Start-up incentives: Entrepreneurship policy or active labour market programme?

Journal of Business Venturing

Volumn 28, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 151-175

  Román, Concepción ^a   Congregado, Emilio ^a   Millán, José María ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HUELVA   (Spain)

Author keywords

Business cycles; Europe; Labour market institutions; Social capital; Start up process

Indexed keywords

EID: 84869115017     PISSN: 08839026     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2012.01.004     Document Type: Article

References (191)

1. Acs Z.J. Foundations of high impact entrepreneurship. Foundations and Trends in Entrepreneurship 2008, 4:535-620.
2. Alba-Ramirez A. Self-employment in the midst of unemployment: the case of Spain and the United States. Applied Economics 1994, 26:189-204.
3. Aldrich H., Zimmer C. Entrepreneurship through social networks. Population Perspectives on Organizations 1986, 13-28. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, Uppsala. H. Aldrich (Ed.).
4. Aldrich H., Rosen B., Woodward W. The impact of social networks on business foundings and profit: a longitudinal study. Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research 1987, 154-168. Babson College, Wellesley, MA. N. Churchill, J. Hornaday, O.J. Krasner, K. Vesper (Eds.).
5. Aldrich H.E., Reese P.R., Dubini P. Women on the verge of a breakthrough? Networking among entrepreneurs in the United States and Italy. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 1989, 1:339-356.
6. Aldrich H., Renzulli L., Langton N. Passing on privilege: resources provided by self-employed parents to their self-employed children. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 1998, 16:291-317. JAI Press, Greenwich, CT. K. Leicht (Ed.).
7. Amemiya T. Qualitative response models: a survey. Journal of Economic Literature 1981, 19:1483-1536.
8. Andersson P., Wadensjö E. Do the unemployed become successful entrepreneurs?. International Journal of Manpower 2007, 28:604-626.
9. Audretsch D.B., Acs Z.J. New firm start-ups, technology and macroeconomics fluctuations. Small Business Economics 1994, 6:439-449.
10. Azmat G., Güell M., Manning A. Gender gaps in unemployment rates in OECD countries. Journal of Labor Economics 2006, 24:1-37.
11. Bankston C.L., Zhou M. Social capital as process: the meanings and problems of a theoretical metaphor?. Sociological Inquiry 2002, 72:285-317.
12. Barlevy G. On the cyclicality of research and development. American Economic Review 2007, 97:1131-1164.
13. Baron J.N., Hannan M.T. The impact of economics on contemporary sociology. Journal of Economic Literature 1994, 32:1111-1146.
14. Baron J.N., Kreps D.M. Strategic Human Resources: Frameworks for General Managers 1999, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
15. Baumgartner H.J., Caliendo M. Turning unemployment into self-employment: effectiveness of two start-up programmes. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 2008, 70:347-373.
16. Baumol W. Entrepreneurship: productive, unproductive and destructive. Journal of Political Economy 1990, 98(5):893-921. Reprinted in Journal of Business Venturing, 11, 1996, 3-22.
17. Ben-Ner A. The life-cycle of worker-owned firms in market economies: a theoretical analysis. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 1988, 10:287-313.
18. Bentolila S., Michelacci C., Suarez J. Social contacts and occupational choice. Economica 2010, 77:20-45.
19. Binks M., Jennings A. Small firms as a source of economic rejuvenation. The Survival of the Small Firm 1986, Vol. 1:19-37. Gower, Aldershot. J. Curran, J. Stanworth, D. Watkins (Eds.).
20. Birley S. The role of networks in the entrepreneurial process. Journal of Business Venturing 1985, 1:107-117.
21. Blanchflower D.G. Self-employment in OECD countries. Labour Economics 2000, 7:471-505.
22. Blanchflower D.G. Self-employment: more may not be better. Swedish Economic Policy Review 2004, 11:15-74.
23. Blanchflower D.G. Minority self-employment in the United States and the impact of affirmative action programs. Annals of Finance 2009, 5:361-396.
24. Blanchflower D.G., Meyer B. A longitudinal analysis of young entrepreneurs in Australia and the United States. Small Business Economics 1994, 6:1-20.
25. Blanchflower D.G., Oswald A.J. What makes an entrepreneur?. Journal of Labor Economics 1998, 16:26-60.
26. Blanchflower D.G., Levine P., Zimmerman D. Discrimination in the small business credit market. The Review of Economics and Statistics 2003, 85:930-943.
