Epidemiological features and the neuropathological manifestations of canine distemper virus-induced infections in Brazil: A review

Semina:Ciencias Agrarias

Volumn 33, Issue 5, 2012, Pages 1945-1978

  Headley, Selwyn Arlington ^a   Amude, Alexandre Mendes ^b   Alfieri, Alice Fernandes ^a   Bracarense, Ana Paula F R L ^a   Alfieri, Amauri Alcindo ^a  

^a STATE UNIVERSITY OF LONDRINA   (Brazil)

^b UNIC   (Brazil)

Author keywords

Canine distemper; Dog; Epidemiology; Neuropathology

Indexed keywords

EID: 84869199771     PISSN: 1676546X     EISSN: 16790359     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5433/1679-0359.2012v33n5p1945     Document Type: Review

References (132)

1. ADAMS, J. M.; BROWN, W. J.; SNOW, H. D.; LINCOLN, S. D.; SEARS JUNIOR, A. W.; BARENFUS, M. T.; HOLLIDAY, T. A.; CREMER, N. E.; LENNETTE, E. H. Old dog encephalitis and demyelinating diseases in man. Veterinary Pathology, Washington, v. 12, n. 3, p. 220-226, 1975.
2. ALEX, P. C.; DHANAPALAN, P. D. Distemper encephalitis in dogs: incidence, symptomatology, and electroencephalographic findings. Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,v. 25, p. 127-131, 1994.
3. AMUDE, A. M.; ALFIERI, A. A.; ALFIERI, A. F. Antemortem diagnosis of CDV infection by RT-PCR in distemper dogs with neurological deficits without the typical clinical presentation. Veterinary Research Communication, Netherlands, v. 30, n. 6, p. 679-687, 2006. (Pubitemid 44057442)
4. Clinicopathological findings in dogs with distemper encephalomyelitis presented without characteristic signs of the disease. Research in Veterinary Science, London, v. 82, n. 3, p. 416-422, 2007a.
5. AMUDE, A. M.; CARVALHO, G. A.; ALFIERI, A. A.; ALFIERI, A. F. Virus isolation and molecular characterization of canine distemper virus by RT-PCR from a mature dog with multifocal encephalomyelitis. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, São Paulo, v. 38, p. 354-356, 2007b. (Pubitemid 47037431)
6. AMUDE, A. M.; HEADLEY, S. A.; ALFIERI, A. A.; BELONI, S. N. E.; ALFIERI, A. F. Atypical necrotizing encephalitis associated with systemic canine distemper virus infection in pups. Journal of Veterinary Science, Seoul, v. 12, n. 4, p. 409-411, 2011.
7. ANDERSON, L. J.; KIBLER, R. F.; KASLOW, R. A.; AUSTIN, J.; HOLMAN, R. C. Multiple sclerosis unrelated to dog exposure. Neurology, Minneapolis, v. 34, n. 9, p. 1149-1154, 1984. (Pubitemid 14068585)
8. APPEL, M. Canine distemper virus. In: APPEL, M. J. Virus infections of vertebrates. Amsterdam: Elsevier, v. 1, cap. 13, p. 133-159, 1987a.
9. Canine herpesvirus. In: APPEL, M. J. Virus infections of vertebrates. Amsterdam: Elsevier, v. 1, cap. 1, p. 5-15, 1987b.
10. APPEL, M. J.; GLICKMAN, L. T.; RAINE, C. S.; TOUTELLOTTE, W. W. Canine viruses and multiple sclerosis. Neurology, Minneapolis, v. 31, n. 8, p. 944-949, 1981. (Pubitemid 11061730)
11. APPEL, M. J. G.; YATES, R. A.; FOLEY, G. L.; BERNSTEIN, J. J.; SANTINELLI, S.; SPELMAN, L. H.; MILLER, L. D.; ARP, L. H.; ANDERSON, M.; BARR, M.; PEARCE-KELLING, S.; SUMMERS, B. A. Canine distemper epizootic in lions, tigers, and leopards in North America. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, Columbia, v. 6, n. 3, p. 277-288, 1994.
12. ARRUDA, W. O.; SCOLA, R. H.; TEIVE, H. A. G.; WERNECK, L. C. Multiple sclerosis: report on 200 cases from Curitiba, Southern Brazil and comparison with other Brazilian series. Arquivos de Neuropsiquiatria, São Paulo, v. 59, n. 2-A, p. 165-170, 2001. (Pubitemid 33606376)
13. AXTHELM, M. K.; KRAKOWKA, S. Experimental old dog encephalitis (ODE) in a gnotobiotic dog. Veterinary Pathology, USA, v. 35, n. 6, p. 527-534, 1998. (Pubitemid 128472825)
14. BAUMGÄRTNER, W.; BOYCE, R. W.; ALLDINGER, S.; AXTHELM, M. K.; WEISBRODE, S. E.; KRAKOWKA, S.; GAEDKE, K. Metaphyseal bone lesions in young dogs with systemic canine distemper virus infection. Veterinary Microbiology, Amsterdam, v. 44, n. 2-4, p. 201-209, 1995a.
