Aerial pollutants in swine buildings: A review of their characterization and methods to reduce them

Environmental Science and Technology

Volumn 46, Issue 22, 2012, Pages 12287-12301

  Hamon, Lomig ^a   Andrès, Yves ^a   Dumont, Eric ^a  

^a Universite de Nantes   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AIRBORNE PARTICLE; ANIMAL WELFARE; ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION; CONCENTRATION MEASUREMENT; CRITICAL REVIEW; GASEOUS COMPOUNDS; LIVESTOCK FARMING; MANAGEMENT METHOD; MEAT PRODUCTION; POLLUTANTS EMISSIONS;

AGRICULTURE; BIOFILTRATION; FARM BUILDINGS;

POLLUTION;

AMMONIA; CARBON DIOXIDE; HYDROGEN SULFIDE; METHANE; THIOL;

ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION; BIOFILTRATION; BUILDING; INDUSTRIAL EMISSION; LITERATURE REVIEW; LIVESTOCK FARMING; MEAT; ODOR;

AGRICULTURAL SLURRY; AIR POLLUTANT; AIRBORNE PARTICLE; ATMOSPHERE; BIOFILTER; BIOFILTRATION; BUILDING INDUSTRY; CHEMOLUMINESCENCE; COLORIMETRY; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); DUST; GAS; GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY; HUMIDITY; INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY; MANURE; NONHUMAN; OLFACTOMETRY; PARTICULATE MATTER; PHOTOACOUSTICS; REVIEW; SCRUBBER; SWINE;

AIR POLLUTANTS; AIR POLLUTION, INDOOR; ANIMALS; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; ENVIRONMENTAL REMEDIATION; HOUSING, ANIMAL; SUS SCROFA;

ANIMALIA; SUIDAE;

EID: 84869401570     PISSN: 0013936X     EISSN: 15205851     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/es3025758     Document Type: Review

References (172)

1. Statistics from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. http://faostat.fao.org (accessed November 7, 2012).
2. Girard, M.; Nikiema, J.; Brzezinski, R.; Buelna, G.; Heitz, M. A review of environmental pollution originating from the piggery industry and of the available mitigation technologies: towards the simultaneous biofiltration of swine slurry and methane Can. J. Civ. Eng. 2009, 36, 1946-1957
3. Alternative Systems for Piggery Effluent Treatment, Pig Waste ReportFinal20000407 5492/1; Queensland FSA Environmental: Toowoomba, Australia, 2000; http://www.epa.sa.gov.au/xstd-files/Industry/Report/piggery01.pdf (accessed November 7, 2012).
4. Kruger, I.; Taylor, G.; Roese, G.; Payne, H. Deep-litter housing for pigs Primefacts, Profitable & Sustainable Primary Industries NSW DPI 2006, 68, 1-9
5. Mackie, R. I.; Stroot, P. G.; Varel, V. H. Biochemical identification and biological origin of key odor components in livestock waste J. Anim. Sci. 1998, 76, 1331-1342 (Pubitemid 128439673)
6. Sucker, K.; Both, R.; Winneke, G. Adverse effects of environmental odours: reviewing studies on annoyance responses and symptom reporting Water Sci. Technol. 2001, 44, 43-51 (Pubitemid 33103776)
7. ONeill, D. H.; Phillips, V. R. A review of the control of odour nuisance from livestock buildings: Part 3, properties of the odorous substances which have been identified in livestock wastes or in the air around them J. Agric. Eng. Res. 1992, 53, 23-50
8. Shukla, N. P. Air pollution by odour: Sources, identification and control Rev. Environ. Health 1991, 9, 239-244 (Pubitemid 23365321)
9. Air Quality-determination of Odour Concentration by Dynamic Olfactometry; VDI guideline: DIN EN 13725, 2003.
10. McGinley, M. A.; McGinley, C. M. The new European olfactometry standard: implementation, expertise, and perspectives. Air and Waste Management Association 94th Annual Meeting and Exhibition; Orlando, FL, 2001.
11. Harreveld, A. P.; van; Heeres, P.; Harssema, H. A review of 20 years of standardization of odor concentration measurement by dynamic olfactometry in Europe J. Air Waste Manag Assoc 1999, 49, 705-715 (Pubitemid 29266457)
12. Persaud, K. C.; Khaffaf, S. M.; Hobbs, P. J.; Sneath, R. W. Assessment of conducting polymer odour sensors for agricultural malodour measurements Chem. Senses 1996, 21, 495-505 (Pubitemid 26340913)
13. James, D.; Scott, S. M.; Ali, Z.; OHare, W. T. Chemical sensors for electronic nose systems Microchim. Acta 2005, 149, 1-17 (Pubitemid 40179092)
14. Lamb, A. B.; Hoover, C. R. Adsorbent, U.S. Patent 1,321,061, 1919.
15. Lamb, A. B.; Hoover, C. R. Gas detector, U.S. Patent 1,321,062, 1919.
16. Baugh, P. J. Gas Chromatography: A Practical Approach; Oxford University Press: Oxford, U.K., 1993.
17. Karasek, F. W. Basic Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: Principles and Techniques; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1988.