27. Blau D.M. A time series analysis of self-employment in the United States. Journal of Political Economy 1987, 95:445-467.
28. Blume K., Ejrnæs M., Nielsen H.S., Würtz A. Labor market transitions of immigrants with emphasis on marginalization and self-employment. Journal of Population Economics 2009, 22:881-908.
29. Boone J., Van Ours J.C. Effective active labor market policies. IZA Discussion Paper No. 1335 2004.
30. Borjas G.J. The self-employment experience of immigrants. Journal of Human Resources 1986, 21:485-506.
31. Borooah V.K., Hart M. Factors affecting self-employment among Indian and Black Caribbean Men in Britain. Small Business Economics 1999, 13:111-129.
32. Bosma N., Van Praag C.M., Thurik R.De, Wit G. The value of human and social capital investments for the business performance of startups. Small Business Economics 2004, 23:227-236.
33. Bourdieu P. Forms of capital. Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education 1983, 241-258. Greenwood Press, New York. J. Richardson (Ed.).
34. Brüderl J., Preisendörfer P. Network support and the success of newly founded businesses. Small Business Economics 1998, 10:213-225.
35. Buchmann M., Kriesi I., Sacchi S. Labour market, job opportunities, and transitions to self-employment: evidence from Switzerland from the mid 1960s to the late 1980s. European Sociological Review 2009, 25:569-583.
36. Caballero R.J., Hammour M.L. The cleansing effect of recessions. American Economic Review 1994, 84:1350-1368.
37. Cabral L., Mata J. On the evolution of the firm size distribution: facts and theory. American Economic Review 2003, 93:1075-1090.
38. Caliendo M., Kritikos A.S. Start-ups by the unemployed: characteristics, survival and direct employment effects. Small Business Economics 2010, 35:71-92.
39. Caputo R.K., Dolinsky A. Women's choice to pursue self-employment: the role of financial and human capital of household members. Journal of Small Business Management 1998, 36:8-17.
40. Carr D. Two paths to self-employment? Women's and men's self-employment in the United States, 1980. Work and Occupations 1996, 23:26-53.
41. Carrasco R. Transitions to and from self-employment in Spain: an empirical analysis. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 1999, 61:315-341.
42. Carree M., Thurik R. The lag structure of the impact of business ownership on economic performance in OECD countries. Small Business Economics 2008, 30:101-110.
43. Carree M., Thurik R., Van Stel A., Wennekers S. The relationship between economic development and business ownership revisited. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 2007, 19:281-291.
44. Cavalluzzo K., Cavalluzzo L., Wolken J. Competition, small business financing and discrimination: evidence from a new survey. Journal of Business 2002, 75:641-679.
45. Centeno M. Is self-employment a response to labour market rigidity? Banco de Portugal. Economic Bulletin 2000, December.
46. Chandler G.N., McKelvie A., Davidsson P. Asset specificity and behavioral uncertainty as moderators of the sales growth-employment growth relationship in emerging ventures. Journal of Business Venturing 2009, 24:373-387.
47. Cheng S., Long J.S. Testing for IIA in the multinomial logit model. Sociological Methods and Research 2007, 35:583-600.
48. Clark K., Drinkwater S. Ethnicity and self-employment in Britain. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 1998, 60:383-407.
49. Coleman J. Social capital in the creation of human capital. The American Journal of Sociology 1988, 94(S):S95-S120.
50. Coleman J. Foundations of Social Theory 1990, Belknap Press, Cambridge.
51. Collins H. Independent contractors and the challenge of vertical integration to employment protection laws. Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 1990, 10:353-380.
52. Colombier N., Masclet D. Intergenerational correlation in self-employment: some further evidence from French ECHP data. Small Business Economics 2008, 30:423-437.
53. Congregado E., Golpe A.A., Carmona M. Is it a good policy to promote self-employment for job creation? Evidence from Spain. Journal of Policy Modeling 2010, 32:828-842.
54. Congregado E., Millán J.M., Román C. From own-account worker to job creator. International Review of Entrepreneurship 2010, 8:277-302.
55. Congregado, E., Golpe, A.A., Parker, S.C., forthcoming. The dynamics of entrepreneurship: Hysteresis, business cycles and government policy. Empirical Economics. doi: http://doi:10.1007/s00181-011-0516-6.
56. Constant A., Zimmermann K.F. Self-employment dynamics across the business cycle: migrants versus natives. IZA Discussion Paper No. 1386 2004.
