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÉ DE BORDEAUX   (France)

Author keywords

Diffusion processes; Inverted architecture; MoO3; Organic solar cells; Solvent annealing; Thermal annealing

Indexed keywords

DIFFUSION PROCESS; MOO3; ORGANIC SOLAR CELL; SOLVENT ANNEALING; THERMAL-ANNEALING;

HETEROJUNCTIONS; MOLYBDENUM OXIDE; MORPHOLOGY; SOLAR CELLS; SOLVENTS;

ANNEALING;

EID: 84870012198     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19961944     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/ma5122521     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Dennler, G.; Scharber, M.C.; Brabec, C.J. Polymer-fullerene bulk-heterojunction solar cells. Adv. Mater. 2009, 21, 1323-1338.
2. He, Z.; Zhong, C.; Su, S.; Xu, M.; Wu, H.; Cao, Y. Enhanced power-conversion efficiency in polymer solar cells using an inverted device structure. Nat. Photon. 2012, 6, 591-595.
3. Sahin, Y.; Alem, S.; De Bettignies, R.; Nunzi, J.-M. Development of air stable polymer solar cells using an inverted gold on top anode structure. Thin Solid Films 2005, 476, 340-343.
4. Li, G.; Chu, C.W.; Shrotriya, V.; Huang, J.; Yang, Y. Efficient inverted polymer solar cells. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2006, 88, 253503.
5. White, M.S.; Olson, D.C.; Shaheen, S.E.; Kopidakis, N.; Ginley, D.S. Inverted bulk-heterojunction organic photovoltaic device using a solution-derived zno underlayer. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2006, 89, 143517.
6. Zhang, F.; Xu, X.; Tang, W.; Zhang, J.; Zhuo, Z.; Wang, J.; Wang, J.; Xu, Z.; Wang, Y. Recent development of the inverted configuration organic solar cells. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2011, 95, 1785-1799.
7. Zhang, F.J.; Zhao, D.W.; Zhuo, Z.L.; Wang, H.; Xu, Z.; Wang, Y.S. Inverted small molecule organic solar cells with ca modified ito as cathode and moo3 modified ag as anode. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2010, 94, 2416-2421.
8. Jiang, C.Y.; Sun, X.W.; Zhao, D.W.; Kyaw, A.K.K.; Li, Y.N. Low work function metal modified ito as cathode for inverted polymer solar cells. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2010, 94, 1618-1621.
9. Oh, H.; Krantz, J.; Litzov, I.; Stubhan, T.; Pinna, L.; Brabec, C.J. Comparison of various sol-gel derived metal oxide layers for inverted organic solar cells. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2011, 95, 2194-2199.
10. Steim, R.; Choulis, S.A.; Schilinsky, P.; Brabec, C.J. Interface modification for highly efficient organic photovoltaics. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2008, 92, 093303.
11. de Bruyn, P.; Moet, D.J.D.; Blom, P.W.M. A facile route to inverted polymer solar cells using a precursor based zinc oxide electron transport layer. Org. Electron. 2010, 11, 1419-1422.
12. Krebs, F.C. Air stable polymer photovoltaics based on a process free from vacuum steps and fullerenes. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2008, 92, 715-726.
13. Sekine, N.; Chou, C.-H.; Kwan, W.L.; Yang, Y. Zno nano-ridge structure and its application in inverted polymer solar cell. Org. Electron. 2009, 10, 1473-1477.
14. Xu, Z.; Chen, L.-M.; Yang, G.; Huang, C.-H.; Hou, J.; Wu, Y.; Li, G.; Hsu, C.-S.; Yang, Y. Vertical phase separation in poly(3-hexylthiophene): Fullerene derivative blends and its advantage for inverted structure solar cells. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2009, 19, 1227-1234.
15. Liao, H.-H.; Chen, L.-M.; Xu, Z.; Li, G.; Yang, Y. Highly efficient inverted polymer solar cell by low temperature annealing of cs2co3 interlayer. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2008, 92, 173303.
16. Kim, J.B.; Kim, C.S.; Kim, Y.S.; Loo, Y.-L. Oxidation of silver electrodes induces transition from conventional to inverted photovoltaic characteristics in polymer solar cells. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2009, 95, 183301.
17. Hau, S.K.; Yip, H.L.; Jen, A.K.Y. A review on the development of the inverted polymer solar cell architecture. Polym. Rev. 2010, 50, 474-510.
18. Tao, C.; Ruan, S.; Zhang, X.; Xie, G.; Shen, L.; Kong, X.; Dong, W.; Liu, C.; Chen, W. Performance improvement of inverted polymer solar cells with different top electrodes by introducing a moo3 buffer layer. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2008, 93, 193307.
19. Sun, Y.; Takacs, C.J.; Cowan, S.R.; Seo, J.H.; Gong, X.; Roy, A.; Heeger, A.J. Efficient, air-stable bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells using moo x as the anode interfacial layer. Adv. Mater. 2011, 23, 2226-2230.
20. Kyaw, A.K.K.; Sun, X.W.; Jiang, C.Y.; Lo, G.Q.; Zhao, D.W.; Kwong, D.L. An inverted organic solar cell employing a sol-gel derived zno electron selective layer and thermal evaporated moo3 hole selective layer. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2008, 93, 221107.
21. Suman, C.K.; Noh, S.; Kim, S.; Lee, S.D.; Lee, C.; Lee, D.; Park, J. Electrical impedance studies of the effect of a buffer layer on organic bulk hetrojunction solar cells. J. Korean Phys. Soc. 2008, 53, 3278-3282.
22. Shrotriya, V.; Li, G.; Yao, Y.; Chu, C.-W.; Yang, Y. Transition metal oxides as the buffer layer for polymer photovoltaic cells. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2006, 88, 073508.
23. Ma, W.W.; Yang, C.; Gong, X.; Lee, K.; Heeger, A.J. Thermally stable, efficient polymer solar cells with nanoscale control of the interpenetrating network morphology. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2005, 15, 1617-1622.
24. Yang, X.; Loos, J.; Veenstra, S.C.; Verhees, W.J.H.; Wienk, M.M.; Kroon, J.M.; Michels, M.A.J.; Janssen, R.A.J. Nanoscale morphology of high-performance polymer solar cells. Nano Lett. 2005, 5, 579-583.
25. Swinnen, A.; Haeldermans, I.; Van de Ven, M.; D'Haen, J.; Vanhoyland, G.; Aresu, S.; D'Olieslaeger, M.; Manca, J. Tuning the dimensions of c60-based needlelike crystals in blended thin films. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2006, 16, 760-765.
26. Kim, Y.; Choulis, S.A.; Nelson, J.; Bradley, D.D.C.; Cook, S.; Durrant, J.R. Device annealing effect in organic solar cells with blends of regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) and soluble fullerene. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2005, 86, 063502.
27. Li, G.; Shrotriya, V.; Yao, Y.; Yang, Y. Investigation of annealing effects and film thickness dependence of polymer solar cells based on poly(3-hexylthiophene). J. Appl. Phys. 2005, 98, 043704.
28. Li, G.; Yao, Y.; Yang, H.; Shrotriya, V.; Yang, G.; Yang, Y. "Solvent annealing" effect in polymer solar cells based on poly(3-hexylthiophene) and methanofullerenes. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2007, 17, 1636-1644.
29. Hoppe, H.; Niggemann, M.; Winder, C.; Kraut, J.; Hiesgen, R.; Hinsch, A.; Meissner, D.; Sariciftci, N.S. Nanoscale morphology of conjugated polymer/fullerene-based bulk- heterojunction solar cells. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2004, 14, 1005-1011.
30. Vanlaeke, P.; Vanhoyland, G.; Aernouts, T.; Cheyns, D.; Deibel, C.; Manca, J.; Heremans, P.; Poortmans, J. Polythiophene based bulk heterojunction solar cells: Morphology and its implications. Thin Solid Films 2006, 511, 358-361.
31. Li, G.; Shrotriya, V.; Huang, J.; Yao, Y.; Moriarty, T.; Emery, K.; Yang, Y. High-efficiency solution processable polymer photovoltaic cells by self-organization of polymer blends. Nat. Mater. 2005, 4, 864-868.
32. Dang, M.T.; Wantz, G.; Bejbouji, H.; Urien, M.; Dautel, O.J.; Vignau, L.; Hirsch, L. Polymeric solar cells based on p3ht:Pcbm: Role of the casting solvent. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2011, 95, 3408-3418.
33. Peet, J.; Soci, C.; Coffin, R.C.; Nguyen, T.Q.; Mikhailovsky, A.; Moses, D.; Bazan, G.C. Method for increasing the photoconductive response in conjugated polymer/fullerene composites. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2006, 89, 252105.
34. Lee, J.K.; Ma, W.L.; Brabec, C.J.; Yuen, J.; Moon, J.S.; Kim, J.Y.; Lee, K.; Bazan, G.C.; Heeger, A.J. Processing additives for improved efficiency from bulk heterojunction solar cells. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 3619-3623.
35. Yao, Y.; Hou, J.; Xu, Z.; Li, G.; Yang, Y. Effects of solvent mixtures on the nanoscale phase separation in polymer solar cells. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2008, 18, 1783-1789.
36. Hiorns, R.C.; De Bettignies, R.; Leroy, J.; Bailly, S.; Firon, M.; Sentein, C.; Preud'Homme, H.; Dagron-Lartigau, C. The influence of molecular weight distribution on the optimal thermal treatment of poly(3-hexythiophene) based bulk heterojunction photovoltaic cells. Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys. 2006, 36, 295-300.
37. Hiorns, R.C.; De Bettignies, R.; Leroy, J.; Bailly, S.; Firon, M.; Sentein, C.; Khoukh, A.; Preud'homme, H.; Dagron-Lartigau, C. High molecular weights, polydispersities, and annealing temperatures in the optimization of bulk-heterojunction photovoltaic cells based on poly(3-hexylthiophene) or poly(3-butylthiophene). Adv. Funct. Mater. 2006, 16, 2263-2273.
38. Vandewal, K.; Gadisa, A.; Oosterbaan, W.D.; Bertho, S.; Banishoeib, F.; Van Severen, I.; Lutsen, L.; Cleij, T.; Vanderzande, D.; Manca, J. The relation between open-circuit voltage and the onset of photocurrent generation by charge-transfer absorption in polymer: Fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2008, 18, 2064-2070.
39. Brabec, C.J.; Cravino, A.; Meissner, D.; Sariciftci, N.S.; Fromherz, T.; Rispens, M.T.; Sanchez, L.; Hummelen, J.C. Origin of the open circuit voltage of plastic solar cells. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2001, 11, 374-380.
40. Cuiffi, J.; Benanti, T.; Nam, W.J.; Fonash, S. Modeling of bulk and bilayer organic heterojunction solar cells. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2010, 96, 143307.
41. Mihailetchi, V.D.; Blom, P.W.M.; Hummelen, J.C.; Rispens, M.T. Cathode dependence of the open-circuit voltage of polymer:Fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells. J. Appl. Phys. 2003, 94, 6849-6854.
42. Thakur, A.K.; Baboz, H.; Wantz, G.; Hodgkiss, J.; Hirsch, L. Relation between charge carrier density and lifetime in polymer-fullerene solar cells. J. Appl. Phys. 2012, 112, 044502.
43. Thakur, A.K.; Wantz, G.; Garcia-Belmonte, G.; Bisquert, J.; Hirsch, L. Temperature dependence of open-circuit voltage and recombination processes in polymer:Fullerene based solar cells. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2011, 95, 2131-2135.
44. Chambon, S.; Destouesse, E.; Pavageau, B.; Hirsch, L.; Wantz, G. Towards an understanding of light activation porcesses in titanium oxide based inverted organic solar cells. J. Appl. Phys. 2012, 112, 094503.
45. van Bavel, S.; Sourty, E.; De With, G.; Frolic, K.; Loos, J. Relation between photoactive layer thickness, 3d morphology, and device performance in p3ht/pcbm bulk-heterojunction solar cells. Macromolecules 2009, 42, 7396-7403.
46. Lee, Y.-I.; Youn, J.-H.; Ryu, M.-S.; Kim, J.; Moon, H.-T.; Jang, J. Electrical properties of inverted poly(3-hexylthiophene): Methano-fullerene [6,6]-phenyl c71-butyric acid methyl ester bulk hetero-junction solar cell with cs2co3 and moo3 layers. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2011, 95, 3276-3280.
47. Kroger, M.; Hamwi, S.; Meyer, J.; Riedl, T.; Kowalsky, W.; Kahn, A. Role of the deep-lying electronic states of moo[sub 3] in the enhancement of hole-injection in organic thin films. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2009, 95, 123301.
48. Kroger, M.; Hamwi, S.; Meyer, J.; Riedl, T.; Kowalsky, W.; Kahn, A. P-type doping of organic wide band gap materials by transition metal oxides: A case-study on molybdenum trioxide. Org. Electron. 2009, 10, 932-938.
49. Dang, M.T.; Hirsch, L.; Wantz, G. P3ht:Pcbm, best seller in polymer photovoltaic research. Adv. Mater. 2011, 23, 3597-3602.