18. Grob, R. L.; Barry, E. F. Modern Practice of Gas Chromatography, 4 th ed.; Wiley-Interscience: Hoboken, N.J., 2004.
19. Zahn, J. A.; Hatfield, J. L.; Laird, D. A.; Hart, T. T.; Do, Y. S.; DiSpirito, A. A. Functional classification of swine manure management systems based on effluent and gas emission characteristics J. Environ. Qual. 2001, 30, 635-647 (Pubitemid 32424087)
20. Banwart, W. L.; Bremmer, J. M. Identification of sulfur gases evolved from animal manures J. Environ. Qual. 1975, 4, 363-366
21. Schiffman, S. S.; Bennett, J. L.; Raymer, J. H. Quantification of odors and odorants from swine operations in North Carolina Agric. For. Meteorol. 2001, 108, 213-240 (Pubitemid 32817817)
22. 2S emission from swine manure using Na-nitrite and Na-molybdate J. Hazard. Mater. 2008, 154, 300-309 (Pubitemid 351626343)
23. Kim, K.-Y.; Koh, H.-J.; Kim, H.-T.; Kim, Y.-S.; Roh, Y.-M.; Lee, C.-M.; Kim, C.-N. Odor reduction rate in the confinement pig building by spraying various additives Bioresour. Technol. 2008, 99, 8464-8469
24. Miner, J. R.; Kelly, M. D.; Anderson, A. W. Identification and measurement of volatile compounds within a swine building and measurement of ammonia evolution rates from manure-covered surfaces. In American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 1975; pp 351-353.
25. Lunn, F.; Vyver, J. van de Sampling and analysis of air in pig houses Agric. Environ. 1977, 3, 159-169 (Pubitemid 8263450)
26. Zahn, J. A.; Hatfield, J. L.; Do, Y. S.; DiSpirito, A. A.; Laird, D. A.; Pfeiffer, R. L. Characterization of volatile organic emissions and wastes from a swine production facility J. Environ. Qual. 1997, 26, 1687-1696 (Pubitemid 28030301)
27. Le, P. D.; Aarnink, A. J. A.; Jongbloed, A. W. Odour and ammonia emission from pig manure as affected by dietary crude protein level Livest. Sci. 2009, 121, 267-274
28. Wright, D. W.; Eaton, D. K.; Nielsen, L. T.; Kuhrt, F. W.; Koziel, J. A.; Spinhirne, J. P.; Parker, D. B. Multidimensional gas chromatography- olfactometry for the identification and prioritization of malodors from confined animal feeding operations J. Agric. Food Chem. 2005, 53, 8663-8672 (Pubitemid 41608928)
29. Blanes-Vidal, V.; Hansen, M. N.; Adamsen, A. P. S.; Feilberg, A.; Petersen, S. O.; Jensen, B. B. Characterization of odor released during handling of swine slurry: Part I. Relationship between odorants and perceived odor concentrations Atmos. Environ. 2009, 43, 2997-3005
30. Haddad, P. R.; Jackson, P. E. Ion Chromatography: Principles and Applications; Elsevier: New York, 1990.
31. Kim, K. Y.; Ko, H. J.; Lee, K. J.; Park, J. B.; Kim, C. N. Temporal and spatial distributions of aerial contaminants in an enclosed pig building in winter Environ. Res. 2005, 99, 150-157 (Pubitemid 41382441)
32. Rom, H. B. Evaluation of photo-acoustic ammonia detection in livestock buildings, In Proceedings of Ageng International Conference on Agricultural Engineering; Milano, Italy, 1994; pp. 238-239.
33. Hinz, T.; Linke, S. A Comprehensive Experimental study of aerial pollutants in and emissions from livestock buildings. Part 1: Methods J. Agric. Eng. Res. 1998, 70, 111-118 (Pubitemid 128644537)
34. Nicks, B.; Laitat, M.; Farnir, F.; Vandenheede, M.; Desiron, A.; Verhaeghe, C.; Canart, B. Gaseous emissions from deep-litter pens with straw or sawdust for fattening pigs Anim. Sci. 2004, 78, 99-107 (Pubitemid 38225195)
35. Philippe, F.-X.; Laitat, M.; Canart, B.; Vandenheede, M.; Nicks, B. Gaseous emissions during the fattening of pigs kept either on fully slatted floors or on straw flow Animal 2007, 1, 1515-1523 (Pubitemid 350085174)
36. Philippe, F.-X.; Laitat, M.; Canart, B.; Vandenheede, M.; Nicks, B. Comparison of ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions during the fattening of pigs, kept either on fully slatted floor or on deep litter Livest. Sci. 2007, 111, 144-152 (Pubitemid 47102737)
37. Costa, A.; Guarino, M. Definition of yearly emission factor of dust and greenhouse gases through continuous measurements in swine husbandry Atmos. Environ. 2009, 43, 1548-1556
38. Lovanh, N.; Warren, J.; Sistani, K. Determination of ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions from land application of swine slurry: A comparison of three application methods Bioresour. Technol. 2010, 101, 1662-1667
39. Phillips, V. R.; Holden, M. R.; Sneath, R. W.; Short, J. L.; White, R. P.; Hartung, J.; Seedorf, J.; Schröder, M.; Linkert, K. H.; Pedersen, S.; Takai, H.; Johnsen, J. O.; Koerkamp, P. W. G. G.; Uenk, G. H.; Scholtens, R.; Metz, J. H. M.; Wathes, C. M. The development of robust methods for measuring concentrations and emission rates of gaseous and particulate air pollutants in livestock buildings J. Agric. Eng. Res. 1998, 70, 11-24 (Pubitemid 128644530)