57. Cowling M., Mitchell P. The evolution of UK self-employment: a study of government policy and the role of the macroeconomy. The Manchester School 1997, 65:427-442.
58. Cowling M., Taylor M. Entrepreneurial women and men: two different species. Small Business Economics 2001, 16:167-175.
59. Cowling M., Mitchell P., Taylor M. Job creators. The Manchester School 2004, 72:601-617.
60. Cueto B., Mato J. An analysis of self-employment subsidies with duration models. Applied Economics 2006, 38:23-32.
61. David Q., Janiak A., Wasmer E. Local social capital and geographical mobility. Journal of Urban Economics 2010, 68:191-204.
62. Davidsson P. Researching Entrepreneurship. International Studies in Entrepreneurship 2004, Vol. 5. Springer, New York.
63. Davidsson P., Honig B. The role of social and human capital among nascent entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing 2003, 18:301-331.
64. Davidsson P., Hunter E., Klofsten M. Institutional forces. The invisible hand that shapes venture ideas?. International Small Business Journal 2006, 24:115-131.
65. Dawson C., Henley A., Latreille P. Why do individuals choose self-employment?. IZA Discussion Paper No. 3974 2009.
66. De Wit G., Van Winden F.A.A.M. An empirical analysis of self-employment in the Netherlands. Small Business Economics 1989, 1:263-272.
67. De Wit G., Van Winden F.A.A.M. An empirical analysis of self-employment in the Netherlands. Economic Letters 1990, 32:97-100.
68. Del Monte A., Scalera D. The life duration of small firms born within a start-up programme. Evidence from Italy. Regional Studies 2001, 35:11-21.
69. Djankov S., Qian Y., Roland G., Zhuravskaya E. Entrepreneurship in China and Russia compared. Journal of the European Economic Association 2006, 4:352-365.
70. Dolton P.J., Makepeace G.H. Self-employment among graduates. Bulletin of Economic Research 1990, 42:35-53.
71. Douglas E.J., Shepherd D.A. Entrepreneurship as a utility maximizing response. Journal of Business Venturing 2000, 15:231-251.
72. Douglas E.J., Shepherd D.A. Self-employment as a career choice: attitudes, entrepreneurial intentions, and utility maximization. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 2002, 26:81-90.
73. Dow J.K., Endersby J.W. Multinomial probit and multinomial logit: a comparison of models for voting research. Electoral Studies 2004, 23(1):107-122.
74. Dunn T., Holtz-Eakin D. Financial capital, human capital and the transition to self-employment: evidence from intergenerational links. Journal of Labor Economics 2000, 18:282-305.
75. Earle J.S., Sakova Z. Business start-ups or disguised unemployment? Evidence on the character of self-employment from transition economies. Labour Economics 2000, 7:575-601.
76. Eggertsson T. Economic Behavior and Institutions: Principles of Neoinstitutional Economics 1990, Cambridge University Press, New York.
77. Ejrnæs M., Hochguertel S. Entrepreneurial moral hazard in income insurance: empirical evidence from a large administrative sample. Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper TI 2008-065/3 2008.
78. Eurostat Labour market policy database methodology, revision of June 2006 2006, Luxembourg.
79. Evans D.S., Jovanovic B. An estimated model of entrepreneurial choice under liquidity constraints. Journal of Political Economy 1989, 97:774-806.
80. Evans D.S., Leighton L.S. Some empirical aspects of entrepreneurship. American Economic Review 1989, 79:519-535.
81. Evans D.S., Leighton L.S. Small business formation by unemployed and employed workers. Small Business Economics 1990, 2:319-330.
82. Fairlie R.W., Meyer B.D. Ethnic and racial self-employment differences and possible explanations. Journal of Human Resources 1996, 31:757-793.
83. Fairlie R.W., Robb A.M. Families, human capital, and small business: evidence from the characteristics of business owners survey. Industrial & Labor Relations Review 2007, 60:225-245.
84. Georgellis Y., Sessions J.G., Tsitsianis N. Pecuniary and non-pecuniary aspects of self-employment survival. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance 2007, 47:94-112.
85. Geweke J. Bayesian inference in econometric models using Monte Carlo integration. Econometrica 1989, 57:1317-1339.
86. Ghatak M., Morelli M., Sjöström T. Entrepreneurial income, occupational choice, and trickle-up policies. Journal of Economic Theory 2007, 137:27-48.
87. Gómez R., Santor E. Membership has its privileges: the effect of social capital and neighbourhood characteristics on the earnings of microfinance borrowers. Canadian Journal of Economics 2001, 34:943-966.
