메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 92, Issue 6, 2012, Pages 1621-1636

Pain Management in the ICU

Author keywords

ICU; Pain; Regional anesthesia; Rib fractures; Trauma

Indexed keywords

ALFENTANIL; FENTANYL; KETAMINE; MORPHINE; OPIATE; REMIFENTANIL; SUFENTANIL;

EID: 84869118761     PISSN: 00396109     EISSN: 15583171     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.suc.2012.08.013     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (18)

References (94)
  • 1
    • 0034102190 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pain and suffering in seriously ill hospitalized patients
    • Desbiens N.A., Wu A.W. Pain and suffering in seriously ill hospitalized patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 2000, 48(Suppl 5):S183-S186.
    • (2000) J Am Geriatr Soc , vol.48 , Issue.SUPPL 5
    • Desbiens, N.A.1    Wu, A.W.2
  • 2
    • 0035403848 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pain experiences of traumatically injured patients in a critical care setting
    • Stanik-Hutt J.A., Soeken K.L., Belcher A.E., et al. Pain experiences of traumatically injured patients in a critical care setting. Am J Crit Care 2001, 10(4):252-259.
    • (2001) Am J Crit Care , vol.10 , Issue.4 , pp. 252-259
    • Stanik-Hutt, J.A.1    Soeken, K.L.2    Belcher, A.E.3
  • 3
    • 84870628249 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pain and satisfaction with pain control in seriously ill hospitalized adults: findings from the SUPPORT research investigations. For the SUPPORT investigators. Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks of Treatment
    • Desbiens N.A., Wu A.W., Broste S.K., et al. Pain and satisfaction with pain control in seriously ill hospitalized adults: findings from the SUPPORT research investigations. For the SUPPORT investigators. Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks of Treatment. Crit Care Med 1996, 24(12):1943-1944.
    • (1996) Crit Care Med , vol.24 , Issue.12 , pp. 1943-1944
    • Desbiens, N.A.1    Wu, A.W.2    Broste, S.K.3
  • 4
    • 0003815906 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxford University Press, Oxford (England), D. Doyle, G.W. Hanks, N. MacDonald (Eds.)
    • Oxford textbook of palliative medicine 1998, Oxford University Press, Oxford (England). 2nd ed. D. Doyle, G.W. Hanks, N. MacDonald (Eds.).
    • (1998) Oxford textbook of palliative medicine
  • 5
    • 0032947631 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The stress response of critical illness
    • Epstein J., Breslow M.J. The stress response of critical illness. Crit Care Clin 1999, 15(1):17-33.
    • (1999) Crit Care Clin , vol.15 , Issue.1 , pp. 17-33
    • Epstein, J.1    Breslow, M.J.2
  • 6
    • 0028235577 scopus 로고
    • Effect of analgesic treatment on the physiological consequences of acute pain
    • Lewis K.S., Whipple J.K., Michael K.A., et al. Effect of analgesic treatment on the physiological consequences of acute pain. Am J Hosp Pharm 1994, 51(12):1539-1554.
    • (1994) Am J Hosp Pharm , vol.51 , Issue.12 , pp. 1539-1554
    • Lewis, K.S.1    Whipple, J.K.2    Michael, K.A.3
  • 7
    • 0003656949 scopus 로고
    • Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, US Dept of Health and Human Services, Rockville (MD), AHCPR Publication No. 94-0592
    • Jacox A., Carr D., Payne R., et al. Clinical practice guideline number 9: management of cancer pain 1994, Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, US Dept of Health and Human Services, Rockville (MD), AHCPR Publication No. 94-0592.
    • (1994) Clinical practice guideline number 9: management of cancer pain
    • Jacox, A.1    Carr, D.2    Payne, R.3
  • 8
    • 0028215991 scopus 로고
    • Pathophysiology of pain
    • Cross S.A. Pathophysiology of pain. Mayo Clin Proc 1994, 69(4):375-383.
    • (1994) Mayo Clin Proc , vol.69 , Issue.4 , pp. 375-383
    • Cross, S.A.1
  • 9
    • 0030908440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroanatomy of the pain system and of the pathways that modulate pain
    • Willis W.D., Westlund K.N. Neuroanatomy of the pain system and of the pathways that modulate pain. J Clin Neurophysiol 1997, 14(1):2-31.
    • (1997) J Clin Neurophysiol , vol.14 , Issue.1 , pp. 2-31
    • Willis, W.D.1    Westlund, K.N.2
  • 10
    • 0035383008 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Managing cancer and noncancer chronic pain in critical care settings. Knowledge and skills every nurse needs to know
    • Curtiss C.P., Haylock P.J. Managing cancer and noncancer chronic pain in critical care settings. Knowledge and skills every nurse needs to know. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am 2001, 13(2):271-280.
    • (2001) Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am , vol.13 , Issue.2 , pp. 271-280
    • Curtiss, C.P.1    Haylock, P.J.2
  • 12
    • 0003397830 scopus 로고
    • International Association for the Study of Pain, Seattle (WA), p. 3-4
    • Merskey H., Bogduk N. Classification of chronic pain 1994, International Association for the Study of Pain, Seattle (WA), p. 3-4. 2nd edition.
