Emotional presence, learning, and the online learning environment

International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning

Volumn 13, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 269-292

  Cleveland Innes, Martha ^a   Campbell, Prisca ^a  

^a ATHABASCA UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Community of inquiry; Distance education; Emotional presence; Higher education; Online learning; Pedagogy

Indexed keywords

EID: 84869486752     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14923831     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.19173/irrodl.v13i4.1234     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. Akyol, Z., Arbaugh, B., Cleveland-Innes, M., Garrison, R., Ice, P., Richardson, J., & Swan, K. (2009). A response to the review of the community of inquiry framework. Canadian Journal of Distance Education, 23(2), 123-136.
2. Allen, I. E., & Seaman, J. (2010). Learning on demand: Online education in the United States, 2009 (Research Report No. 7). Retrieved from http://www.sloanc.org/ publications/survey/pdf/learningondemand.pdf
3. Anderson, T. (2007). Social and cognitive presence in virtual learning environments. Keynote lecture, CHAIS Conference, The Open University of Israel. Retrieved from http://www.slideshare.net/terrya/social-and-cognitive-presence-in-virtuallearning-environments
4. Arbaugh, J. B., Cleveland-Innes, M., Diaz, S., Garrison, D. R., Ice, P., Richardson, J. C., Shea, P., & Swan, K. (2009). Developing a community of inquiry instrument: Testing a measure of the Community of Inquiry framework using a multi-institutional sample. The Internet and Higher Education, 11, 133-136.
5. Artino, A. R. Jr. (2009). Think, feel, act: Motivational and emotional influences on military students' online academic success. Journal of Computing in Higher Education, 21, 146-166.
6. Artino, A. R. Jr. (2010). Online or face-to-face learning? Exploring the personal factors that predict students' choice of instructional format. Internet and Higher Education, 13(4), 272-276.
7. Artino, A. R. Jr., & Stephens, J. M. (2006). Learning online? Motivated to self-regulate? Academic Exchange Quarterly, 10, 176-182.
8. Barbalet, J. (2002). Introduction: Why emotions are crucial. In J. Barbalet (Ed.), Emotions and sociology (pp. 1-19). Oxford: Blackwell.
9. Baumeister, R. F., DeWall, C.N., & Zhang, L. (2007). Do emotions improve or hinder the decision making process? In K. D. Vohs, R. F. Baumeister, R. F. & G. Loewenstein (Eds.), Do emotions help or hurt decision making? A hedgefoxian perspective (pp. 11-31). New York: Russell Sage.
10. Birch, D. (2001). e-Learner Competencies. Retrieved from http://www.brightways.net/Articles/ wp01_elc.pdf
11. Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss (Vol. I). New York: Basic Books.
12. Brookfield, S. D. (2006). The skillful teacher: On technique, trust and responsiveness in the classroom. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
13. Callahan, J. L. (2004, Summer). Breaking the cult of rationality: Mindful awareness of emotion in the critical theory classroom. New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education, 102, 75-83.
14. Campbell, P. & Cleveland-Innes, M. (2005, August). Affect as presence in online communities of inquiry. Proceedings of 21st Annual Conference of Distance Teaching and Learning, Madison, WI.
15. Cleveland-Innes, M., Garrison, R., & Kinsel, E. (2007). Role adjustment for learners in an online community of inquiry: Identifying the needs of novice online learners. International Journal of Web-based Learning and Teaching Technologies, 2(1), 1-16.
16. Cleveland-Innes, M., & Campbell, P. (2006, November). Understanding emotional presence in an online community of inquiry. Paper presented at the 12th Annual SLOAN-C ALN Conference, Orlando, Florida.
17. Conrad, D. (2002). Engagement, excitement, anxiety, and fear: Learners' experience of starting an online course. American Journal of Distance Education, 16(4), 205-226.
18. Cottrell, S. (2005). Critical thinking skills: Developing effective analysis and argument. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
19. Damasio, A. R. (1994, October). Descartes' error and the future of human life. Scientific American, 144-145.
20. Damasio, A. R. (1995). Descartes' error: Emotion, reason and the human brain. New York: Quill.
21. Damasio, A. R. (1999). The feeling of what happens: Body and emotion in the making of consciousness. Orlando, FL: Harcourt.
22. Damasio, A. R. (2003). Looking for Spinoza: Joy, sorrow and the feeling brain. Orlando, FL: Harcourt.
23. Davidson, R. J. (2003). Seven sins in the study of emotion: Correctives from affective neuroscience. Brain and Cognition, 52, 129-132.
24. Dirkx, J. M. (2008). The meaning and role of emotions in adult learning. New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education, 120, 7-18.
25. Dirkx, J.M. (1998). Knowing the self through fantasy: Toward a mytho-poetic view of transformative learning. Proceedings of the Adult Education Research Council. Retrieved from http://www.adulterc.org/Proceedings/1998/98dirkx.htm
26. Derks, D., Fischer, A.H., & Bos, A. (2008). The role of emotion in computer-mediated communication: A review. Computer Human Behavior, 24, 766-785.
27. Dirkx, J. M., & Cranton, P. (Eds.) (1997). Nurturing soul in adult learning. New Dimensions for Adult and Continuing Education, 74, 79-88.
28. Eich, E., Kihlstrom, J. F., Bower, G. H., Forgas, J. P., & Niedenthal, P. M. (2000). Cognition and emotion. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
29. Gardner, H. (1998). A multiplicity of intelligences. Scientific American Presents, 9(4), 18-23.
30. Gardner, H., Kornhaber, M. L., & Wake, W. K. (1996). Intelligence: Multiple perspectives. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning.
31. Garrison, D. R. (2007). Online community of inquiry review: Social, cognitive, and teaching presence issues. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 11(1), 61-72.
32. Garrison, D. R., & Cleveland-Innes, M. (2004). Critical factors in student satisfaction and success: Facilitating student role adjustment in online communities of inquiry. In J. Bourne & J. C. Moore (Eds.), Elements of quality online education: Into the mainstream. Vol. 5 in the Sloan C Series (pp. 29-38). Needham, MA: The Sloan Consortium.
33. Garrison, D. R., Anderson, T., & Archer, W. (2000). Critical inquiry in a text-based environment: Computer conferencing in higher education. The Internet and Higher Education, 2, 1-19.
34. Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional intelligence: Why it can matter more than IQ. New York: Bantam Books.
35. Goleman, D. (1998). Working with emotional intelligence. New York: Bantam Books.
36. Gronlund, N. E. (2000). How to write and use instructional objectives. Toronto: Prentice-Hall.
37. Hughes, J. (2004). Supporting the online learner. In T. Anderson & F. Elloumi (Eds.), Theory and practice of online learning. Athabasca, AB: AU Press.
38. Ingleton, C. (2000). Emotion in learning - a neglected dynamic. In R. James, J. Milton, & R. Gabb (Eds.), Research and development in higher education. Vol. 22 of Cornerstones of Higher Education (pp. 86-99). Melbourne, AU: Research and Development Society of Australasia..
39. Kang, M., Kim, S., & Park, S. (2007). Developing emotional presence scale for measuring students' involvement during e-Learning process. In C. Montgomerie & J. Seale (Eds.), Proceedings of World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia and Telecommunications 2007 (pp. 2829-2832). Chesapeake, VA: AACE.
40. Kort, B., Reilly, R., & Picard, R. (August, 2001). An affective model of interplay between emotions and learning: Reengineering educational pedagogy -Building a learning companion. Proceedings of International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT 2001). Madison, WI.
41. Krathwohl, D. (2002). A revision of Bloom's taxonomy: An overview. Retrieved from http:// www.unco.edu/cetl/sir/stating_outcome/documents/Krathwohl.pdf
42. LeDoux, J. (1996). The emotional brain: The mysterious underpinnings of emotional life. New York: Simon & Schuster.
43. LeDoux, J. (2002). The synaptic self: How our brains become who we are. New York: Penguin.
44. Lehman, R. (2006). The role of emotion in creating instructor and learner presence in the distance education experience. Journal of Cognitive Affective Learning, 2(2), 12-26.
45. Linnenbrink-Garcia, L., & Pekrun, R. (2011). Student emotions and academic engagement. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 36(1), 1-3.
46. Lipman, M. (1991). Thinking in education. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
47. MacCallum, R. C., Widaman, K. F., Zhang, S., & Hong S. (1999). Sample size in factor analysis. Psychological Methods, 4, 84-99.
48. Marchand, G. C., & Gutierrez, A. P. (2011). The role of emotion in the learning process: Comparisons between online and face-to-face learning settings. The Internet and Higher Education, 15(3), 150-160. doi:10.1016/j.iheduc.2011.10.001.
49. Merriam, S. B., & Heuer, B. (1996). Meaning-making, adult learning and development: A model with implications for practice. International Journal of Lifelong Education, 15(4), 234-255.
50. McLuhan, M. (1995). Understanding media: The extensions of man. Cambridge: MIT Press.
51. Morrison, G.,R., Ross, S.,M., & Kemp, J.,E. (2004). Designing effective instruction. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
52. Neuman, W. L. (2006). Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches (6th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson Publishing.
53. O'Regan, K. (2003). Emotion and e-learning. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 7(3), 78-92.
54. Pekrun, R., Goetz, T., Titz, W., & Perry, R. P. (2002). Academic emotions in students' self regulated learning and achievement: A program of qualitative and quantitative re search. Educational Psychologist, 37(2), 91-105.
55. Perry, B., & Edwards, M. (2005). Exemplary online educators: Creating a community of inquiry. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 6(2), 46-54. Retrieved from http://tojde.anadolu.edu.tr/tojde18/index.htm
56. Plutchick, R. (2003). Emotions and life. Washington, DC.: American Psychological Association.
57. Preacher, K. J., & MacCallum, R. C. (2002). Exploratory factor analysis in behavior genetics research: Factor recovery with small sample sizes. Behavior Genetics, 32, 153-161.
58. Rovai, A. P. (2002). Sense of community, perceived cognitive learning, and persistence in asynchronous learning networks. The Internet and Higher Education, 5(4), 319-332.
59. Schutz, P. A., & Lanehart, S. J. (2002). Introduction: Emotions in education. Educational Psychologist, 37, 67-68.
60. Shea, P. (2006). A study of students' sense of learning community in online environments. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 10(1). Retrieved from http://sloanconsortium. org/jaln/v10n1/study-students%E2%80%99-sense-learning-community-online-environments
61. Stets, J. E., & Turner, J. H. (Eds.) (2006). Handbook of the sociology of emotions. New York: Springer.
62. Thompson, T. L., & MacDonald, C. J. (2005). Community building, emergent design and expecting the unexpected: Creating a quality eLearning experience. The Internet and Higher Education, 8(3), 233-249.
63. Värlander, S. (2008). The role of students' emotions in formal feedback situations. Teaching in Higher Education, 13(2), 145-156.
64. Waxman, H. C., Lin, M.-F., & Michko, G. M. (2003). A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of teaching and learning with technology on student outcomes. Retrieved from http://www.ncrel.org/tech/effects2/
65. Weiner, B. (1985). An attributional theory of achievement motivation and emotion. Psychological Review, 92(4), 548-573.
66. Weiss, R. (2000). Emotion and learning - Implications of new neurological research for training techniques. Training and Development, 16. Retrieved from http://findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_m4467/is_11_54/ai_67590800/pg_3/.
67. Wosnitza, M., & Volet, S. (2005). Origin, direction and impact of emotions in social online learning. Learning and Instruction, 15(5), 449-464.
68. Zembylas, M. (2008). Adult learners' emotions in online learning. Distance Education, 29(1), 71-87.