88. Granovetter M. The strength of weak ties. The American Journal of Sociology 1973, 78:1360-1380.
89. Grant D. The political economy of new business formation across the American states, 1970-1985. Social Science Quarterly 1996, 77:28-42.
90. Greene P., Brown T. Resource needs and the dynamic capitalism typology. Journal of Business Venturing 1997, 12:161-173.
91. Grilo I., Thurik R. Determinants of entrepreneurial engagement levels in Europe and the US. Industrial and Corporate Change 2008, 17:1113-1145.
92. Gronau R. Information and frictional unemployment. American Economic Review 1971, 61:290-301.
93. Grubb D., Wells W. Employment regulation and patterns of work in EC countries. OECD Economic Studies 1993, 21:7-58.
94. Hajivassiliou V., McFadden D. The method of simulated scores for the estimation of LDV models. Econometrica 1998, 66:863-896.
95. Hall P.A., Taylor R.C.R. Political science and the three new institutionalisms. Political Studies 1996, 44:936-957.
96. Hausman J.A., McFadden D. Specification tests for the multinomial logit model. Econometrica 1984, 52:1219-1240.
97. Henley A. Entrepreneurial aspiration and transition into self-employment: evidence from British longitudinal data. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 2007, 19:253-280.
98. Hoang H., Antoncic B. Network-based research in entrepreneurship: a critical review. Journal of Business Venturing 2003, 18:165-187.
99. Holtz-Eakin D., Joulfaian D., Rosen H. Sticking it out: entrepreneurial survival and liquidity constraints. Journal of Political Economy 1994, 102:53-75.
100. Honig B. Education and self-employment in Jamaica. Comparative Education Review 1996, 40:177-193.
101. Honig B. What determines success? Examining the human, financial, and social capital of Jamaican microentrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing 1998, 13:371-394.
102. Hout M., Rosen H.S. Self-employment, family background and race. Journal of Human Resources 2000, 15:670-692.
103. Hurst E., Lusardi A. Liquidity constraints, household wealth and entrepreneurship. Journal of Political Economy 2004, 112:319-347.
104. Hyytinen A., Rouvinen P. The labour market consequences of self-employment spells: European evidence. Labour Economics 2008, 15:246-271.
105. Ibarra H. Paving an alternative route: gender differences in managerial networks. Social Psychology Quarterly 1997, 60:91-102.
106. Johansson E. Self-employment and liquidity constraints: evidence from Finland. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics 2000, 102:123-134.
107. Johnson P. Unemployment and self-employment: a survey. Industrial Relations Journal 1981, 12:5-15.
108. Jovanovic B. Firm formation with heterogeneous management and labor skills. Small Business Economics 1994, 6:185-191.
109. Kan K., Tsai W.D. Entrepreneurship and risk aversion. Small Business Economics 2006, 26:465-474.
110. Keane M.P. A computationally practical simulation estimator for panel data. Econometrica 1994, 62:95-116.
111. Kirzner I. Perception, Opportunity and Profit 1979, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
112. Klapper L., Laevena L., Raghuram R. Entry regulation as a barrier to entrepreneurship. Journal of Financial Economics 2007, 82:591-629.
113. Kluve J., Card D. Active Labor Market Policies in Europe: Performance and Perspectives 2007, Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg.
114. Koellinger, P.D., Thurik, R., forthcoming. Entrepreneurship and the business cycle. Review of Economics and Statistics. doi: 10.1162/REST_a_00224.
115. Kropko J. Choosing between multinomial logit and multinomial probit models for analysis of unordered choice data. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the MPSA Annual National Conference 2008.
116. Kuhn P. Editor's note. Labour Economics 2000, 7:463-469.
117. Kumar A., Schuetze H.J. Self-employment and labor market policies. University of Victoria, Department of Economics Discussion Paper DDP0704 2007.
118. Lazear E.P. Job security provisions and employment. Quarterly Journal of Economics 1990, 105:699-726.
119. Lazear E.P. Entrepreneurship. Journal of Labor Economics 2005, 23:649-680.
120. Leonardi M., Pica G. Employment protection legislation and wages. IZA Discussion Paper No. 2680 2007.
121. Leontaridi M.R. Segmented labour markets: theory and evidence. Journal of Economic Surveys 1998, 12:63-101.
122. Levenson A.R., Willard K.L. Do firms get the financing they want? Measuring credit rationing experienced by small businesses in the US. Small Business Economics 2000, 14:83-94.
123. Lin Z., Picot G., Compton J. The entry and exit dynamics of self-employment in Canada. Small Business Economics 2000, 15:105-125.
124. Lindh T., Ohlsson H. Self-employment and windfall gains: evidence from the Swedish Lottery. The Economic Journal 1996, 106:1515-1526.
125. Long J.S., Freese J. Regression Models for Categorical Dependent Variables Using Stata 2006, Stata Press, College Station, TX. second ed.
126. Loury G. Why should we care about group inequality?. Social Philosophy and Policy 1987, 5:249-271.
127. March J.G., Olsen J.P. Rediscovering Institutions: The Organizational Basis of Politics 1989, Free Press, New York.
128. Matthews C., Moser S. Family background and gender: implications for interest in small firm ownership. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 1995, 7:365-377.
129. McCall J.J. Economics of information and job search. Quarterly Journal of Economics 1970, 84:113-126.
130. McFadden D. Conditional logit analysis of qualitative choice behavior. Frontiers in Econometrics 1974, 105-142. Academic Press, New York. P. Zarembka (Ed.).
131. Meager N. Does unemployment lead to self-employment?. Small Business Economics 1992, 4:87-103.
132. Meager M., Bates P., Cowling M. An evaluation of business start-up support for young people. National Institute Economic Review 2003, 186:59-72.
133. Millán J.M., Congregado E., Román C., Van Praag M., Van Stel A. The value of an educated population for an individual's entrepreneurship success. Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper TI 2011-066/3 2011.
134. Millán, J.M., Congregado E., Román, C., forthcoming. Entrepreneurship persistence with and without personnel: The role of human capital and previous unemployment. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal. doi: http://doi:10.1007/s11365-011-0184-1.
135. Millán J.M., Congregado E., Román C. Determinants of self-employment survival in Europe. Small Business Economics 2012, 38:231-258.
136. Minniti M. The role of government policy on entrepreneurial activity: productive, unproductive, or destructive?. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 2008, 32:779-790.
137. Mortensen D.T. A theory of wage and employment. Dynamics. Microeconomic 1970, 124-166. Foundations of Employment and Inflation Theory. W.W. Norton, New York. E.S. Phelps, G.C. Archibald, A.A. Alchian (Eds.).
138. Mueller P. Entrepreneurship in the region: breeding ground for nascent entrepreneurs?. Small Business Economics 2006, 27:41-58.
139. Murphy K., Schleifer A., Vishny R. The allocation of talent: the implications for growth. Quarterly Journal of Economics 1991, 56:503-530.
140. Niittykangas H., Tervo H. Spatial variations in intergenerational transmission of self-employment. Regional Studies 2005, 39:319-332.
141. North D.C. Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance 1990, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
142. OECD The Employment Outlook 1992, OECD, Paris, chapter 4.
143. OECD The Employment Outlook 1999, OECD, Paris, chapter 2.
144. OECD The Employment Outlook 2004, OECD, Paris, chapter 2.
145. Ostrom E. Institutional rational choice: an assessment of the institutional analysis and development framework. Theories of the Policy Process 2007, 21-64. Westview Press, Boulder, CO. P. Sabatier (Ed.).
146. Oxenfeldt A.R. New Firms and Free Enterprise: Pre-War and Post-War Aspects 1943, American Council on Public Affairs, Washington.
147. Ozgen E., Baron R. Social sources of information in opportunity recognition: effects of mentors, industry networks, and professional forums. Journal of Business Venturing 2007, 22:174-192.
148. Parker S.C. The effects of risk on self-employment. Small Business Economics 1997, 9:515-522.
149. Parker S.C. Do banks ration credit to new enterprises? And should governments intervene?. Scottish Journal of Political Economy 2002, 49:162-195.
150. Parker S.C. Law and the economics of entrepreneurship. Comparative Labor Law and Policy Journal 2007, 28:695-716.
151. Parker S.C. The economics of formal business networks. Journal of Business Venturing 2008, 23:627-640.
152. Parker S.C. The Economics of Entrepreneurship 2009, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
153. Parker S.C. Contracting out, public policy and entrepreneurship. Scottish Journal of Political Economy 2010, 57:119-144.
154. Parker S.C., Van Praag M. Schooling, capital constraints and entrepreneurial performance: the endogenous triangle. