Large scale brain models of epilepsy: Dynamics meets connectomics

Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry

Volumn 83, Issue 12, 2012, Pages 1238-1248

  Richardson, Mark P ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BEHAVIOR; BOLD SIGNAL; BRAIN FUNCTION; BRAIN REGION; COGNITION; COMPUTER MODEL; EPILEPSY; FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; GENE MUTATION; HUMAN; IN VITRO STUDY; IN VIVO STUDY; MESIAL TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY; MOUSE; NEUROIMAGING; NEUROSCIENCE; NONHUMAN; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

EID: 84869239810     PISSN: 00223050     EISSN: 1468330X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2011-301944     Document Type: Review

References (134)

1. Proposal for revised clinical and electroencephalographic classification of epileptic seizures. From the commission on classification and terminology of the international league against epilepsy. Epilepsia 1981;22:489-501.
2. Proposal for revised classification of epilepsies and epileptic syndromes. Commission on classification and terminology of the international league against epilepsy. Epilepsia 1989;30:389-99.
3. Spencer SS. Neural networks in human epilepsy: evidence of and implications for treatment. Epilepsia 2002;43:219-27. (Pubitemid 34260378)
4. Richardson M. Current themes in neuroimaging of epilepsy: brain networks, dynamic phenomena, and clinical relevance. Clin Neurophysiol 2010;121:1153-75.
5. Meeren HK, Pijn JP, Van Luijtelaar EL, et al. Cortical focus drives widespread corticothalamic networks during spontaneous absence seizures in rats. J Neurosci 2002;22:1480-95. (Pubitemid 34163748)
6. Polack PO, Guillemain I, Hu E, et al. Deep layer somatosensory cortical neurons initiate spike-and-wave discharges in a genetic model of absence seizures. J Neurosci 2007;27:6590-9. (Pubitemid 46920386)
7. van Luijtelaar G, Sitnikova E. Global and focal aspects of absence epilepsy: the contribution of genetic models. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2006;30:983-1003. (Pubitemid 44292854)
8. Berg AT, Berkovic SF, Brodie MJ, et al. Revised terminology and concepts for organization of seizures and epilepsies: report of the ilae commission on classification and terminology, 2005-2009. Epilepsia 2010;51:676-85.
9. de Tisi J, Bell GS, Peacock JL, et al. The long-term outcome of adult epilepsy surgery, patterns of seizure remission, and relapse: a cohort study. Lancet 2011;378:1388-95.
10. Nair DR, Mohamed A, Burgess R, et al. A critical review of the different conceptual hypotheses framing human focal epilepsy. Epileptic Disord 2004;6:77-83. (Pubitemid 38808121)
11. Bernasconi N, Bernasconi A, Caramanos Z, et al. Mesial temporal damage in temporal lobe epilepsy: a volumetric MRI study of the hippocampus, amygdala and parahippocampal region. Brain 2003;126:462-9. (Pubitemid 36172750)
12. Bonilha L, Kobayashi E, Rorden C, et al. Medial temporal lobe atrophy in patients with refractory temporal lobe epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003;74:1627-30. (Pubitemid 37542050)
13. Meade CE, Bowden SC, Whelan G, et al. Rhinal cortex asymmetries in patients with mesial temporal sclerosis. Seizure 2008;17:234-46. (Pubitemid 351330198)
14. Bernasconi N, Duchesne S, Janke A, et al. Whole-brain voxel-based statistical analysis of gray matter and white matter in temporal lobe epilepsy. Neuroimage 2004;23:717-23. (Pubitemid 39370622)
15. Keller SS, Baker G, Downes JJ, et al. Quantitative MRI of the prefrontal cortex and executive function in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2009;15:186-95.
16. Mueller SG, Laxer KD, Cashdollar N, et al. Voxel-based optimized morphometry (VBM) of gray and white matter in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) with and without mesial temporal sclerosis. Epilepsia 2006;47:900-7. (Pubitemid 44030185)
17. Cormack F, Gadian DG, Vargha-Khadem F, et al. Extra-hippocampal grey matter density abnormalities in paediatric mesial temporal sclerosis. Neuroimage 2005;27:635-43. (Pubitemid 41139935)
18. Focke NK, Yogarajah M, Bonelli SB, et al. Voxel-based diffusion tensor imaging in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy and hippocampal sclerosis. Neuroimage 2008;40:728-37.