15. BAUMGÄRTNER, W.; BOYCE, R. W.; WEISBRODE, S. E.; ALLDINGER, S.; AXTHELM, M. K.; KRAKOWKA, S. Histologic and immunocytochemical characterization of canine distemper-associated metaphyseal bone lesions in young dogs following experimental infection. Veterinary Pathology, Washington, v. 32, n. 6, p. 702-709, 1995b.
16. BEINEKE, A.; PUFF, C.; SEEHUSEN, F.; MAUMGÄRTNER, W. Pathogenesis and immunopathology of systemic and nervous canine distemper. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, Amsterdam, v. 127, n. 1-2, p. 1-18, 2009.
17. BLANCOU, J. Dog distemper: imported into Europe from South America? Historia Medicinae Veterinariae, Denmark, v. 29, n. 2, p. 35-41, 2004.
18. BORBA, T. R.; MANNIGEL, R. C.; FRAPORTI, C. K.; HEADLEY, S. A.; SAITO, T. B. Cinomose: dados epidemiológicos Maringá-PR (1998-2001). Iniciação Científica Cesumar, Maringá, v. 4, n. 1, p. 53-56, 2002.
19. BRAUND, K. G. Clinical syndromes in veterinary neurology. 2. ed. St. Louis: Mosby, 1994.
20. CARDOSO, E.; FUKUDA, T.; PEREIRA, J.; SEIXAS, J.; MIRANDA, R.; RODRIGUES, B.; SABACK, T.; ANDRADE, R.; CARDOSO, G.; MARTINEZ, R.; AVENA, J.; MELO, A. Clinical and epidemiological profile of multiple sclerosis in a reference center in the State of Bahia, Brazil. Arquivos de Neuropsiquiatria, São Paulo, v. 64, n. 3B, p. 727-730, 2006. (Pubitemid 44610627)
21. th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders/Elsevier, 2007. v. 2, p. 524-653.
22. CASTILHO, J. G.; BRANDÃO, P. E.; CARNIELI JUNIOR, P.; OLIVEIRA, R. N.; MACEDO, C. I., PEIXOTO, Z. M. P.; CARRIERI, M. L.; KOTAIT, I. Molecular analysis of the N gene of canine distemper virus in dogs in Brazil. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Belo Horizonte, v. 59, n. 3, p. 654-659, 2007. (Pubitemid 47414698)
23. CLEAVELAND, S.; APPEL, M. G. J.; CHALMERS, W. S. K.; CHILLINGWORTH, C.; KAARE, M.; DYE, C. Serological and demographic evidence for domestic dogs as a source of canine distemper virus infection for Serengeti wildlife. Veterinary Microbiology, Amsterdam, v. 72, n. 3-4, p. 217-227, 2000. (Pubitemid 30155785)
24. COOK, S. D.; BLUMBERG, B.; DOWLING, P. C.; DEANS, W.; CROSS, R. Multiple sclerosis and canine distemper on Key West, Florida. Lancet, London, v. 329, n. 8547, p. 1426-1427, 1987. (Pubitemid 17078873)
25. COOK, S. D.; DOWLING, P. C. A possible association between house pets and multiple sclerosis. Lancet, London, v. 1, n. 8019, p. 980-982, 1977. (Pubitemid 8084111)
26. COOK, S. D.; DOWLING, P. C.; RUSSELL, W. C. Multiple sclerosis and canine distemper. Lancet,London, v. 1, p. 605-606, 1978. (Pubitemid 8307424)
27. Multiple sclerosis and canine distemper in Iceland. Lancet, London, v. 313, n. 8112, p. 380-381, 1979.
28. CORDY, D. R. Canine encephalomyelitis. Cornell Veterinary, New York, v. 32, n. 1, p. 11-28, 1942.
29. COURTENAY, O.; QUINNELL, R. J.; CHALMERS, W. S. Contact rates between wild and domestic canids: no evidence of parvovirus or canine distemper virus in crab-eating foxes. Veterinary Microbiology, Amsterdam, v. 81, n. 1, p. 9-19, 2001. (Pubitemid 32441761)
30. CURI, N. H. A.; ARAÚJO, A. S.; CAMPOS, F. S.; LOBATO, Z. I. P.; GENNARI, S. M.; MARVULO, M. F. V.; SILVA, J. C. R.; TALAMONI, S. A. Wild canids, domestic dogs and their pathogens in Southeast Brazil: disease threats for canid conservation. Biodiversity and Conservation, London, v. 19, n. 12, p. 3513-3524, 2010.
31. DASZAK, P.; CUNNINGHAM, A. A.; HYATT, A. D. Emerging infectious diseases of wildlife threats to biodiversity and human health. Science, Tóquio, v. 287, n. 5452, p. 443-449, 2000.