    • (1994) Classification of chronic pain
    • Merskey, H.1    Bogduk, N.2
  • 13
    • 0002674049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pain terms and taxonomies of pain
    • Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Hagerstown (MD), J.J. Bonica, J.D. Loeser, C.R. Chapman (Eds.)
    • Turk D.C., Okifuji A. Pain terms and taxonomies of pain. Bonica's management of pain 2001, 18-21. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Hagerstown (MD). J.J. Bonica, J.D. Loeser, C.R. Chapman (Eds.).
    • (2001) Bonica's management of pain , pp. 18-21
    • Turk, D.C.1    Okifuji, A.2
  • 14
    • 1842831615 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pain in the critically ill
    • Pasero C., McCaffery M. Pain in the critically ill. Am J Nurs 2002, 102(1):59-60.
    • (2002) Am J Nurs , vol.102 , Issue.1 , pp. 59-60
    • Pasero, C.1    McCaffery, M.2
  • 15
    • 15844376025 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patients' recollections of experiences in the intensive care unit may affect their quality of life
    • Granja C., Lopes A., Moreira S., et al. Patients' recollections of experiences in the intensive care unit may affect their quality of life. Crit Care 2005, 9:96-109.
    • (2005) Crit Care , vol.9 , pp. 96-109
    • Granja, C.1    Lopes, A.2    Moreira, S.3
  • 17
    • 0041365465 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exposure to high stress in the intensive care unit may have negative effects on health-related quality-of-life outcomes after cardiac surgery
    • Schelling G., Richter M., Roozendaal B., et al. Exposure to high stress in the intensive care unit may have negative effects on health-related quality-of-life outcomes after cardiac surgery. Crit Care Med 2003, 31:1971-1980.
    • (2003) Crit Care Med , vol.31 , pp. 1971-1980
    • Schelling, G.1    Richter, M.2    Roozendaal, B.3
  • 18
    • 0031924688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pain and distress among elderly intensive care patients: comparison of patients' experiences and nurses' assessments
    • Hall-Lord M.L., Larsson G., Steen B. Pain and distress among elderly intensive care patients: comparison of patients' experiences and nurses' assessments. Heart Lung 1998, 27:123-132.
    • (1998) Heart Lung , vol.27 , pp. 123-132
    • Hall-Lord, M.L.1    Larsson, G.2    Steen, B.3
  • 19
    • 0036152552 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical practice guidelines for the sustained use of sedatives and analgesics in the critically ill adult
    • Jacobi J., Fraser G.L., Coursin D.B., et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the sustained use of sedatives and analgesics in the critically ill adult. Crit Care Med 2002, 30(1):119-141.
    • (2002) Crit Care Med , vol.30 , Issue.1 , pp. 119-141
    • Jacobi, J.1    Fraser, G.L.2    Coursin, D.B.3
  • 20
    • 45949084757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluating and monitoring analgesia and sedation in the intensive care unit
    • Sessler C.N., Jo Grap M., Ramsay M.A. Evaluating and monitoring analgesia and sedation in the intensive care unit. Crit Care 2008, 12(Suppl 3):S2.
    • (2008) Crit Care , vol.12 , Issue.SUPPL 3
    • Sessler, C.N.1    Jo Grap, M.2    Ramsay, M.A.3
  • 22
    • 0030745056 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship between behavioral and physiological indicators of pain, critical care patients' self-reports of pain, and opioid administration
    • Puntillo K., Miaskowski C., Kehrle K., et al. Relationship between behavioral and physiological indicators of pain, critical care patients' self-reports of pain, and opioid administration. Crit Care Med 1997, 25:1159-1166.
    • (1997) Crit Care Med , vol.25 , pp. 1159-1166
    • Puntillo, K.1    Miaskowski, C.2    Kehrle, K.3
  • 23
    • 33646773634 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pain assessment in nonverbal patients: position statement with clinical practice recommendations
    • Herr K., Coyne P.J., Key T., et al. Pain assessment in nonverbal patients: position statement with clinical practice recommendations. Pain Manag Nurs 2006, 7:44-52.
    • (2006) Pain Manag Nurs , vol.7 , pp. 44-52
    • Herr, K.1    Coyne, P.J.2    Key, T.3
  • 24
    • 1242275138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pain behaviors observed during six common procedures: results from Thunder Project II
    • Puntillo K.A., Morris A.B., Thompson C.L., et al. Pain behaviors observed during six common procedures: results from Thunder Project II. Crit Care Med 2004, 32:421-427.
    • (2004) Crit Care Med , vol.32 , pp. 421-427
    • Puntillo, K.A.1    Morris, A.B.2    Thompson, C.L.3
  • 25
    • 37449008445 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A review of objective pain measures for use with critical care adult patients unable to self-report
    • Li D., Puntillo K., Miaskowski C. A review of objective pain measures for use with critical care adult patients unable to self-report. J Pain 2008, 9(1):2-10.
    • (2008) J Pain , vol.9 , Issue.1 , pp. 2-10
    • Li, D.1    Puntillo, K.2    Miaskowski, C.3
  • 26
    • 0037334354 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Self-reports of pain intensity and direct observations of pain behavior: when are they correlated?
    • Labus J., Keefe F., Jensen M. Self-reports of pain intensity and direct observations of pain behavior: when are they correlated?. J Pain 2003, 102:109-124.
    • (2003) J Pain , vol.102 , pp. 109-124
    • Labus, J.1    Keefe, F.2    Jensen, M.3
  • 27
    • 0035674980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing pain in critically ill sedated patients by using a behavioral pain scale
    • Payen J.F., Bru O., Bosson J.L., et al. Assessing pain in critically ill sedated patients by using a behavioral pain scale. Crit Care Med 2001, 29(12):2258-2263.
    • (2001) Crit Care Med , vol.29 , Issue.12 , pp. 2258-2263
    • Payen, J.F.1    Bru, O.2    Bosson, J.L.3
  • 28
    • 27444444282 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Validation of a behavioral pain scale in critically ill, sedated, and mechanically ventilated patients
    • Aissaoui Y., Zeggwagh A., Zekraoui A., et al. Validation of a behavioral pain scale in critically ill, sedated, and mechanically ventilated patients. Anesth Analg 2005, 101:1470-1476.
    • (2005) Anesth Analg , vol.101 , pp. 1470-1476
    • Aissaoui, Y.1    Zeggwagh, A.2    Zekraoui, A.3
  • 29
    • 33845274721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Validation of the critical-care pain observation tool in adult patients
    • Gelinas C., Fillion L., Puntillo K.A., et al. Validation of the critical-care pain observation tool in adult patients. Am J Crit Care 2006, 15(4):420-427.
    • (2006) Am J Crit Care , vol.15 , Issue.4 , pp. 420-427
    • Gelinas, C.1    Fillion, L.2    Puntillo, K.A.3
  • 30
    • 63849148609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pain assessment tools for unconscious or sedated intensive care patients: a systematic review
    • Pudas-Tahka S., Axelin A., Antaa R., et al. Pain assessment tools for unconscious or sedated intensive care patients: a systematic review. J Adv Nurs 2008, 65(5):946-956.
    • (2008) J Adv Nurs , vol.65 , Issue.5 , pp. 946-956
    • Pudas-Tahka, S.1    Axelin, A.2    Antaa, R.3
  • 31
    • 0031134960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The FLACC: a behavioral scale for scoring postoperative pain in young children
    • Merkel S., Shayevitz J., Voepel-Lewis T., et al. The FLACC: a behavioral scale for scoring postoperative pain in young children. Pediatr Nurs 1997, 23:293-297.
    • (1997) Pediatr Nurs , vol.23 , pp. 293-297
    • Merkel, S.1    Shayevitz, J.2    Voepel-Lewis, T.3
  • 32
    • 77955283786 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing pain control in nonverbal critically ill adults
    • Odhner M., Wegman D., Freeland N., et al. Assessing pain control in nonverbal critically ill adults. Dimens Crit Care Nurs 2003, 22:260-267.
    • (2003) Dimens Crit Care Nurs , vol.22 , pp. 260-267
    • Odhner, M.1    Wegman, D.2    Freeland, N.3
  • 33
    • 81855194101 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A pre and post evaluation of the implementation of the Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool on pain assessment/management nursing practices in the intensive care unit with nonverbal critically ill adults
    • Gelinas C., Arbour C., Michaud C., et al. A pre and post evaluation of the implementation of the Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool on pain assessment/management nursing practices in the intensive care unit with nonverbal critically ill adults. Int J Nurs Stud 2011, 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2011.03.012.
    • (2011) Int J Nurs Stud
    • Gelinas, C.1    Arbour, C.2    Michaud, C.3
  • 34
    • 67650283485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An analgesia-delirium-sedation protocol for critically ill trauma patients reduces ventilator days and hospital length of stay
    • Robinson B., Mueller E., Henson K., et al. An analgesia-delirium-sedation protocol for critically ill trauma patients reduces ventilator days and hospital length of stay. J Trauma 2008, 65(3):517-526.
    • (2008) J Trauma , vol.65 , Issue.3 , pp. 517-526
    • Robinson, B.1    Mueller, E.2    Henson, K.3
  • 35
    • 33744504895 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of systematic evaluation of pain and agitation in an intensive care unit
    • Chanques G., Jaber S., Barbotte E., et al. Impact of systematic evaluation of pain and agitation in an intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 2006, 34(6):1691-1699.
    • (2006) Crit Care Med , vol.34 , Issue.6 , pp. 1691-1699
    • Chanques, G.1    Jaber, S.2    Barbotte, E.3
  • 36
    • 0033400647 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of a nursing-implemented sedation protocol on the duration of mechanical ventilation
    • Brook A.D., Ahrens T.S., Schaiff R., et al. Effect of a nursing-implemented sedation protocol on the duration of mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Med 1999, 27(12):2609-2615.
    • (1999) Crit Care Med , vol.27 , Issue.12 , pp. 2609-2615
    • Brook, A.D.1    Ahrens, T.S.2    Schaiff, R.3
  • 37
    • 67649365620 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protocolized and target-based sedation and analgesia in the ICU
    • Sessler C., Pedram S. Protocolized and target-based sedation and analgesia in the ICU. Crit Care Clin 2009, 25:489-513.
    • (2009) Crit Care Clin , vol.25 , pp. 489-513
    • Sessler, C.1    Pedram, S.2
  • 38
    • 37149040245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of sedation with dexmedetomidine vs lorazepam on acute brain dysfunction in mechanically ventilated patients: the MENDS randomized controlled trial
    • Pandharipande P.P., Pun B.T., Herr D.L., et al. Effect of sedation with dexmedetomidine vs lorazepam on acute brain dysfunction in mechanically ventilated patients: the MENDS randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2007, 298(22):2644-2653.
    • (2007) JAMA , vol.298 , Issue.22 , pp. 2644-2653
    • Pandharipande, P.P.1    Pun, B.T.2    Herr, D.L.3
  • 39
    • 31344462888 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Canadian survey of the use of sedatives, analgesics, and neuromuscular blocking agents in critically ill patients
    • Mehta S., Burry L., Fischer S., et al. Canadian survey of the use of sedatives, analgesics, and neuromuscular blocking agents in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 2006, 34(2):374-380.
    • (2006) Crit Care Med , vol.34 , Issue.2 , pp. 374-380
    • Mehta, S.1    Burry, L.2    Fischer, S.3
  • 40
    • 0035185832 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analgesic agents. Pharmacology and application in critical care
    • viii
    • Hall L.G., Oyen L.J., Murray M.J. Analgesic agents. Pharmacology and application in critical care. Crit Care Clin 2001, 17(4):899-923. viii.
    • (2001) Crit Care Clin , vol.17 , Issue.4 , pp. 899-923
    • Hall, L.G.1    Oyen, L.J.2    Murray, M.J.3
  • 41
    • 38049096672 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in sedation management in German intensive care units between 2002 and 2006: a national follow-up survey
    • Martin J., Franck M., Sigel S., et al. Changes in sedation management in German intensive care units between 2002 and 2006: a national follow-up survey. Crit Care 2007, 11(6):R124.
    • (2007) Crit Care , vol.11 , Issue.6
    • Martin, J.1    Franck, M.2    Sigel, S.3
  • 43
    • 39449118844 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patient-focused sedation and analgesia in the ICU
    • Sessler C.N., Varney K. Patient-focused sedation and analgesia in the ICU. Chest 2008, 133(2):552-565.
    • (2008) Chest , vol.133 , Issue.2 , pp. 552-565
    • Sessler, C.N.1    Varney, K.2
  • 44
    • 0029822479 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacokinetics of opioids in renal dysfunction
    • Davies G., Kingswood C., Street M. Pharmacokinetics of opioids in renal dysfunction. Clin Pharmacokinet 1996, 31(6):410-422.
    • (1996) Clin Pharmacokinet , vol.31 , Issue.6 , pp. 410-422
    • Davies, G.1    Kingswood, C.2    Street, M.3
  • 45
    • 65549133940 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Opioid tolerance development: a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic perspective
    • Dumas E.O., Pollack G.M. Opioid tolerance development: a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic perspective. AAPS J 2008, 10:537-551.
    • (2008) AAPS J , vol.10 , pp. 537-551
    • Dumas, E.O.1    Pollack, G.M.2
  • 46
    • 0032695260 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • No reduction in the sufentanil requirement of elderly patients undergoing ventilatory support in the medical intensive care unit
    • Hofbauer R., Tesinsky P., Hammerschmidt V., et al. No reduction in the sufentanil requirement of elderly patients undergoing ventilatory support in the medical intensive care unit. Eur J Anaesthesiol 1999, 16(10):702-707.
    • (1999) Eur J Anaesthesiol , vol.16 , Issue.10 , pp. 702-707
    • Hofbauer, R.1    Tesinsky, P.2    Hammerschmidt, V.3
  • 47
    • 0033919614 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tolerance, withdrawal, and physical dependency after long-term sedation and analgesia of children in the pediatric intensive care unit
    • Tobias J.D. Tolerance, withdrawal, and physical dependency after long-term sedation and analgesia of children in the pediatric intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 2000, 28(6):2122-2132.
    • (2000) Crit Care Med , vol.28 , Issue.6 , pp. 2122-2132
    • Tobias, J.D.1
  • 48
    • 34250885127 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Morphine in postoperative patients: pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of metabolites
    • Mazoit J.X., Butscher K., Samii K. Morphine in postoperative patients: pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of metabolites. Anesth Analg 2007, 105:70-78.
    • (2007) Anesth Analg , vol.105 , pp. 70-78
    • Mazoit, J.X.1    Butscher, K.2    Samii, K.3
  • 49
    • 45949100868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The place for short-acting opioids: special emphasis on remifentanil
    • Wilhelm W., Kreuer S. The place for short-acting opioids: special emphasis on remifentanil. Critical Care 2008, 12(3):S5.
    • (2008) Critical Care , vol.12 , Issue.3
    • Wilhelm, W.1    Kreuer, S.2
  • 50
    • 0027493985 scopus 로고
    • The pharmacokinetics of the new short-acting opioid remifentanil (GI87084B) in healthy adult male volunteers
    • Egan T.D., Lemmens H.J., Fiset P., et al. The pharmacokinetics of the new short-acting opioid remifentanil (GI87084B) in healthy adult male volunteers. Anesthesiology 1993, 79:881-892.
    • (1993) Anesthesiology , vol.79 , pp. 881-892
    • Egan, T.D.1    Lemmens, H.J.2    Fiset, P.3
  • 51
    • 0030742602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Remifentanil in the critically ill
    • Evans T.N., Park G.R. Remifentanil in the critically ill. Anaesthesia 1997, 52:800-801.
    • (1997) Anaesthesia , vol.52 , pp. 800-801
    • Evans, T.N.1    Park, G.R.2
  • 52
    • 4344582082 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Remifentanil versus morphine analgesia and sedation for mechanically ventilated critically ill patients: a randomized double blind study
    • Dahaba A.A., Grabner T., Rehak P.H., et al. Remifentanil versus morphine analgesia and sedation for mechanically ventilated critically ill patients: a randomized double blind study. Anesthesiology 2004, 101:640-646.
    • (2004) Anesthesiology , vol.101 , pp. 640-646
    • Dahaba, A.A.1    Grabner, T.2    Rehak, P.H.3
  • 53
    • 2342635166 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Remifentanil versus fentanyl for analgesia based sedation to provide patient comfort in the intensive care unit: a randomized, double-blind controlled trial
    • Müllejans B., López A., Cross M.H., et al. Remifentanil versus fentanyl for analgesia based sedation to provide patient comfort in the intensive care unit: a randomized, double-blind controlled trial. Crit Care 2004, 8:R1-R11.
    • (2004) Crit Care , vol.8
    • Müllejans, B.1    López, A.2    Cross, M.H.3
  • 54
    • 34247551128 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sedation in the intensive care unit with remifentanil/propofol versus midazolam/fentanyl: a randomised, open-label, pharmacoeconomic trial
    • Müllejans B., Matthey T., Scholpp J., et al. Sedation in the intensive care unit with remifentanil/propofol versus midazolam/fentanyl: a randomised, open-label, pharmacoeconomic trial. Critical Care 2006, 10:R91.
    • (2006) Critical Care , vol.10
    • Müllejans, B.1    Matthey, T.2    Scholpp, J.3
  • 55
    • 18044390970 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safety and efficacy of analgesia-based sedation using remifentanil versus standard hypnotic-based regimens in intensive care unit patients with brain injuries: a randomised, controlled trial [ISRCTN50308308]
    • Karabinis A., Mandragos K., Stergiopoulos S., et al. Safety and efficacy of analgesia-based sedation using remifentanil versus standard hypnotic-based regimens in intensive care unit patients with brain injuries: a randomised, controlled trial [ISRCTN50308308]. Crit Care 2004, 8:R268-R280.
    • (2004) Crit Care , vol.8
    • Karabinis, A.1    Mandragos, K.2    Stergiopoulos, S.3
  • 56
    • 33847404341 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Remifentanil-propofol versus fentanyl-midazolam combinations for intracranial surgery: influence of anaesthesia technique and intensive sedation on ventilation times and duration of stay in the ICU
    • Bauer C., Kreuer S., Ketter R., et al. Remifentanil-propofol versus fentanyl-midazolam combinations for intracranial surgery: influence of anaesthesia technique and intensive sedation on ventilation times and duration of stay in the ICU. Anaesthesist 2007, 56:128-132.
    • (2007) Anaesthesist , vol.56 , pp. 128-132
    • Bauer, C.1    Kreuer, S.2    Ketter, R.3
  • 57
    • 35349027760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ketamine
    • Craven R. Ketamine. Anaesthesia 2007, 62(Suppl 1):48-53.
    • (2007) Anaesthesia , vol.62 , Issue.SUPPL 1 , pp. 48-53
    • Craven, R.1
  • 58
    • 0033749772 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The semantics of ketamine
    • Green S.M., Krauss B. The semantics of ketamine. Ann Emerg Med 2000, 36:480-482.
    • (2000) Ann Emerg Med , vol.36 , pp. 480-482
    • Green, S.M.1    Krauss, B.2
  • 59
    • 0029744181 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Continuous ketamine infusion for the treatment of refractory asthma in a mechanically ventilated infant: case report and review of the pediatric literature
    • Nehama J., Pass R., Bechtler-Karsch A., et al. Continuous ketamine infusion for the treatment of refractory asthma in a mechanically ventilated infant: case report and review of the pediatric literature. Pediatr Emerg Care 1996, 12:294-297.
    • (1996) Pediatr Emerg Care , vol.12 , pp. 294-297
    • Nehama, J.1    Pass, R.2    Bechtler-Karsch, A.3
  • 60
    • 0029820847 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Continuous infusion of ketamine in mechanically ventilated children with refractory bronchospasm
    • Youssef-Ahmed M.Z., Silver P., Nimkoff L., et al. Continuous infusion of ketamine in mechanically ventilated children with refractory bronchospasm. Intensive Care Med 1996, 22:972-976.
    • (1996) Intensive Care Med , vol.22 , pp. 972-976
    • Youssef-Ahmed, M.Z.1    Silver, P.2    Nimkoff, L.3
  • 61
    • 0018631363 scopus 로고
    • Ketamine infusions: pharmacokinetics and clinical effects
    • Indvall J., Ahlgren I., Aronsen K.F., et al. Ketamine infusions: pharmacokinetics and clinical effects. Br J Anaesth 1979, 51:1167-1172.
    • (1979) Br J Anaesth , vol.51 , pp. 1167-1172
    • Indvall, J.1    Ahlgren, I.2    Aronsen, K.F.3
  • 62
    • 0037316480 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacokinetics and haemodynamics of ketamine in intensive care patients with brain or spinal cord injury
    • Hijazi Y., Bodonian C., Bolon M., et al. Pharmacokinetics and haemodynamics of ketamine in intensive care patients with brain or spinal cord injury. Br J Anaesth 2003, 90:155-160.
    • (2003) Br J Anaesth , vol.90 , pp. 155-160
    • Hijazi, Y.1    Bodonian, C.2    Bolon, M.3
  • 63
    • 0025372518 scopus 로고
    • Ketamine by continuous infusion for sedation in the pediatric intensive care unit
    • Tobias J.D., Martin L.D., Wetzel R.C. Ketamine by continuous infusion for sedation in the pediatric intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 1990, 18:819-821.
    • (1990) Crit Care Med , vol.18 , pp. 819-821
    • Tobias, J.D.1    Martin, L.D.2    Wetzel, R.C.3
  • 64
    • 34748819341 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of fentanyl and S(+)-ketamine on cerebral hemodynamics, gastrointestinal motility, and need of vasopressors in patients with intracranial pathologies: a pilot study
    • Schmittner M.D., Vajkoczy S.L., Horn P., et al. Effects of fentanyl and S(+)-ketamine on cerebral hemodynamics, gastrointestinal motility, and need of vasopressors in patients with intracranial pathologies: a pilot study. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2007, 19:257-262.
    • (2007) J Neurosurg Anesthesiol , vol.19 , pp. 257-262
    • Schmittner, M.D.1    Vajkoczy, S.L.2    Horn, P.3
  • 65
    • 33646165755 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intravenous anesthesia for the patient with left ventricular dysfunction
    • Bovill J.G. Intravenous anesthesia for the patient with left ventricular dysfunction. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2006, 10:43-48.
    • (2006) Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth , vol.10 , pp. 43-48
    • Bovill, J.G.1
  • 66
    • 21644445196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pulmonary perfusion during anesthesia and mechanical ventilation
    • Hedenstierna G. Pulmonary perfusion during anesthesia and mechanical ventilation. Minerva Anestesiol 2005, 71:319-324.
    • (2005) Minerva Anestesiol , vol.71 , pp. 319-324
    • Hedenstierna, G.1
  • 67
    • 20444430145 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thoracic epidural analgesia or intravenous morphine analgesia after thoracoabdominal esophagectomy: a prospective follow-up of 201 patients
    • Rudin A., Flisberg P., Johansson J., et al. Thoracic epidural analgesia or intravenous morphine analgesia after thoracoabdominal esophagectomy: a prospective follow-up of 201 patients. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2005, 19(3):350-357.
    • (2005) J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth , vol.19 , Issue.3 , pp. 350-357
    • Rudin, A.1    Flisberg, P.2    Johansson, J.3
  • 68
    • 33750093795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidural pain relief versus systemic opioid-based pain relief for abdominal aortic surgery
    • CD005059
    • Nishimori M., Ballantyne J.C., Low J.H. Epidural pain relief versus systemic opioid-based pain relief for abdominal aortic surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006, (3). CD005059.
    • (2006) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , Issue.3
    • Nishimori, M.1    Ballantyne, J.C.2    Low, J.H.3
  • 69
    • 0034796164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of epidural anesthesia and analgesia on perioperative outcome: a randomized, controlled Veterans Affairs cooperative study
    • Park W.Y., Thompson J.S., Lee K.K. Effect of epidural anesthesia and analgesia on perioperative outcome: a randomized, controlled Veterans Affairs cooperative study. Ann Surg 2001, 234(4):560-659.
    • (2001) Ann Surg , vol.234 , Issue.4 , pp. 560-659
    • Park, W.Y.1    Thompson, J.S.2    Lee, K.K.3
  • 70
    • 33748669434 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regional anaesthesia and perioperative outcome
    • Tziavrangos E., Schug S.A. Regional anaesthesia and perioperative outcome. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2006, 19(5):521-525.