40. Childers, J. W.; Thompson, E. L.; Harris, D. B.; Kirchgessner, D. A.; Clayton, M.; Natschke, D. F.; Phillips, W. J. Multi-pollutant concentration measurements around a concentrated swine production facility using open-path FTIR spectrometry Atmos. Environ. 2001, 35, 1923-1936
41. Lagg, A.; Taucher, J.; Hansel, A.; Lindinger, W. Applications of proton transfer reactions to gas analysis Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Process 1994, 134, 55-66
42. Hansel, A.; Jordan, A.; Holzinger, R.; Prazeller, P.; Vogel, W.; Lindinger, W. Proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry: on-line trace gas analysis at the ppb level Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Process 1995, 149-150, 609-619
43. Feilberg, A.; Liu, D. Z.; Adamsen, A. P. S.; Hansen, M. J.; Jonassen, K. E. N. Odorant emissions from intensive pig production measured by online proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44, 5894-5900
44. Hudson, N.; Ayoko, G. A. Odour sampling 1: Physical chemistry considerations Bioresour. Technol. 2008, 99, 3982-3992 (Pubitemid 351380789)
45. Hudson, N.; Ayoko, G. A. Odour sampling. 2. Comparison of physical and aerodynamic characteristics of sampling devices: A review Bioresour. Technol. 2008, 99, 3993-4007 (Pubitemid 351380788)
46. Day, D. L.; Hansen, E. L.; Anderson, S. Gases and odors in confinement swine building Trans. ASAE 1965, 8, 118-121
47. Miner, J. R.; Hazen, T. E. Ammonia and amines. Components of swine-building odor Trans. ASAE 1969, 12, 772-774
48. Mårtensson, L.; Magnusson, M.; Shen, Y.; Jönsson, J. Å. Air concentrations of volatile organic acids in confined animal buildings-determination with ion chromatography Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 1999, 75, 101-108 (Pubitemid 29400888)
49. Hartung, L. D.; Hilliger, H. G. Odour characterisation in animal houses by gas chromatographic analysis on the basis of low temperature sorption. In Effluents from Livestock; Gasser, J. K. R., Ed; Applied Science, London, 1980; pp 561-578.
50. Hammond, E. G.; Junk, G.; Kuczala, P.; Koziel, J. A. Constituents of swine house odors. In Proceedings of the International Livestock Environment Symposium, American Society Of Agricultural Engineers; St Joseph, MI, 1974; pp. 364-372.
51. Keener, K. M.; Zhang, J.; Bottcher, R. W.; Munilla, R. D. Evaluation of thermal desorption for the measurement of artificial swine odorants in the vapor phase Trans. ASAE 2002, 45, 1579-1584 (Pubitemid 36108434)
52. Hammond, E. G.; Smith, R. J. Survey of some molecularly dispersed odorous constituents in swine-house Iowa State J. Res. 1981, 55, 393-399 (Pubitemid 12224052)
53. Koziel, J. A.; Spinhirne, J. P.; Lloyd, J. D.; Parker, D. B.; Wright, D. W.; Kuhrt, F. W. Evaluation of sample recovery of malodorous livestock gases from air sampling bags, solid-phase microextraction fibers, Tenax TA sorbent tubes, and sampling canisters J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 2005, 55, 1147-1157 (Pubitemid 41564896)
54. Mobley, H. L. T.; Hausinger, R. P. Microbial urease: significance, regulation, and molecular characterization Microbiol. Rev. 1989, 53, 85-108 (Pubitemid 19080948)
55. Spoelstra, S. F. Origin of objectionable odorous components in piggery wastes and the possibility of applying indicator components for studying odor development Agric. Environ. 1980, 5, 241-260 (Pubitemid 10027262)
56. Zhu, J. A review of microbiology in swine manure odor control Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 2000, 78, 93-106 (Pubitemid 30106690)
57. Zhang, R. H.; Day, D. L.; Christianson, L. L.; Jepson, W. P. A computer model predicting ammonia release rate from swine manure pits J. Agric. Eng. Res. 1994, 58, 223-229
58. Portejoie, S.; Dourmad, J. Y.; Martinez, J.; Lebreton, Y. Effect of lowering dietary crude protein on nitrogen excretion, manure composition and ammonia emission from fattening pigs Livest. Prod. Sci. 2004, 91, 45-55 (Pubitemid 39455316)
59. Donham, K. J. Hazardous agent in agricultural dusts and methods of evaluation Am. J. Ind. Med. 1986, 10, 205-220 (Pubitemid 17192173)
60. Pedersen, S.; Blanes-Vidal, V.; Joergensen, H.; Chwalibog, A.; Haeussermann, A.; Heetkamp, M. J. W.; Aarnink, A. J. A. Carbon dioxide production in animal houses: A literature review. In Agricultural Engineering International: CIGR Ejournal, Manuscript BC 08 008, vol. X, 2008.
61. Donham, K. J.; Knapp, L. W.; Monson, R.; Gustafsson, K. E. Acute toxic exposure to gases from liquid manure J. Occup. Med. 1982, 24, 142-145 (Pubitemid 12187391)
62. Leneman, H.; Oudendag, D. A.; Hoek, K. W.; van der; Janssen, P. H. M. Focus on emissions factors: a sensitivity analysis of ammonia emission modelling in the Netherlands Environ. Pollut. 1998, 102, 205-210 (Pubitemid 29030027)
63. Arogo, J.; Westerman, P. W.; Heber, A. J. A review of ammonia emissions from confined swine feeding operations Trans. ASAE 2003, 46, 805-817 (Pubitemid 37143749)
64. Robertson, J. F. Ammonia, dust and air quality: quantifying the problem Pig J. 1994, 23, 113-125
65. Gralapp, A. K.; Powers, W. J.; Faust, M. A.; Bundy, D. S. Effects of dietary ingredients on manure characteristics and odorous emissions from swine J. Anim. Sci. 2002, 80, 1512-1519 (Pubitemid 41151712)
66. Attwood, P.; Brouwer, R.; Ruigewaard, P.; Versloot, P.; Dewit, R.; Heederik, D.; Boleij, J. S. M. A study of the relationship between airborne contaminants and environmental-factors in Dutch swine confinement buildings Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 1987, 48, 745-751 (Pubitemid 17123547)
67. Hammond, E. G.; Fedler, C.; Smith, R. J. Analysis of particle-borne swine house odors Agric. Environ. 1981, 6, 395-401 (Pubitemid 12200348)
68. Hartung, L. D.; Hammond, E. G.; Miner, J. R. Identification of carbonyl compounds in a swine building atmosphere. In Livestock Waste Management and Pollution Abatement, Proc. of the International Symposium on Livestock Wastes; Colombus, OH, 1971; pp. 105-106.
69. Hilliger, H. G.; Hartung, J. Geruchsbewertung im Stall dur Verknuffung von sensorischen and analytischen methoden Org. Verunreinig. Umwelt: Erkennen, Bewerten, Vermindern, [Tag.] 1978, 475-482
70. Schaefer, J. Sampling, characterization and analysis of malodorous Agr. Environ. 1977, 3, 121-128
71. Schaefer, J.; Bemelmans, J. M. H.; Ten Oever de Brauw, M. C. Onderzoek naar de voor de stank van varkensmesterijen verantwoordelijke componenten Landbouwkd. Tijdschr. 1974, 86, 228-232
72. Dong, H.; Zhu, Z.; Shang, B.; Zhu, H.; Xin, H. Greenhouse gas emissions from swine barns of various production stages in suburban Beijing, China Atmos. Environ. 2007, 41, 2391-2399 (Pubitemid 46275505)
73. Koerkamp, P. W. G. G.; Metz, J. H. M.; Uenk, G. H.; Phillips, V. R.; Holden, M. R.; Sneath, R. W.; Short, J. L.; White, R. P. P.; Hartung, J.; Seedorf, J.; Schröder, M.; Linkert, K. H.; Pedersen, S.; Takai, H.; Johnsen, J. O.; Wathes, C. M. Concentrations and emissions of ammonia in livestock buildings in Northern Europe J. Agric. Eng. Res. 1998, 70, 79-95 (Pubitemid 128644535)
74. Ni, J. Mechanistic models of ammonia release from liquid manure: a review J. Agric. Eng. Res. 1999, 72, 1-17 (Pubitemid 129675128)
75. Begnaud, F.; Pérès, C.; Murat, C.; Lebost, J.; Berdagué, J.-L. Mise en place de nouvelles méthodes de caractérisation des atmosphères de porcherie Journ. Rech. Porcine Fr., [C. R.] 2004, 36, 39-46
76. Aarnink, A. J. A.; Keen, A.; Metz, J. H. M.; Speelman, L.; Verstegen, M. W. A. Ammonia emission patterns during the growing periods of pigs housed on partially slatted floors J. Agric. Eng. Res. 1995, 62, 105-116
77. Groenestein, C. M.; Hol, J. M. G.; Vermeer, H. M.; Hartog, L. A. D.; Metz, J. H. M. Ammonia emission from individual- and group-housing systems for sows Neth. J. Agric. Sci. 2001, 49, 313-322 (Pubitemid 33811290)
78. Zhang, Y. Indoor air quality engineering; CRC Press Inc: Boca Raton, FL, 2004.
79. Cambra-López, M.; Aarnink, A. J. A.; Zhao, Y.; Calvet, S.; Torres, A. G. Airborne particulate matter from livestock production systems: A review of an air pollution problem Environ. Pollut. 2010, 158, 1-17
80. Ashman, R. A practical guide to industrial dust control J. Inst. Heat. Vent. Eng. 1971, 38, 272-282
81. Carpenter, G. A. Dust in livestock buildings-Review of some aspects J. Agric. Eng. Res. 1986, 33, 227-241 (Pubitemid 200606)
82. Kulkarni, P.; Baron, P. A.; Willeke, K. Aerosol Measurement: Principles, Techniques, and Applications; John Wiley & Sons: Hoboken, NJ, 2011.
83. Razote, E. B.; Maghirang, R. G.; Sitz, L. M.; Jeon, I. J. Characterization of volatile organic compounds on airborne dust in a swine finishing barn Trans. ASAE 2004, 47, 1231-1238 (Pubitemid 39384458)
84. Aarnink, A. J. A.; Roelofs, P. F. M. M.; Ellen, H.; Gunnink, H. Dust sources in animal houses. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Dust Control in Animal Production Facilities; Aarhus, Denmark, 1999; pp. 34-40.
85. Harry, E. G. Air pollution in farm buildings and method of control: a review Avian Pathol. 1978, 7, 441-454
86. Dawson, J. R. Minimizing dust in livestock buildings: possible alternatives to mechanical separation J. Agric. Eng. Res. 1990, 47, 235-248
87. Heber, A. J.; Stroik, M.; Faubion, J. M.; Willard, L. H. Size distribution and identification of aerial dust particles in swine finishing buildings Trans. ASAE 1988, 31, 882-887 (Pubitemid 18661789)
88. Honey, L. F.; McQuitty, J. B. Some physical factors affecting dust concentrations in a pig facility Can. Agric. Eng. 1979, 21, 9-14 (Pubitemid 10428962)
89. Takai, H.; Pedersen, S.; Johnsen, J. O.; Metz, J. H. M.; Koerkamp, P. W. G. G.; Uenk, G. H.; Phillips, V. R.; Holden, M. R.; Sneath, R. W.; Short, J. L.; White, R. P.; Hartung, J.; Seedorf, J.; Schröder, M.; Linkert, K. H.; Wathes, C. M. Concentrations and emissions of airborne dust in livestock buildings in Northern Europe J. Agric. Eng. Res. 1998, 70, 59-77 (Pubitemid 128644534)
90. Curtis, S. E.; Drummond, J. G.; Grunloh, D. J.; Lynch, P. B.; Jensen, A. H. Relative and qualitative aspects of aerial bacteria and dust in swine houses J. Anim. Sci. 1975, 41, 1512-1520
91. Gustafsson, G. Factors affecting the release and concentration of dust in pig houses J. Agric. Eng. Res. 1999, 74, 379-390 (Pubitemid 129671586)
92. Aarnink, A. J. A.; Ellen, H. H. Processes and factors affecting dust emissions from livestock production. In DustConf 2007, How to Improve Air Quality; Maastricht, The Netherlands, 2007; pp 1-12.
93. Martin, W. T.; Zhang, Y.; Willson, P.; Archer, T. P.; Kinahan, C.; Barber, E. M. Bacterial and fungal flora of dust deposits in a pig building Occup. Environ. Med. 1996, 53, 484-487 (Pubitemid 26251793)
94. Kim, K. Y.; Ko, H. J.; Kim, H. T.; Kim, C. N.; Byeon, S. H. Association between pig activity and environmental factors in pig confinement buildings Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 2008, 48, 680-686 (Pubitemid 351501575)
95. Puma, M. C.; Maghirang, R. G.; Hosni, M. H.; Hagen, L. J. Modeling dust concentration distribution in a swine house under isothermal conditions Trans. ASAE 1999, 42, 1811-1821 (Pubitemid 30244688)
96. Puma, M. C.; Maghirang, R. G.; Hosni, M. H.; Hagen, L. J. Modeling of dust concentration distribution in a simulated swine room under non-isothermal conditions Trans. ASAE 1999, 42, 1823-1832 (Pubitemid 30244689)
97. Janni, K. A.; Redig, P. T.; Newman, J.; Mulhausen, J. Respirable aerosol concentrations in turkey grower buildings. In Paper-American Society of Agricultural Engineers; United State Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library: Beltsville, MD, 1984; Paper No. 84-4522.
98. Bundy, D. S.; Hazen, T. E. Particle-size characterization of dust swine confinement systems. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng. Paper No. 73-501, 1973.
99. Bundy, D. S.; Hazen, T. E. Dust levels in swine confinement systems associated with different feeding methods Trans. ASAE 1975, 18, 138-144
100. Hinz, T.; Linke, S. A comprehensive experimental study of aerial pollutants in and emissions from livestock buildings. Part 2: Results J. Agric. Eng. Res. 1998, 70, 119-129 (Pubitemid 128644538)
101. Jansen, A.; Feddes, J. J. R. Effect of airborne dust on health and performance of growing pigs Can. Agric. Eng. 1995, 37, 211-216 (Pubitemid 126002746)
102. Donham, K. J.; Scallon, L. J.; Popendorf, W. Characterization of dust collected from swine confinement buildings Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 1986, 47, 404-410 (Pubitemid 16061662)
103. Pickrell, J. A.; Heber, A. J.; Murphy, J. P.; Henry, S. C.; May, M. M.; Nolan, D.; Oehme, F. W.; Gillepsie, J. R.; Schoneweis, D. Characterization of particles, ammonia and endotoxin in swine confinement operations Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 1993, 35, 421-428 (Pubitemid 23294225)
104. Maghirang, R. G.; Puma, M. C.; Liu, Y.; Clark, P. Dust concentrations and particle size distribution in an enclosed swine nursery Trans. ASAE 1997, 40, 749-754 (Pubitemid 27324445)
105. Butera, M.; Smith, J. H.; Morrison, W. D.; Hacker, R. R.; Kains, F. A.; Ogilvie, J. R. Concentration of respirable dust and bioaerosols and identification of certain microbial types in a hog-growing facility Can. J. Anim. Sci. 1991, 71, 271-277
106. Curtis, S. E.; Drummond, J. G.; Kelley, K. W.; Grunloh, D. J.; Meares, V. J.; Norton, H. W.; Jensen, A. H. Diurnal and annual fluctuations of aerial bacterial and dust levels in enclosed swine houses J. Anim. Sci. 1975, 41, 1512-1519
107. Rappert, S.; Müller, R. Odor compounds in waste gas emissions from agricultural operations and food industries Waste Manag 2005, 25, 887-907 (Pubitemid 41327359)
108. Kamigawara, K. Odor regulation and odor measurement in Japan Odor measurement review, Ministry of the Environment Government of Japan 2003, 48-53
109. Mahin, T. Measurement and regulation of odors in the USA. In Odor Measurement Review; Ministry of the Environment Government of Japan, 2003; pp 62-68
110. Park, S. J. The regulation and measurement of odor in Korea. In Odor Measurement Review; Ministry of the Environment Government of Japan, 2003; pp 69-74
111. Donham, K. J. Studies on environmental exposures, swine health and engineering design in swine confinement buildings in southern Sweden Am. J. Ind. Med. 1986, 10, 205-220
112. Zejda, J. E.; Hurst, T. S.; Rhodes, C. S.; Barber, E. M.; McDuffie, H. H.; Dosman, J. A. Respiratory health of swine producers-Focus on young workers Chest 1993, 103, 702-709 (Pubitemid 23086160)
113. Donham, K. J.; Haglind, P.; Peterson, Y.; Rylander, R.; Belin, L. Environmental and health studies of farm-workers in swedish swine confinement buildings Br. J. Ind. Med. 1989, 46, 31-37 (Pubitemid 19039060)
114. Crook, B.; Robertson, J. F.; Glass, S. A. T.; Botheroyd, E. M.; Lacey, J.; Topping, M. D. Airborne dust, ammonia, microorganisms, and antigens in pig confinement houses and the respiratory health of exposed farm workers Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 1991, 52, 271-279
115. Zejda, J. E.; Barber, E.; Dosman, J. A.; Olenchock, S. A.; McDuffie, H. H.; Rhodes, C.; Hurst, T. Respiratory health-status in swine producers relates to endotoxin exposure in the presence of low dust levels J. Occup. Environ. Med. 1994, 36, 49-56 (Pubitemid 24020688)
116. Seedorf, J.; Hartung, J.; Schröder, M.; Linkert, K. H.; Pedersen, S.; Takai, H.; Johnsen, J. O.; Metz, J. H. M.; Koerkamp, P. W. G. G.; Uenk, G. H.; Phillips, V. R.; Holden, M. R.; Sneath, R. W.; Short, J. L. L.; White, R. P.; Wathes, C. M. A survey of ventilation rates in livestock buildings in Northern Europe J. Agric. Eng. Res. 1998, 70, 39-47 (Pubitemid 128644532)
117. Heber, A. J.; Ni, J. Q.; Haymore, B. L.; Duggirala, R. K.; Keener, K. M. Air quality and emission measurement methodology at swine finishing building Trans. ASAE 2001, 44, 1765-1778 (Pubitemid 34253779)
118. Wathes, C. M.; Phillips, V. R.; Holden, M. R.; Sneath, R. W.; Short, J. L.; White, R. P. P.; Hartung, J.; Seedorf, J.; Schröder, M.; Linkert, K. H.; Pedersen, S.; Takai, H.; Johnsen, J. O.; Koerkamp, P. W. G. G.; Uenk, G. H.; Metz, J. H. M.; Hinz, T.; Caspary, V.; Linke, S. Emissions of aerial pollutants in livestock buildings in Northern Europe: Overview of a multinational project J. Agric. Eng. Res. 1998, 70, 3-9 (Pubitemid 128644529)
119. Pedersen, S.; Takai, H.; Johnsen, J. O.; Metz, J. H. M.; Koerkamp, P. W. G. G.; Uenk, G. H.; Phillips, V. R.; Holden, M. R.; Sneath, R. W.; Short, J. L.; White, R. P.; Hartung, J.; Seedorf, J.; Schröder, M.; Linkert, K. H. H.; Wathes, C. M. A comparison of three balance methods for calculating ventilation rates in livestock buildings J. Agric. Eng. Res. 1998, 70, 25-37 (Pubitemid 128644531)
120. Seedorf, J.; Hartung, J.; Schröder, M.; Linkert, K. H.; Pedersen, S.; Takai, H.; Johnsen, J. O.; Metz, J. H. M.; Koerkamp, P. W. G. G.; Uenk, G. H.; Phillips, V. R.; Holden, M. R.; Sneath, R. W.; Short, J. L.; White, R. P.; Wathes, C. M. Temperature and moisture conditions in livestock buildings in Northern Europe J. Agric. Eng. Res. 1998, 70, 49-57 (Pubitemid 128644533)
121. Seedorf, J.; Hartung, J.; Schröder, M.; Linkert, K. H.; Phillips, V. R.; Holden, M. R.; Sneath, R. W.; Short, J. L.; White, R. P.; Pedersen, S.; Takai, H.; Johnsen, J. O.; Metz, J. H. M.; Koerkamp, P. W. G. G.; Uenk, G. H.; Wathes, C. M. Concentrations and emissions of airborne endotoxins and microorganisms in livestock buildings in Northern Europe J. Agric. Eng. Res. 1998, 70, 97-109 (Pubitemid 128644536)
122. Maghirang, R. G.; Riskowski, G. L.; Christianson, L. L.; Manbeck, H. B. Dust control strategies for livestock buildings-A review ASHRAE Trans. 1995, 101, 1161-1168
123. Guarino, M.; Jacobson, L. D.; Janni, K. A. Dust reduction from oil-based feed additives Appl. Eng. Agric. 2007, 23, 329-332 (Pubitemid 46993260)
124. Pearson, C. C.; Sharples, T. J. Airborne dust concentrations in livestock buildings and the effect of feed J. Agric. Eng. Res. 1995, 60, 145-154
125. Pedersen, S.; Nonnenmann, M.; Rautiainen, R.; Demmers, T. G. M.; Banhazi, T.; Lyngbye, M. Dust in pigs buildings J. Agric. Saf. Health 2000, 6, 261-274
126. Takai, H.; Pedersen, S. A comparison study of different dust control methods in pig buildings Appl. Eng. Agric. 2000, 16, 269-277 (Pubitemid 32138577)
127. Barber, E. M.; Dosman, J. A.; Senthilselvan, A.; Kirychuk, S. P.; Willson, P.; Rhodes, C.; Lemay, S.; Hurst, T. Comparison of two strategies for reducing exposure of swine barn workers to dust. In Proceedings of Dust Control in Animal Facilities; Aarhus, Denmark, 1999; pp. 157-163.
128. Guarino, M.; Navarotto, P. Dustiness in piggery: A new system to reduce airborne particles. In Proc. of Dust Control in Animal Facilities; Aarhus, Denmark, 1999; pp. 343-349.
129. Kirychuk, S.; Donham, K.; Reynolds, S.; Burmeister, L.; Barber, E.; Thorne, P.; Senthilselvan, A.; Rautiainen, R. Oil/water intervention in swine building. In Proceedings of Dust Control in Animal Facilities; Aarhus, Denmark, 1999; pp. 335-342.
130. Seedorf, J.; Hartung, J.; Ross, A.; Steffens, G. Bioaerosol reduction efficiencies of biofilters and bioscrubbers. In Proceedings of Dust Control in Animal Facilities; Aarhus, Denmark, 1999; pp. 322-328.
131. Zhang, Y. Engineering control of dust in animal facilities. In Proceedings of Dust Control in Animal Facilities; Aarhus, Denmark, 1999; pp. 22-29.
132. Zhang, Y.; Nijsen, L.; Barber, E. M.; Feddes, J. J. R.; Sheridan, M. Sprinkling mineral oil to reduce dust concentration in swine buildings ASHRAE Transactions 1994, 100, 1043-1050
133. Zhang, Y.; Tanaka, A.; Dosman, J. A.; Senthilselvan, A.; Barber, E. M.; Kirychuk, S. P.; Holfeld, L. E.; Hurst, T. S. Acute respiratory responses of human subjects to air quality in a swine building J. Agric. Eng. Res. 1998, 70, 367-373 (Pubitemid 128644544)
134. Zhang, Y.; Barber, E. M.; Patience, J. F.; Feddes, J. J. R. Identification of oils to be sprinkled in livestock buildings to reduce dust ASHRAE Trans. 1995, 101, 1179-1191
135. Takai, H.; Møller, F.; Iversen, M.; Jorsal, S. E.; Bille-Hanser, V. Dust control in pig houses by spraying rapeseed oil Transactions of the ASAE 1995, 38, 1513-1518
136. Owen, J. E. Dust-The problem and possibilities Farm Build. Progr. 1982, 67, 3-6
137. Owen, J. E. Dust-Filtration solutions and their cost Farm Build. Progr. 1982, 68, 19-23
138. Rosentrater, K. Performance of an electrostatic dust collection system in swine facilities. CIGR J. 2003, 5, Manuscript BC 03 003.
139. Lemay, S. P.; Belzile, M.; Zegan, D.; Feddes, J. J. R.; Godbout, S.; Martel, M. Revue systématique de la littérature sur les performances techniques des systèmes de traitement de lair vicié émis par les bâtiments porcins Agrosolutions 2008, 19, 51-62
140. Guingand, N. Le lavage dair en élevages porcins TechniPorc 2008, 31, 23-27
141. Lemay, S. P. Barn management and control of odours Adv. Pork Prod. 1999, 10, 81-91
142. Guingand, N.; Noulestreau, A.-L.; Juin, S.; Maupertuis, F. Utilisation dadditifs en porcherie. Effet sur lémission dodeurs et dammoniac en engraissement TechniPorc 2004, 27, 25-32
143. Ye, F. X.; Zhu, R. F.; Li, Y. Deodorization of swine manure slurry using horseradish peroxidase and peroxides J. Hazard. Mater. 2009, 167, 148-153
144. Govere, E. M.; Tonegawa, M.; Bruns, M. A.; Wheeler, E. F.; Heinemann, P. H.; Kephart, K. B.; Dec, J. Deodorization of swine manure using minced horseradish roots and peroxides J. Agric. Food Chem. 2005, 53, 4880-4889 (Pubitemid 40937612)
145. Guingand, N. Influence de la vidange des préfosses sur lémissions dammoniac et dodeurs par les porcheries dengraissement. Résultats préliminaires Journ. Rech. Porcine Fr., [C. R.] 2000, 32, 83-88
146. ONeill, D. H.; Phillips, V. R. A review of the control of odour nuisance from livestock buildings: Part 1, influence of the techniques for managing waste within the building J. Agric. Eng. Res. 1991, 50, 1-10
147. Landrain, B.; Ramonet, Y.; Quillien, J.-P.; Robin, P. Incidence de la mise en place dun système de raclage en "V" en préfosse dans une porcherie dengraissement sur caillebotis intégral sur les performances zootechniques et les émissions dammoniac et de protoxyde dazote Journ. Rech. Porcine Fr., [C. R.] 2009, 41, 259-264
148. Lemay, S. P. Un nouvel enclos porcin sans lattes pour séparer les déjections à la source et réduire les émissions. In Colloque Sur La Production Porcine; Drummondville, QC, Canada, 2006; pp. 1-19.
149. Lavoie, J.; Beaudet, Y.; Létourneau, C.; Godbout, S.; Lemay, S.; Belzile, M.; Lachance, I.; Pouliot, F. Evaluation de la qualité de lair dans les porcheries équipées dun système de séparation liquide-solide des déjections; IRSST, report R-460; Montréal, QC, Canada, 2006. http://www.irsst.qc.ca/media/documents/ PubIRSST/R-460.pdf (accessed November 7, 2012).
150. Solid separation systems for the pig industry-Case study 14-Dry scraping; Queensland FSA Environmental: Toowoomba, Australia, 2002. http://www. fsaconsulting.net/pdfs/Case Study 14-Dry Scraping.pdf (accessed November 7, 2012).
151. Nicks, B.; Desiron, A.; Canart, B. Bilan environnemental et zootechnique de lengraissement de 4 lots de porcs sur litière biomaîtrisé e Journ. Rech. Porcine Fr., [C. R.] 1995, 27, 337-342
152. Nicks, B.; Laitat, M.; DéSiron, A.; Vandenheede, M.; Canart, B. Emissions dammoniac, de protoxyde dazote, de méthane, de gaz carbonique et de vapeur deau lors de lélevage de porcs charcutiers sur litières accumulées de paille et de sciure Journ. Rech. Porcine Fr., [C. R.] 2003, 35, 7-14
153. Nicks, B.; DéSiron, A.; Canart, B. Comparaison de lutilisation de sciure ou dun mélange paille-sciure comme matériau de litière accumulée pour porcs charcutiers Ann. Zootech. 1998, 47, 107-116 (Pubitemid 128548615)
154. Kaufmann, R. Litière biomaîtrisée pour porcs à lengrais. Amélioration de la technique et valorisation de données importantes pour lenvironnement Journ. Rech. Porcine Fr., [C. R.] 1997, 29, 311-318
155. Philippe, F.-X.; Laitat, M.; Canart, B.; Vandenheede, M.; Nicks, B. Emissions dammoniac lors de lengraissement de porcs sur caillebotis, litière de paille accumulée et litière à pente paillée Journ. Rech. Porcine Fr., [C. R.] 2007, 39, 61-62
156. Kermarrec, C. Bilan et transformations de lazote en élevage intensif de porcs sur litière. Ph.D. Dissertation, Université de Rennes, Rennes, France, 1999.
157. Guingand, N. Influence de la mise en place de caillebotis partiel et de la taille de la case sur les émissions dammoniac et dodeurs en engraissement Journ. Rech. Porcine Fr., [C. R.] 2003, 35, 15-20
158. Fitamant, D.; Guingand, N.; Laplanche, A.; Delzescaux, D. Etude dun procédé de désodorisation des émissions des bâtiments par lozone Journ. Rech. Porcine Fr., [C. R.] 2000, 32, 67-75
159. Oehrl, L. L.; Keener, K. M.; Bottcher, R. W.; Munilla, R. D.; Connelly, K. M. Characterization of odor components from swine housing dust using gas chromatography Appl. Eng. Agric. 2001, 17, 659-661 (Pubitemid 34307773)
160. Keener, K. M.; Bottcher, R. W.; Munilla, R.; Parbst, K. E.; van Wicklen, G. L. Field evaluation of an indoor ozonation system for odor control. In ASAE/CSAE SCGR Annual International Meeting; Toronto, ON, Canada, 1999; pp 1-14.
161. Hudson, N.; Duperouzel, D.; Melvin, S. Assessment of permeable covers for odour reduction in piggery effluent ponds. 1. Laboratory-scale trials Bioresour. Technol. 2006, 97, 2002-2014 (Pubitemid 43946687)
162. Hudson, N.; Gies, A.; Duperouzel, D. Assessment of permeable covers for odour reduction in piggery effluent ponds. 2. Field-scale trials Bioresour. Technol. 2006, 97, 2015-2023 (Pubitemid 43946688)
163. Zahn, J. A.; Tung, A. E.; Roberts, B. A.; Hatfield, J. L. Abatement of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide emissions from a swine lagoon using polymer biocover J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc. 2001, 51, 562-573 (Pubitemid 32661414)
164. Devinny, J. S.; Deshusses, M. A.; Webster, T. S. Biofiltration for air pollution control; Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, 1999.
165. Melse, R. W.; Ogink, N. W. M. Air scrubbing techniques for ammonia and odor reduction at livestock operations: review of on-farm research in the Netherlands Trans. ASAE 2005, 48, 2303-2313 (Pubitemid 43212155)
166. Girard, M.; Ramirez, A. A.; Buelna, G.; Heitz, M. Biofiltration of methane at low concentrations representative of the piggery industry-Influence of the methane and nitrogen concentrations Chem. Eng. J. 2011, 168, 151-158
167. Chen, L.; Hoff, S. J. Mitigating odors from agricultural facilities: A review of literature concerning biofilters Appl. Eng. Agric. 2009, 25, 751-766
168. Kennes, C.; Rene, E. R.; Veiga, M. C. Bioprocesses for air pollution control J. Chem. Tech. Biotechnol. 2009, 84, 1419-1436
169. Nicolai, R. E.; Janni, K. A. Development of a low cost biofilter for swine production facilities. In Proceedings of the ASAE Annual Meeting; St. Joseph, MI, 1997; paper No. 974040.
170. Jorio, H.; Heitz, M. Traitement de lair par biofiltration Can. J. Civ. Eng. 1999, 26, 402-424
171. 3, PM and odor emissions from deep-pit pig finishing facilities by managing pit ventilation. In Proceedings of Mitigating Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations Conference; Des Moines, IA, 2008; pp 1-3.
172. Sheridan, B.; Curran, T.; Dodd, V.; Colligan, J. Biofiltration of odour and ammonia from a pig unit-A pilot-scale study Biosystems Eng. 2002, 82, 441-453 (Pubitemid 35326364)