32. DEAN, G.; McLOUGHLIN, H.; BRADY, R.; ADELSTEIN, A. M.; TALLETT-WILLIAMS, J. Multiple sclerosis among immigrants in Greater London. British Medical Journal, London, v. 1, n. 6014, p. 861-864, 1976.
33. DEL PUERTO, H. L.; VASCONCELOS, A. C.; MORO, L.; ALVES, F.; BRAZ, G. F.; MARTINS, A. S. Canine distemper virus detection in asymptomatic and non vaccinated dogs. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira, Rio de Janeiro, v. 30, n. 2, p. 132-138, 2010.
34. DEZENGRINI, R.; WEIBLEN, R.; FLORES, E. F. Soroprevalência das infecções por parvovírus, adenovírus, coronavírus canino e pelo vírus da cinomose em cães de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Ciência Rural, Santa Maria, v. 37, n. 1, p. 183-189, 2007. (Pubitemid 46145889)
35. DIAS, R. A.; GARCIA, R. C.; SILVA, D. F.; AMAKU, M.; FEREIRA NETO, J. S.; FERREIRA, F. Estimativa de populações canina e felina domiciliadas em zona urbana do Estado de São Paulo. Revista de Saúde Pública, São Paulo, v. 38, n. 4, p. 565-570, 2004. (Pubitemid 39242948)
36. DUBIELZIG, R. R. The effect of canine distemper virus on the ameloblastic layer of the developing tooth. Veterinary Pathology, Washington, v. 16, n. 2, p. 268-270, 1979. (Pubitemid 9130041)
37. EK-KOMMONEN, C.; SIHVONEN, L.; PEKKANEN, K.; RIKULA, U.; NUOTIO, L. Outbreak off canine distemper in vaccinated dogs in Finland. Veterinary Records, London, v. 141, n. 15, p. 380-383, 1997. (Pubitemid 27450244)
38. FAWI, M. T.; TAG EL DIN, M. H.; EL-SANOUSI, S. M. Canine distemper as a predisposing factor for Nocardia asteroides infection in the dog. Veterinary Records, London, v. 88, n. 13, p. 326-328, 1971.
39. FIGHERA, R. A.; SOUZA, T. M.; SILVA, M. C.; BRUM, J. S.; GRAÇA, D. L.; KOMMERS, G. D.; IRIGOYEN, L. F.; BARROS C. S. L. Causas de morte e razões para eutanásia de cães da Mesorregião do Centro Ocidental Rio-Grandense (1965-2004). Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira, Rio de Janeiro, v. 28, n. 4, p. 223-230, 2008. (Pubitemid 351880183)
40. FINKELSZTEJN, A.; CRISTOVAM, R. A.; MOARES, G. S.; LOPES, M. G. S. M.; SILVA, A. V.; GARCIA, M. S.; COLA, C. M. M.; BASTIANI, C. E.; FERREIRA, L. B.; COSTA, A. L.; SCHNEIDER, S. M. B.; FRISON, T. B. Clinical features of multiple sclerosis in the south of Brazil: a partial analysis. Arquivos de Neuropsiquiatria, São Paulo, v. 67, n. 4, p. 1071-1075, 2009.
41. FINNIE, J. W.; HOOPER, P. T. Polioencephalomalacia in dogs with distemper encephalitis. Australian Veterinary Journal, Brunswick, v. 61, n. 12, p. 407-408, 1984.
42. FRAGOSO, Y. D.; PERES, M. Prevalence of multiple sclerosis in the city of Santos, SP. Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia, São Paulo, v. 10, n. 4, p. 479-482, 2007.
43. GLEDHILL, A. W. Veterinary diseases of medical interest. British Medical Bulletin, London, v. 9, n. 3, p. 237-241, 1953.
44. GORDON, M. T.; ANDERSON, D. C.; SHARPE, P. T. Canine distemper virus localized in bone cells of patients with Paget's disease. Bone, New York, v. 12, n. 3, p. 195-201, 1991.
45. GORDON, M. T.; BELL, S. C.; MEE, A. P.; MERCER, S.; CARTER, S. D.; SHARPE, P. T. Prevalence of canine distemper antibodies in the pagetic population. Journal of Medical Virology, New York, v. 40, n. 4, p. 313-317, 1993. (Pubitemid 23233318)
46. GORHAM, J. R. The epizootiology of distemper. Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association, New York, v. 149, n. 5, p. 610-622, 1966.
47. GORMAN, N. T.; HABICHT, J.; LACHMANN, P. J. Intracerebral synthesis of antibodies to measles and distemper viruses in patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis and multiple sclerosis. Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Oxford, v. 39, n. 1, p. 44-52, 1980. (Pubitemid 10173649)
48. GOUVEIA, A. M. G.; MAGALHÃES, H. H.; RIBEIRO, A. L. Cinomose canina: ocorrência em animais vacinados e distribuição por faixa etária. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia,Belo Horizonte, v. 39, n. 4, p. 539-545, 1987.
49. GOWTAGE-SEQUEIRA, S.; BANYARD, A. C.; BARRETT, T.; BUCZKOWSKI, H.; FUNK, S. F.; CLEAVELAND, S. Epidemiology, pathology, and genetic analysis of a canine distemper epidemic in Namibia. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, Ames, v. 45, n. 4, p. 1008-1020, 2009.
50. GREENE, C. A.; APPEL, M. J. Canine distemper. In: GREENE, C. A. (Ed.). Infectious diseases of the cat and dog. 3. ed. Elsevier/Saunders, St. Louis, Missouri, 2006. p. 25-41
51. GRIZ, L.; CALDAS, G.; BANDEIRA, C.; ASSUNÇÃO, V.; BANDEIRA, F. Paget's disease of bone. Arquivo Brasileiro de Endocrinologia e Metabolismo, São Paulo, v. 50, n. 4, p. 814-822, 2006. (Pubitemid 44786017)
52. GUEDES, I. B.; LIMA, A. S.; ESPINHEIRO, R. F.; MANSSOUR, M. B.; CRUZ, I. P.; DIAS, H. L. T. Occurrence and geographical assessment of canine distemper in the city of Belém, Pará-Brazil. 2010. Available at: . Accessed at: 03 dez. 2010.
53. HASS, R.; JOHANN, J. M.; CAETANO, C. F.; FISCHER, G.; VARGAS, G. D.; VIDOR, T.; HÜBNER, S. O. Níveis de anticorpos contra o vírus da cinomose canina e o parvovírus canino em cães não vacinados e vacinados. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Belo Horizonte, v. 60, n. 1, p. 270-274, 2008. (Pubitemid 351679500)
54. HEADLEY, S. A. Astrócitos imunorreativos a GFAP em cães naturalmente infectados pelo vírus da cinomose. 1999. Dissertação (Mestrado em Medicina Veterinária - Área de Concentração Patologia Veterinária) - Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria.
55. HEADLEY, S. A.; AMUDE, A. M.; ALFIERI, A. F.; BRACARENSE, A. P. F. R. L.; ALFIERI, A. A.; SUMMERS, B. A. Molecular detection of canine distemper virus and the immunohistochemical characterization of the neurologic lesions in naturally occurring old dog encephalitis. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, Columbia, v. 21, n. 5, p. 588-597, 2009.
56. HEADLEY, S. A.; GRAÇA, D. L. Canine distemper: epidemiological findings of 250 cases. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science, São Paulo, v. 37, n. 2, p. 136-140, 2000.
57. HEADLEY, S. A.; GRAÇA, D. L.; COSTA, M. M.; VARGAS, A. C. Canine distemper virus infection with secondary Bordetella bronchisepticapneumonia in dogs. Ciência Rural, Santa Maria, v. 29, n. 4, p. 741-743, 1999.
58. HEADLEY, S. A.; SAITO, T. B. Simultaneous canine distemper encephalitis and canine parvovirus infection with distemper-associated cardiac necrosis in a pup. Ciência Rural, Santa Maria, v. 33, n. 6, p. 1075-1080, 2003.
59. HEADLEY, S. A.; SHIROTA, K.; BABA, T.; IKEDA, T.; SUKURA, A. Diagnostic exercise: Tyzzer's disease, distemper, and coccidiosis in a pup. Veterinary Pathology, Washington, v. 46, n. 1, p. 151-154, 2009b.
60. HEADLEY, S. A.; SOARES, I. C.; GRAÇA, D. L. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-immunoreactive astrocytes in dogs infected with canine distemper virus. Journal of Comparative Pathology, Edinburg, v. 125, n. 2-3, p. 90-97, 2001. (Pubitemid 33026322)
61. HEADLEY, S. A.; SUKURA, A. Naturally occurring systemic canine distemper virus infection in a pup. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Pathology, Minas Gerais, v. 2, n. 2, p. 95-101, 2009.
62. HIGGINS, R. J.; CHILD, G.; VANDEVELDE, M. Chronic relapsing demyelinating encephalomyelitis associated with persistent spontaneous canine distemper virus infection. Acta Neuropathologica, New York, v. 77, n. 4, p. 441-444, 1989. (Pubitemid 19070189)
63. HOWELL, D. G. Immunization of the dog. Canadian Veterinary Journal, Ottawa, v. 6, n. 6, p. 127-136, 1965.
64. HÜBNER, S. A.; PAPPEN, F. G.; RUAS, J. L.; VARGAS, G. D.; FISCHER, G.; VIDOR, T. Exposure of pampas fox (Pseudalopex gymnocercus) and crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) from the Southern region of Brazil to Canine distemper virus (CDV), Canine parvovirus (CPV) and Canine coronavirus (CCoV). Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, Curitiba, v. 53, n. 3, p. 593-597, 2010.
65. INSTITUTO BRASILEIRO DE GEOGRAFIA E ESTATÍSTICA - IBGE. 2011. Availabe at: . Accessed at: 17 jan. 2012.
66. JONES, T. C.; HUNT, R. D.; KING, N. W. Veterinary pathology. 6. ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1997.
67. JOTKOWITZ, S. Multiple sclerosis and exposure to house pets. Journal of the American Medical Association, Chicago, v. 238, n. 8, p. 854, 1977.
68. KAKALACHEVA, K.; MÜNZ, C.; LÜNEMANN, J. D. Viral triggers of multiple sclerosis. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta: Molecular Basis of Disease, Amsterdam, v. 1812, n. 2, p. 132-40, 2011.
69. KAPIL, S.; ALLISON, R. W.; JOHNSTON III, L.; MURRAY, B. L.; HOLLAND, S.; MEINKOTH, J.; JOHNSON, B. Canine distemper virus strains circulating among North American dogs. Clinical and Vaccine Immunology, Washington v. 15, n. 4, p. 707-712, 2008. (Pubitemid 351967057)
70. KHAN, S. A.; BRENNAN, P.; NEWMAN, J.; GRAY, R. E. S.; MCCLOSKEY, E. V.; KANIS, J. A. Paget's disease of bone and unvaccinated dogs. Bone, New York, v. 19, n. 1, p. 47-50, 1996. (Pubitemid 26318744)
71. KOESTNER, A. Animal model of human disease: subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, multiple sclerosis; animal model: distemper-associated demyelinating encephalomyelitis. American Journal of Pathology, Bethesda, v. 78, n. 2, p. 361-364, 1975.
72. KOUTINAS, A. F.; POLIZOPOLOU, Z. S.; BAUMGAERTNER, W.; LEKKAS, S.; KONTOS, V. Relation of clinical signs to pathological changes in 19 cases of canine distemper encephalomyelitis. Journal of Comparative Pathology, Edinburgh, v. 126, n. 1, p. 47-56, 2002.
73. KRAKOWKA, S.; KOESTNER, A. Age-related susceptibility to infection with canine distemper virus in gnotobiotic dogs. Journal of Infectious Diseases, Chicago, v. 134, n. 6, p. 629-632, 1976. (Pubitemid 8015082)
74. Canine distemper virus and multiple sclerosis. Lancet, London, v. 311, n. 8074, p. 1127-1128, 1978.
75. KURTZKE, J. F.; PRIESTER, W. A. Dogs, distemper, and multiple sclerosis in the United States. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, Copenhagen, v. 60, n. 5, p. 312-319, 1979. (Pubitemid 10182762)
76. th ed. Phialdephia: Lippincott-Williams & Wilkins, 2001. v. 1, p. 1305-1443.
77. LINCOLN, J. A.; HANKIEWICZ, K.; COOK, S. D. Could Epstein-Barr virus or canine distemper virus cause multiple sclerosis? Neurologic Clinics, Philadelphia, v. 26, n. 3, p. 699-715, 2008. (Pubitemid 352020484)
78. LINCOLN, S. D.; GORHAM, J. R.; DAVIS, W. C.; OTT, R. L. Studies of old dog encephalitis. II. Electron microscopic and immunohistologic findings. Veterinary Pathology, Washington, v. 10, n. 2, p. 124-129, 1973.
79. LINCOLN, S. D.; GORHAM, J. R.; OTT, R. L.; HEGREBERG, G. A. Etiologic studies of old dog encephalitis. I. Demonstration of canine distemper viral antigen in the brain in two cases. Veterinary Pathology, Washington, v. 8, n. 1, p. 1-8, 1971.
80. LISIAK, J. A.; VANDEVELDE, M. Polioencephalomalacia associated with canine distemper virus infection. Veterinary Pathology, Washington, v. 16, n. 6, p. 650-660, 1979. (Pubitemid 10204943)
81. MACLACHLAN, N. J.; DUBOVI, E. J. Paramyxoviridae. Fenner's veterinary virology. 4. ed. California, San Diego: Academic Press, 2011. p. 299-325.
82. MARTELLA, V.; ELIA, G.; BUONAVOGLIA, C. Canine distemper virus. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Philadelphia, v. 38, n. 4, p. 787-797, 2008. (Pubitemid 351696469)
83. th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders/Elsevier, 2007. v. 1, p. 281-457.
84. McBRIDGE, on ulcers of the cornea in dogs suffering from distemper. British Medical Journal, London, p. 159, 1870.
85. MCCARTHY, A. J.; SHAW, M. A.; GOODMAN, S. J. Pathogen evolution and disease emergence in carnivores. Proceedings of The Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, London, v. 274, n. 1629, p. 3165-3174, 2007. (Pubitemid 350220162)
86. MEE, A. P.; SHARPE, P. T. Dogs, distemper and Paget's disease. BioEssays, Cambridge, v. 15, n. 12, p. 783-789, 1993. (Pubitemid 2025466)
87. MEE, A. P.; DIXON, J. A.; HOYLAND, J. A.; SELBY, P. L.; MAWER, E. B. Detection of canine distemper virus in 100% of Paget's disease samples by in situ-reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Bone, New York, v. 23, n. 2, p. 171-175, 1998. (Pubitemid 28379879)
88. MEE, A. P.; GORDON, M. T.; MAY, C.; BENNETT, D.; ANDERSON, D. C.; SHARPE, P.T. Canine distemper virus transcripts detected in the bone cells of dogs with metaphyseal osteopathy. Bone, New York, v. 14, n. 1, p. 59-67, 1993. (Pubitemid 23081251)
89. MEGID, J.; SOUZA, V. A. F.; TEIXEIRA, C. R.; CORTEZ, A.; AMORIN, R. L.; HEINEMMAN, M. B.; CAGNINI, D. Q.; RICHTZENHAIN, L. J. Canine distemper virus in a crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) in Brazil: case report and phylogenetic analyses. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, Ames, v. 45, n. 2, p. 527-530, 2009.
90. MEGID, J.; TEIXEIRA, C. R.; AMORIN, R. L.; CORTEZ, A.; HEINEMANN, M. B.; ANTUNES, J. M. A. P.; COSTA, L. F.; FORNAZARI, F.; CIPRIANO, J. R. B.; CREMASCO, A.; RICHTZENHAIN, L. J. First identification of canine distemper virus in hoary fox (Lycalopex vetulus): pathologic aspects and virus phylogeny. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, Ames, v. 46, n. 1, p. 303-305, 2010.
91. MELCON, M. O.; GOLD, L.; CARRÁ, A.; CÁCERES, F.; CORREALE, J.; CRISTIANO, E.; FERNÁNDEZ LIGUORI, N.; GARCEA, O.; LUETIC, G.; KREMENCHUTZKY, M. Argentine Patagonia: prevalence and clinical features of multiple sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis,London, v. 14, n. 5, p. 656-662, 2008. (Pubitemid 351954408)
92. MELI, M. L.; SIMMLER, P.; CATTORI, V.; FERNANDO MARTIÍNEZ, F.; VARGAS, A.; PALOMARES, F.; LÓPEZ-BAO, J. V. C.; SIMÓN, M. A.; LÓPEZ, G.; LEÓN-VIZCAINO, L.; HOFMANN-LEHMANN, R.; LUTZ, H. Importance of canine distemper virus (CDV) infection in free-ranging Iberian lynxes (Lynx pardinus). Veterinary Microbiology, Amsterdam, v. 146, n. 1-2, p. 132-137, 2010.
93. MEYERS, D. L.; ZURBRIGGEN, A.; HANS LUTZ, H.; POSPISCHIL, A. Distemper: not a new disease in lions and tigers. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology, Washington, v. 4, n. 2, p. 180-184, 1997. (Pubitemid 27130230)
94. MILLAIS, E. The pathogenic microbe of distemper in dogs, and its use for protective inoculation. British Medical Journal, London, v. 1, n. 1528, p. 856-860, 1890.
95. MILLS, B. G.; SINGER, F. R. Nuclear inclusions in Paget's disease of bone. Science, Tóquio, v. 194, n. 4261, p. 201-202, 1976.
96. MONNE, I.; FUSARO, A.; VALASTRO, V.; CITTERIO, C.; POZZA, M. D.; OBBER, F.; TREVISIOL, K.; COVA, M.; BENEDICTIS, P.; BREGOLI, M.; CAPUA, I.; CATTOLI, G. A distinct CDV genotype causing a major epidemic in Alpine wildlife. Veterinary Microbiology, Amsterdam, v. 150, n. 1-2, p. 63-69, 2011.
97. MORETTI, L. A.; SILVA, A. V.; RIBEIRO, M. G.; PAES, A. C.; LANGONI, H. Toxoplasma gondiigenotyping in a dog co-infected with distemper virus and ehrlichiosis rickettsia. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, São Paulo, v. 48, n. 6, p. 359-363, 2006. (Pubitemid 46105341)
98. MORETTI, L. D.; UENO, T. E.; RIBEIRO, M. G.; AGUIAR, D. M.; PAES, A. C.; PEZERICO, S. B.; SILVA, A. V. Toxoplasmose em cães co-infectados com o vírus da cinomose. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, Londrina, v. 23, n. 1, p. 85-91, 2002.
99. MYERS, D. L.; ZURBRIGGEN, A.; LUTZ, H.; POSPISCHIL, A. Distemper: not a new disease in lions and tigers. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology, Washington, v. 4, n. 2, p. 180-184, 1997. (Pubitemid 27130230)
100. NAKAGAWA, T. L. D. R.; BRACARENSE, A. P. F. R.; REIS, A. C. A.; YAMAMURA, M. Y.; HEADLEY, S. A. Giant kidney worm (Dioctophyma renale) infections in dogs from Northern Paraná, Brazil. Veterinary Parasitology, Amsterdam, v. 145, n. 3-4, p. 366-370, 2007. (Pubitemid 46437426)
101. NAVA, A. F. D.; CULLEN JUNIOR, L.; SANA, D. A.; NARDI, M. S.; RAMOS FILHO, J. D.; LIMA, T. F.; ABREU, K. A.; FERREIRA, F. First evidence of canine distemper in Brazilian free-ranging felids. EcoHealth, New York, v. 5, n. 4, p. 513-518, 2008.
102. NEGRÃO, F. J.; WOSIACKI, S. H.; ALFIERI, A. A.; ALFIERI, A. F. Perfil de restrição de um fragmento do gene da hemaglutinina amplificado pela RT-PCR a partir de estirpes vacinais e selvagens do vírus da cinomose canina. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Belo Horizonte, v. 58, n. 6, p. 1099-1106, 2006. (Pubitemid 46439072)
103. O'DRISCOLL, J. B.; BUCKER, H. M.; JEACOCK, J.; ANDERSON, D. C. Dogs, distemper and osteitis deformans: a further epidemiological study. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, Washington, v. 11, n. 2, p. 209-216, 1990. (Pubitemid 20375786)
104. O'DRISCOLL, J. B.; ANDERSON, D. C. Past pets and Paget's disease. Lancet, London, v. 2, n. 8461, p. 919-921, 1985. (Pubitemid 16217586)
105. OSTERHAUS, A. D. M. E.; SWART, R. L.; VOS, H. W.; ROSS, P. S.; KENTER, M. J. H.; BARRETT, T. Morbillivirus infections of aquatic mammals: newly identified members of the genus. Veterinary Microbiology, Amsterdam, v. 44, n. 2-4, p. 219-227, 1995.
106. PARDO, I. D.; JOHNSON, G. C.; KLEIBOEKER, S. B. Phylogenetic characterization of canine distemper viruses detected in naturally infected dogs in North America. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, Washington, v. 43, n. 10, p. 5009-5017, 2005. (Pubitemid 41483997)
107. PERRONE, D.; BENDER, S.; NIEWIESK, S. A. Comparison of the immune responses of dogs exposed to canine distemper virus (CDV) - differences between vaccinated and wild-type virus exposed dogs. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research, Ottawa, v. 74, n. 3, p. 214-217, 2010.
108. PHILIPPA, J.; FOURNIER-CHAMBRILLON, C.; FOURNIER, P.; SCHAFTENAAR, W.; BILDT, M.; HERWEIJNEN, R.; KUIKEN, T.; LIABEUF, M.; DITCHARRY, S.; JOUBERT, L.; BEGNIER, M.; OSTERHAUS, A. Serologic survey for selected viral pathogens in free-ranging endangered European mink (Mustela lutreola) and other mustelids from southwestern France. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, Ames, v. 44, n. 4, p. 791-801, 2008.
109. QUINN, P. J.; MARKEY, B. P.; CARTER, M. E.; DONNELLY, M. J.; LEONARD, F. C. Paramyxoviridae. Veterinary microbiology and microbial disease. Ames, Iowa: Blackwell Sciences Ltd. 2004. p. 381-389.
110. RALSTON, S. H.; AFZAL, M. A.; HELFRICH, M. H.; FRASER, W. D.; GALLAGHER, J. A.; MEE, A.; RIMA, B. Multicenter blinded analysis of RT-PCR detection methods for paramyxoviruses in relation to Paget's disease of bone. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, Washington, v. 22, n. 4, p. 569-577, 2007. (Pubitemid 47457434)
111. RALSTON, S. H.; DIGIOVINE, F. S.; GALLACHER, S. J.; BOYLE, I. T.; DUFF, G. W. Failure to detect paramyxovirus sequences in Paget's disease of bone using the polymerase chain reaction. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, Washington, v. 6, n. 11, p. 1243-1248, 1991.
112. READ, D.; NASSIM, D.; SMITH, P.; PATTERSON, C.; WARLOW, C. Multiple sclerosis and dog ownership. A case-control investigation. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, Amsterdam, v. 55, n. 3, p. 359-367, 1982. (Pubitemid 12049435)
113. REGO, A. A. M. S.; MATUSHIMA, E. R.; PINTO, C. M.; BIASIA, I. Distemper in Brazilian wild canidae and mustelidae: case report. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science,São Paulo, v. 34, n. 3, p. 256-258, 1997.
114. ROHOWSKY-KOCHAN, C.; DOWLING, P. C.; COOK, S. D. Canine distemper virus-specific antibodies in multiple sclerosis. Neurology, Minneapolis, v. 45, n. 8, p. 1554-1560, 1995.
115. ROSCOE, D. E. Epizootiology of canine distemper in New Jersey raccoons. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, Ames, v. 29, n. 3, p. 390-395, 1993.
116. SERAFIN, C. A.; ROSA, G. A.; GUIMARÃES, A. M. S.; UTIME, R. A.; BIONDO, A. W. Quem mora em prédios tem mais ou menos cães e gatos? 2011. Available at: . Accessed at: 14 fev. 2011.
117. SI, W.; ZHOU, S.; WANG, Z.; CUI, S. J. A multiplex reverse transcription-nested polymerase chain reaction for detection and differentiation of wild-type and vaccine strains of canine distemper virus. Virology Journal, v. 7, n. 86, p. 1-6, 2010.
118. SILVA, M. C.; FIGHERA, R. A.; BRUM, J. S.; GRAÇA, D. L.; KOMMERS, G. D.; IRIGOYEN, L. F.; BARROS, C.S.L. Aspectos clinicopatológicos de 620 casos neurológicos de cinomose em cães: Clinicopathological features in 620 neurological cases of canine distemper. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira, Rio de Janeiro, v. 27, n. 5, p. 215-220, 2007. (Pubitemid 47414663)
119. SILVA, M. C.; FIGHERA, R. A.; MAZZANTI, A.; BRUM, J. S.; PIEREZAN, F.; BARROS, C. S. L. Neuropatologia da cinomose canina: 70 casos (2005-2008). Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira, Rio de Janeiro, v. 29, n. 8, p. 643-652, 2009.
120. SIMON-MARTÍNEZ, J.; ULLOA-ARVIZU, R.; SORIANO, V. E.; FAJARDO, R. Identification of a genetic variant of canine distemper virus from clinical cases in two vaccinated dogs in Mexico. Veterinary Journal, London, v. 175, n. 3, p. 423-426, 2008. (Pubitemid 351343650)
121. SONNE, L.; OLIVEIRA, E. C.; PESCADOR, C. A.; SANTOS, A. S.; PAVARINI, S. P.; CARISSIMI, A. S.; DREIMEIER, D. Achados patológicos e imuno-histoquímicos em cães infectados naturalmente pelo vírus da cinomose canina. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira, Rio de Janeiro, v. 29, n. 2, p. 143-149, 2009.
122. SUMMERS, B. A.; APPEL, M. J. Aspects of canine distemper virus and measles virus encephalomyelitis. Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology, Oxford, v. 20, n. 6, p. 525-534, 1994.
123. SUMMERS, B. A.; GREISEN, H. A.; APPEL, M. J. Canine distemper encephalomyelitis: variation with virus strain. Journal of Comparative Pathology, Edinburgh, v. 94, n. 1, p. 65-75, 1984. (Pubitemid 15058865)
124. SUMMERS, B. A.; CUMMINGS, J. F.; DE LAHUNTA, A. Veterinary neuropathology. St. Louis: Mosby, 1994. 527 p.
125. TAMURA, K.; DUDLEY, J.; NEI, M.; KUMAR, S. MEGA 4: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis (MEGA) software version 4.0. Molecular Biology and Evolution, Chicago, v. 24, n. 8, p. 1596-1599, 2007. (Pubitemid 47236692)
126. TIPOLD, A.; VANDEVELDE, M.; JAGGY, A. Neurologic manifestations of canine distemper virus infection. Journal of Small Animal Practice, Oxford, v. 33, p. 466-470, 1992.
127. VANDEVELDE, M.; FANKHAUSER, R.; KRISTENSEN, F. Immunoglobulins in demyelinating lesions in canine distemper encephalitis. An immunohistological study. Acta Neuropathologica, New York, v. 54, n. 1, p. 31-41, 1981. (Pubitemid 11047595)
128. VANDEVELDE, M.; KRISTENSEN, B.; BRAUND, K. G.; GREENE, C. E.; SWANGO, L. J.; HOERLEIN, B. F. Chronic canine distemper virus encephalitis in mature dogs. Veterinary Pathology, Washington, v. 17, n. 1, p. 17-28, 1980.
129. VANDEVELDE, M.; ZURBRIGGEN, A. Demyelination in canine distemper virus infection: a review. Acta Neuropathologica, New York, v. 109, n. 1, p. 56-68, 2005. (Pubitemid 40287790)
130. The neurobiology of canine distemper virus infection. Veterinary Microbiology, Amsterdam, v. 44, n. 2-4, p. 271-280, 1995.
131. WIKIPEDIA. List of countries by GDP (nominal). 2011. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 18 fev. 2011.
132. WOMA, T. Y.; VAN VUUREN, M.; BOSMAN, A-M.; QUAN, M.; OOSTHUIZEN, M. Phylogenetic analysis of the haemagglutinin gene of current wild-type canine distemper viruses from South Africa: lineage Africa. Veterinary Microbiology,Amsterdam, v. 143, n. 2-4, p. 126-132, 2010.