    • (2006) Curr Opin Anaesthesiol , vol.19 , Issue.5 , pp. 521-525
    • Tziavrangos, E.1    Schug, S.A.2
  • 71
    • 3843067856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidural analgesia improves outcome after multiple rib fractures
    • Bulger E.M., Edwards T., Klotz P., et al. Epidural analgesia improves outcome after multiple rib fractures. Surgery 2004, 136(2):426-430.
    • (2004) Surgery , vol.136 , Issue.2 , pp. 426-430
    • Bulger, E.M.1    Edwards, T.2    Klotz, P.3
  • 73
    • 79955474360 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Postoperative delirium: acute change with long-term implications
    • Rudolph J.L., Marcantonio E.R. Postoperative delirium: acute change with long-term implications. Anesth Analg 2011, 112(5):1202-1211.
    • (2011) Anesth Analg , vol.112 , Issue.5 , pp. 1202-1211
    • Rudolph, J.L.1    Marcantonio, E.R.2
  • 74
    • 0037686713 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regional anesthesia in the anticoagulated patient: defining the risks (the third ASRA Consensus Conference on Neuraxial Anesthesia and Anticoagulation)
    • Horlocker T.T., Wedel D.J. Regional anesthesia in the anticoagulated patient: defining the risks (the third ASRA Consensus Conference on Neuraxial Anesthesia and Anticoagulation). Reg Anesth Pain Med 2010, 28(3):172-197.
    • (2010) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.28 , Issue.3 , pp. 172-197
    • Horlocker, T.T.1    Wedel, D.J.2
  • 75
    • 0029073076 scopus 로고
    • Epidural anesthesia and analgesia. Their role in postoperative outcome
    • Liu S., Carpenter R.L., Neal J.M. Epidural anesthesia and analgesia. Their role in postoperative outcome. Anesthesiology 1995, 82:1474-1506.
    • (1995) Anesthesiology , vol.82 , pp. 1474-1506
    • Liu, S.1    Carpenter, R.L.2    Neal, J.M.3
  • 76
    • 0035191677 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regional analgesia in the intensive care unit. Principles and practice
    • Clark F., Gilbert H.C. Regional analgesia in the intensive care unit. Principles and practice. Crit Care Clin 2001, 17:943-966.
    • (2001) Crit Care Clin , vol.17 , pp. 943-966
    • Clark, F.1    Gilbert, H.C.2
  • 77
    • 84869130222 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison thoracic epidural and intercostal block to improve ventilation parameters and reduce pain in patients with multiple rib fractures
    • Hashemzadeh S., Hashemzadeh K. Comparison thoracic epidural and intercostal block to improve ventilation parameters and reduce pain in patients with multiple rib fractures. J Cardiovasc Thorac Res 2011, 3(3):87-91.
    • (2011) J Cardiovasc Thorac Res , vol.3 , Issue.3 , pp. 87-91
    • Hashemzadeh, S.1    Hashemzadeh, K.2
  • 78
    • 77949286297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pain and the elderly patient
    • The Haworth Medical press, New York, G. McCleane, H. Smith (Eds.)
    • McCleane G. Pain and the elderly patient. Clinical management of the elderly patient in pain 2006, 1-6. The Haworth Medical press, New York. G. McCleane, H. Smith (Eds.).
    • (2006) Clinical management of the elderly patient in pain , pp. 1-6
    • McCleane, G.1
  • 79
    • 0036666189 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of Cox-2 inhibitors in the evolution of acute pain management
    • Sinatra R. Role of Cox-2 inhibitors in the evolution of acute pain management. J Pain Symptom Manage 2002, 24(Suppl 1):S18-S27.
    • (2002) J Pain Symptom Manage , vol.24 , Issue.SUPPL 1
    • Sinatra, R.1
  • 80
    • 34247544152 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pain and aging: the pain experiences over the adult lifespan
    • IASP Press, Seattle, WA, J.O. Dostrovsky, D.B. Carr, M. Koltzenburg (Eds.)
    • Gibson S.J. Pain and aging: the pain experiences over the adult lifespan. Proceedings of the 10th World Congress on Pain 2003, 767-790. IASP Press, Seattle, WA. J.O. Dostrovsky, D.B. Carr, M. Koltzenburg (Eds.).
    • (2003) Proceedings of the 10th World Congress on Pain , pp. 767-790
    • Gibson, S.J.1
  • 81
    • 0032540745 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Undertreatment of cancer pain in elderly patients
    • Cleeland C. Undertreatment of cancer pain in elderly patients. JAMA 1998, 279(23):1914-1915.
    • (1998) JAMA , vol.279 , Issue.23 , pp. 1914-1915
    • Cleeland, C.1
  • 82
    • 3042567028 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A review of age differences in the neurophysiology of nociception and the perceptual experience of pain
    • Gibson S., Farrell M. A review of age differences in the neurophysiology of nociception and the perceptual experience of pain. Clin J Pain 2004, 20(4):227-239.
    • (2004) Clin J Pain , vol.20 , Issue.4 , pp. 227-239
    • Gibson, S.1    Farrell, M.2
  • 83
    • 16644384114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased incidence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction 24 hours after minor surgery in the elderly
    • Rohan D., Buggy D., Crowley S., et al. Increased incidence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction 24 hours after minor surgery in the elderly. Can J Anaesth 2005, 52:137-142.
    • (2005) Can J Anaesth , vol.52 , pp. 137-142
    • Rohan, D.1    Buggy, D.2    Crowley, S.3
  • 84
    • 0031977026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of postoperative pain on the development of postoperative delirium
    • Lynch E.P., Lazor M.H., Gellis J.E., et al. The impact of postoperative pain on the development of postoperative delirium. Anesth Analg 1998, 86:781-785.
    • (1998) Anesth Analg , vol.86 , pp. 781-785
    • Lynch, E.P.1    Lazor, M.H.2    Gellis, J.E.3
  • 85
    • 0036137628 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Postoperative titration of intravenous morphine in the elderly patient
    • Auburn F., Monsel S., Langeron O., et al. Postoperative titration of intravenous morphine in the elderly patient. Anesthesiology 2002, 96:17-23.
    • (2002) Anesthesiology , vol.96 , pp. 17-23
    • Auburn, F.1    Monsel, S.2    Langeron, O.3
  • 86
    • 0022538797 scopus 로고
    • Respiratory depression after morphine in the elderly
    • Daykin A., Bowen D., Daunders D., et al. Respiratory depression after morphine in the elderly. Anaesthesia 1986, 41(9):910-914.
    • (1986) Anaesthesia , vol.41 , Issue.9 , pp. 910-914
    • Daykin, A.1    Bowen, D.2    Daunders, D.3
  • 87
    • 70349749985 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The pharmacology of opioids
    • Springer, New York, Chapter 15, J.H. Silverstein, G.A. Rooke, J.G. Reves (Eds.)
    • Shafer S.L., Flood P. The pharmacology of opioids. Geriatric anesthesiology 2009, 209-228. Springer, New York, Chapter 15. 2nd edition. J.H. Silverstein, G.A. Rooke, J.G. Reves (Eds.).
    • (2009) Geriatric anesthesiology , pp. 209-228
    • Shafer, S.L.1    Flood, P.2
  • 88
    • 0038700615 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Priorities in perioperative geriatrics
    • Cook D.J., Rooke G.A. Priorities in perioperative geriatrics. Anesth Analg 2003, 96:1823-1836.
    • (2003) Anesth Analg , vol.96 , pp. 1823-1836
    • Cook, D.J.1    Rooke, G.A.2
  • 89
    • 84869122106 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New challenges in anesthesia: new practice opportunities
    • Silverstein J., Bloom H., Cassel C. New challenges in anesthesia: new practice opportunities. Anaesthiol Clin 2003, 17:453-465.
    • (2003) Anaesthiol Clin , vol.17 , pp. 453-465
    • Silverstein, J.1    Bloom, H.2    Cassel, C.3
  • 90
    • 0002769936 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacokinetics: the dynamics of drug absorption, distribution, and elimination
    • McGraw-Hill, New York, Chapter 1, J. Hardman, L. Limbird (Eds.)
    • Benet L., Kroetz D., Sheiner L. Pharmacokinetics: the dynamics of drug absorption, distribution, and elimination. Goodman and Gilman's the pharmacological basis of therapeutics 1996, 3-28. McGraw-Hill, New York, Chapter 1. 9th edition. J. Hardman, L. Limbird (Eds.).
    • (1996) Goodman and Gilman's the pharmacological basis of therapeutics , pp. 3-28
    • Benet, L.1    Kroetz, D.2    Sheiner, L.3
  • 91
    • 0033924022 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of changes in basal metabolism during aging
    • Henry C. Mechanisms of changes in basal metabolism during aging. Eur J Clin Nutr 2000, 54:77-91.
    • (2000) Eur J Clin Nutr , vol.54 , pp. 77-91
    • Henry, C.1
  • 92
    • 0033917498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rib fractures in the elderly
    • Bulger E., Arneson M., Mock C., et al. Rib fractures in the elderly. J Trauma 2000, 48(6):1040-1047.
    • (2000) J Trauma , vol.48 , Issue.6 , pp. 1040-1047
    • Bulger, E.1    Arneson, M.2    Mock, C.3
  • 93
    • 27544469244 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Half-a-dozen ribs: the breakpoint for mortality
    • Flagel B., Luchette F., Reed L., et al. Half-a-dozen ribs: the breakpoint for mortality. Surgery 2005, 138(4):717-725.
    • (2005) Surgery , vol.138 , Issue.4 , pp. 717-725
    • Flagel, B.1    Luchette, F.2    Reed, L.3
  • 94
    • 79960834032 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute pain management of patients with multiple fractured ribs: a focus on regional techniques
    • Ho A., Karmaker M., Critchley L. Acute pain management of patients with multiple fractured ribs: a focus on regional techniques. Curr Opin Crit Care 2011, 17:323-327.
    • (2011) Curr Opin Crit Care , vol.17 , pp. 323-327
    • Ho, A.1    Karmaker, M.2    Critchley, L.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.