19. Bonilha L, Edwards JC, Kinsman SL, et al. Extrahippocampal gray matter loss and hippocampal deafferentation in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia 2010;51:519-28.
20. Otte WM, van Eijsden P, Sander JW, et al. A meta-analysis of white matter changes in temporal lobe epilepsy as studied with diffusion tensor imaging. Epilepsia 2012;53:659-67.
21. Bouilleret V, Valenti MP, Hirsch E, et al. Correlation between pet and siscom in temporal lobe epilepsy. J Nucl Med 2002;43:991-8. (Pubitemid 34847920)
22. Nelissen N, Van Paesschen W, Baete K, et al. Correlations of interictal FDG-PET metabolism and ictal SPECT perfusion changes in human temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis. Neuroimage 2006;32:684-95. (Pubitemid 44164630)
23. Lee EM, Im KC, Kim JH, et al. Relationship between hypometabolic patterns and ictal scalp EEG patterns in patients with unilateral hippocampal sclerosis: an FDG-PET study. Epilepsy Res 2009;84:187-93.
24. Chassoux F, Semah F, Bouilleret V, et al. Metabolic changes and electro-clinical patterns in mesio-temporal lobe epilepsy: a correlative study. Brain 2004;127:164-74. (Pubitemid 38055355)
25. Benedek K, Juhasz C, Muzik O, et al. Metabolic changes of subcortical structures in intractable focal epilepsy. Epilepsia 2004;45:1100-5. (Pubitemid 39238121)
26. Newton MR, Berkovic SF, Austin MC, et al. Dystonia, clinical lateralization, and regional blood flow changes in temporal lobe seizures. Neurology 1992;42:371-7.
27. Chassagnon S, Namer IJ, Armspach JP, et al. SPM analysis of ictal-interictal spect in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy: relationships between ictal semiology and perfusion changes. Epilepsy Res 2009;85:252-60.
28. Van Paesschen W, Dupont P, Van Driel G, et al. Spect perfusion changes during complex partial seizures in patients with hippocampal sclerosis. Brain 2003;126:1103-11. (Pubitemid 36522953)
29. Dupont P, Zaknun JJ, Maes A, et al. Dynamic perfusion patterns in temporal lobe epilepsy. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2009;36:823-30.
30. Tae WS, Joo EY, Kim JH, et al. Cerebral perfusion changes in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy: SPM analysis of ictal and interictal SPECT. Neuroimage 2005;24:101-10. (Pubitemid 39611030)
31. Blumenfeld H, McNally KA, Vanderhill SD, et al. Positive and negative network correlations in temporal lobe epilepsy. Cereb Cortex 2004;14:892-902. (Pubitemid 38971463)
32. Varghese GI, Purcaro MJ, Motelow JE, et al. Clinical use of ictal spect in secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Brain 2009;132:2102-13.
33. Laufs H, Duncan JS. Electroencephalography/functional MRI in human epilepsy: what it currently can and cannot do. Curr Opin Neurol 2007;20:417-23. (Pubitemid 47051988)
34. Laufs H, Hamandi K, Salek-Haddadi A, et al. Temporal lobe interictal epileptic discharges affect cerebral activity in "default mode" brain regions. Hum Brain Mapp 2007;28:1023-32. (Pubitemid 47549706)
35. Kobayashi E, Bagshaw AP, Grova C, et al. Negative bold responses to epileptic spikes. Hum Brain Mapp 2006;27:488-97. (Pubitemid 43902414)
36. Aghakhani Y, Kobayashi E, Bagshaw AP, et al. Cortical and thalamic FMRI responses in partial epilepsy with focal and bilateral synchronous spikes. Clin Neurophysiol 2006;117:177-91. (Pubitemid 43099963)
37. Kobayashi E, Grova C, Tyvaert L, et al. Structures involved at the time of temporal lobe spikes revealed by interindividual group analysis of EEG/FMRI data. Epilepsia 2009;50:2549-56.
38. Betting LE, Mory SB, Lopes-Cendes I, et al. MRI volumetry shows increased anterior thalamic volumes in patients with absence seizures. Epilepsy Behav 2006;8:575-80.
39. Pardoe H, Pell GS, Abbott DF, et al. Multi-site voxel-based morphometry: methods and a feasibility demonstration with childhood absence epilepsy. Neuroimage 2008;42:611-16.
40. Chan CH, Briellmann RS, Pell GS, et al. Thalamic atrophy in childhood absence epilepsy. Epilepsia 2006;47:399-405.
41. Pulsipher DT, Seidenberg M, Guidotti L, et al. Thalamofrontal circuitry and executive dysfunction in recent-onset juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. Epilepsia 2009;50:1210-19.
42. Kim JH, Lee JK, Koh SB, et al. Regional grey matter abnormalities in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy: a voxel-based morphometry study. Neuroimage 2007;37:1132-7. (Pubitemid 47385285)
43. Mory SB, Betting LE, Fernandes PT, et al. Structural abnormalities of the thalamus in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2011;21:407-11.
44. Bernhardt BC, Rozen DA, Worsley KJ, et al. Thalamo-cortical network pathology in idiopathic generalized epilepsy: insights from MRI-based morphometric correlation analysis. Neuroimage 2009;46:373-81.
45. Woermann FG, Free SL, Koepp MJ, et al. Abnormal cerebral structure in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy demonstrated with voxel-based analysis of MRI. Brain 1999;122:2101-8.
46. Betting LE, Mory SB, Li LM, et al. Voxel-based morphometry in patients with idiopathic generalized epilepsies. Neuroimage 2006;32:498-502. (Pubitemid 44164624)
47. O'Muircheartaigh J, Richardson MP. Epilepsy and the frontal lobes. Cortex 2012;48:144-55.
48. Roebling R, Scheerer N, Uttner I, et al. Evaluation of cognition, structural, and functional MRI in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. Epilepsia 2009;50:2456-65.
49. Vollmar C, O'Muircheartaigh J, Barker GJ, et al. Motor system hyperconnectivity in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy: a cognitive functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Brain 2011;134:1710-19.
50. Vollmar C, O'Muircheartaigh J, Symms MR, et al. Altered microstructural connectivity in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy: the missing link. Neurology 2012;78:1555-9.
51. Seeck M, Dreifuss S, Lantz G, et al. Subcortical nuclei volumetry in idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Epilepsia 2005;46:1642-5. (Pubitemid 44921940)
52. Salek-Haddadi A, Lemieux L, Merschhemke M, et al. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of human absence seizures. Ann Neurol 2003;53:663-7. (Pubitemid 36529442)
53. Moeller F, Siebner HR, Wolff S, et al. Simultaneous EEG-fMRI in drug-naive children with newly diagnosed absence epilepsy. Epilepsia 2008;49:1510-19.
54. Archer JS, Abbott DF, Waites AB, et al. FMRI "deactivation" Of the posterior cingulate during generalized spike and wave. Neuroimage 2003;20:1915-22. (Pubitemid 37543610)
55. Gotman J, Grova C, Bagshaw A, et al. Generalized epileptic discharges show thalamocortical activation and suspension of the default state of the brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005;102:15236-40. (Pubitemid 41513365)
56. Aghakhani Y, Bagshaw AP, Benar CG, et al. FMRI activation during spike and wave discharges in idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Brain 2004;127:1127-44. (Pubitemid 38623047)
57. Hamandi K, Salek-Haddadi A, Laufs H, et al. EEG-FMRI of idiopathic and secondarily generalized epilepsies. Neuroimage 2006;31:1700-10. (Pubitemid 44192498)
58. Damoiseaux JS, Rombouts SA, Barkhof F, et al. Consistent resting-state networks across healthy subjects. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006;103:13848-53. (Pubitemid 44413996)
59. Biswal BB, Mennes M, Zuo XN, et al. Toward discovery science of human brain function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010;107:4734-9.
60. Smith SM, Fox PT, Miller KL, et al. Correspondence of the brain's functional architecture during activation and rest. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009;106:13040-5.
61. Shmuel A, Leopold DA. Neuronal correlates of spontaneous fluctuations in fMRI signals in monkey visual cortex: implications for functional connectivity at rest. Hum Brain Mapp 2008;29:751-61. (Pubitemid 351813076)
62. Bettus G, Guedj E, Joyeux F, et al. Decreased basal fmri functional connectivity in epileptogenic networks and contralateral compensatory mechanisms. Hum Brain Mapp 2009;30:1580-91.
63. Zhang Z, Lu G, Zhong Y, et al. Impaired perceptual networks in temporal lobe epilepsy revealed by resting FMRI. J Neurol 2009;256:1705-13.
64. Zhang Z, Lu G, Zhong Y, et al. Impaired attention network in temporal lobe epilepsy: a resting FMRI study. Neurosci Lett 2009;458:97-101.
65. Liao W, Zhang Z, Pan Z, et al. Default mode network abnormalities in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy: a study combining FMRI and DTI. Hum Brain Mapp 2011;32:883-95.
66. Zhang Z, Lu G, Zhong Y, et al. Altered spontaneous neuronal activity of the default-mode network in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain Res 2010;1323:152-60.
67. Luo C, Li Q, Xia Y, et al. Resting state basal ganglia network in idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Hum Brain Mapp 2012;33:1279-94.
68. Wang Z, Lu G, Zhang Z, et al. Altered resting state networks in epileptic patients with generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Brain Res 2011;1374:134-41.
69. McGill ML, Devinsky O, Kelly C, et al. Default mode network abnormalities in idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2012;23:35325-9.
70. Bai X, Guo J, Killory B, et al. Resting functional connectivity between the hemispheres in childhood absence epilepsy. Neurology 2011;76:1960-7.
71. Chahboune H, Mishra AM, DeSalvo MN, et al. DTI abnormalities in anterior corpus callosum of rats with spike-wave epilepsy. Neuroimage 2009;47:459-66.
72. O'Muircheartaigh J, Vollmar C, Barker GJ, et al. Focal structural changes and cognitive dysfunction in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. Neurology 2011;76:34-40.
73. Douaud G, Filippini N, Knight S, et al. Integration of structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Brain 2011;134:3470-9.
74. Friston KJ. Functional and effective connectivity in neuroimaging: a synthesis. Hum Brain Mapp 1994;2:56-78. (Pubitemid 124000442)
75. Behrens TE, Sporns O. Human connectomics. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2012;22:144-53.
76. Soltesz I, Staley K. Computational neuroscience in epilepsy. San Diego: Academic Press, 2008.
77. Wendling F. Computational models of epileptic activity: a bridge between observation and pathophysiological interpretation. Expert Rev Neurother 2008;8:889-96. (Pubitemid 351872594)
78. Lytton WW. Computer modelling of epilepsy. Nat Rev Neurosci 2008;9:626-37.
79. Milton JG. Epilepsy as a dynamic disease: a tutorial of the past with an eye to the future. Epilepsy Behav 2010;18:33-44.
80. Traub RD. Neocortical pyramidal cells: a model with dendritic calcium conductance reproduces repetitive firing and epileptic behavior. Brain Res 1979;173:243-57. (Pubitemid 9211626)
81. van Drongelen W, Lee HC, Stevens RL, et al. Propagation of seizure-like activity in a model of neocortex. J Clin Neurophysiol 2007;24:182-8. (Pubitemid 46588239)
82. Destexhe A. Can gabaa conductances explain the fast oscillation frequency of absence seizures in rodents? Eur J Neurosci 1999;11:2175-81. (Pubitemid 29240583)
83. Lytton WW, Omurtag A. Tonic-clonic transitions in computer simulation. J Clin Neurophysiol 2007;24:175-81. (Pubitemid 46588238)
84. Wilson HR, Cowan JD. Excitatory and inhibitory interactions in localized populations of model neurons. Biophys J 1972;12:1-24.
85. Freeman WJ. A model of the olfactory system. In: Brazier MAB, Walter DO, Schneider D, eds. Neural modeling. Los Angeles: University of California, 1973:41-62.
86. Lopes da Silva FH, Hoeks A, Smits H, et al. Model of brain rhythmic activity. The alpha-rhythm of the thalamus. Kybernetik 1974;15:27-37.
87. Suffczynski P, Kalitzin S, Lopes Da Silva FH. Dynamics of non-convulsive epileptic phenomena modeled by a bistable neuronal network. Neuroscience 2004;126:467-84. (Pubitemid 38780823)
88. Wendling F, Hernandez A, Bellanger JJ, et al. Interictal to ICTAL transition in human temporal lobe epilepsy: insights from a computational model of intracerebral EEG. J Clin Neurophysiol 2005;22:343-56. (Pubitemid 43186786)
89. Kalitzin SN, Velis DN, da Silva FH. Stimulation-based anticipation and control of state transitions in the epileptic brain. Epilepsy Behav 2010;17:310-23.
90. von Krosigk M, Bal T, McCormick DA. Cellular mechanisms of a synchronized oscillation in the thalamus. Science 1993;261:361-4.
91. Meeren H, van Luijtelaar G, Lopes da Silva F, et al. Evolving concepts on the pathophysiology of absence seizures: the cortical focus theory. Arch Neurol 2005;62:371-6. (Pubitemid 40349471)
92. Steriade M, Contreras D. Spike-wave complexes and fast components of cortically generated seizures. I. role of neocortex and thalamus. J Neurophysiol 1998;80:1439-55. (Pubitemid 28495739)
93. Blumenfeld H. From molecules to networks: cortical/subcortical interactions in the pathophysiology of idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Epilepsia 2003;44(Suppl 2):7-15. (Pubitemid 36554625)
94. Beenhakker MP, Huguenard JR. Neurons that fire together also conspire together: Is normal sleep circuitry hijacked to generate epilepsy? Neuron 2009;62:612-32.
95. Destexhe A. Spike-and-wave oscillations based on the properties of gabab receptors. J Neurosci 1998;18:9099-111. (Pubitemid 28491772)
96. Robinson PA, Rennie CJ, Rowe DL. Dynamics of large-scale brain activity in normal arousal states and epileptic seizures. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2002;65:041924.
97. Breakspear M, Roberts JA, Terry JR, et al. A unifying explanation of primary generalized seizures through nonlinear brain modeling and bifurcation analysis. Cereb Cortex 2006;16:1296-313. (Pubitemid 44289103)
98. Lopes da Silva FH, Blanes W, Kalitzin SN, et al. Dynamical diseases of brain systems: different routes to epileptic seizures. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2003;50:540-8.
99. Marten F, Rodrigues S, Suffczynski P, et al. Derivation and analysis of an ordinary differential equation mean-field model for studying clinically recorded epilepsy dynamics. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2009;79:021911.
100. Rodrigues S, Barton D, Szalai R, et al. Transitions to spike-wave oscillations and epileptic dynamics in a human cortico-thalamic mean-field model. J Comput Neurosci 2009;27:507-26.
101. Marten F, Rodrigues S, Benjamin O, et al. Onset of polyspike complexes in a meanfield model of human electroencephalography and its application to absence epilepsy. Philos Transact A Math Phys Eng Sci 2009;367:1145-61.
102. Nevado-Holgado AJ, Marten F, Richardson MP, et al. Characterising the dynamics of EEG waveforms as the path through parameter space of a neural mass model: application to epilepsy seizure evolution. Neuroimage 2012;59:2374-92.
103. Blenkinsop A, Valentin A, Richardson MP, et al. The dynamic evolution of focalonset epilepsies: combining theoretical and clinical observations. Eur J Neurosci 2012;36:2188-200.
104. Bullmore E, Sporns O. Complex brain networks: graph theoretical analysis of structural and functional systems. Nat Rev Neurosci 2009;10:186-98.
105. Sporns O, Tononi G, Kotter R. The human connectome: a structural description of the human brain. PLoS Comput Biol 2005;1:-42.
106. Rubinov M, Sporns O. Complex network measures of brain connectivity: uses and interpretations. Neuroimage 2010;52:1059-69.
107. Newman ME, Girvan M. Finding and evaluating community structure in networks. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2004;69:026113.
108. Fornito A, Zalesky A, Bassett DS, et al. Genetic influences on cost-efficient organization of human cortical functional networks. J Neurosci 2011;31:3261-70.
109. Hagmann P, Cammoun L, Gigandet X, et al. MR connectomics: principles and challenges. J Neurosci Methods 2010;194:34-45.
110. Zalesky A, Fornito A, Harding IH, et al. Whole-brain anatomical networks: does the choice of nodes matter? Neuroimage 2010;50:970-83.
111. Fornito A, Zalesky A, Bullmore ET. Network scaling effects in graph analytic studies of human resting-state FMRI data. Front Syst Neurosci 2010;4:22.
112. Behrens TE, Woolrich MW, Jenkinson M, et al. Characterization and propagation of uncertainty in diffusion-weighted MR imaging. Magn Reson Med 2003;50:1077-88. (Pubitemid 37356588)
113. He Y, Chen ZJ, Evans AC. Small-world anatomical networks in the human brain revealed by cortical thickness from MRI. Cereb Cortex 2007;17:2407-19. (Pubitemid 47517476)
114. Zhang Z, Liao W, Chen H, et al. Altered functional-structural coupling of large-scale brain networks in idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Brain 2011;134:2912-28.
115. Chavez M, Valencia M, Navarro V, et al. Functional modularity of background activities in normal and epileptic brain networks. Phys Rev Lett 2010;104:118701.
116. Ponten SC, Douw L, Bartolomei F, et al. Indications for network regularization during absence seizures: weighted and unweighted graph theoretical analyses. Exp Neurol 2009;217:197-204.
117. Bernhardt BC, Chen Z, He Y, et al. Graph-theoretical analysis reveals disrupted small-world organization of cortical thickness correlation networks in temporal lobe epilepsy. Cereb Cortex 2011;21:2147-57.
118. Liao W, Zhang Z, Pan Z, et al. Altered functional connectivity and small-world in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. PLoS One 2010;5:-8525.
119. van Dellen E, Douw L, Baayen JC, et al. Long-term effects of temporal lobe epilepsy on local neural networks: a graph theoretical analysis of corticography recordings. PLoS One 2009;4:-8081.
120. Warren CP, Hu S, Stead M, et al. Synchrony in normal and focal epileptic brain: the seizure onset zone is functionally disconnected. J Neurophysiol 2010;104:3530-9.
121. Zaveri HP, Pincus SM, Goncharova II, et al. Localization-related epilepsy exhibits significant connectivity away from the seizure-onset area. Neuroreport 2009;20:891-5.
122. Ortega GJ, Menendez de la Prida L, Sola RG, et al. Synchronization clusters of interictal activity in the lateral temporal cortex of epileptic patients: intraoperative electrocorticographic analysis. Epilepsia 2008;49:269-80. (Pubitemid 351171987)
123. Wendling F, Bartolomei F, Bellanger JJ, et al. Epileptic fast intracerebral EEG activity: evidence for spatial decorrelation at seizure onset. Brain 2003;126:1449-59. (Pubitemid 36644388)
124. Mormann F, Andrzejak RG, Kreuz T, et al. Automated detection of a preseizure state based on a decrease in synchronization in intracranial electroencephalogram recordings from epilepsy patients. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2003;67:021912.
125. Schindler KA, Bialonski S, Horstmann MT, et al. Evolving functional network properties and synchronizability during human epileptic seizures. Chaos. 2008;18:033119.
126. Ponten SC, Bartolomei F, Stam CJ. Small-world networks and epilepsy: graph theoretical analysis of intracerebrally recorded mesial temporal lobe seizures. Clin Neurophysiol 2007;118:918-27. (Pubitemid 46349824)
127. Ursino M, La Cara GE. Travelling waves and EEG patterns during epileptic seizure: analysis with an integrate-and-fire neural network. J Theor Biol 2006;242:171-87. (Pubitemid 44188784)
128. Netoff TI, Clewley R, Arno S, et al. Epilepsy in small-world networks. J Neurosci 2004;24:8075-83. (Pubitemid 39280827)
129. Hamandi K, Powell HW, Laufs H, et al. Combined EEG-FMRI and tractography to visualise propagation of epileptic activity. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2008;79:594-7. (Pubitemid 351571883)
130. Vaudano AE, Laufs H, Kiebel SJ, et al. Causal hierarchy within the thalamo-cortical network in spike and wave discharges. PLoS One 2009;4:-6475.
131. Gupta D, Ossenblok P, van Luijtelaar G. Space-time network connectivity and cortical activations preceding spike wave discharges in human absence epilepsy: a MEG study. Med Biol Eng Comput 2011;49:555-65.
132. Westmijse I, Ossenblok P, Gunning B, et al. Onset and propagation of spike and slow wave discharges in human absence epilepsy: a MEG study. Epilepsia 2009;50:2538-48.
133. Holmes MD, Brown M, Tucker DM. Are "generalized" seizures truly generalized? Evidence of localized mesial frontal and frontopolar discharges in absence. Epilepsia 2004;45:1568-79. (Pubitemid 39648282)
134. Benjamin O, Fitzgerald T, Ashwin P, et al. A phenomenological model of seizure initiation suggests network structure may explain seizure frequency in idiopathic generalised epilepsy. J Math Neurosci 2012;2:1.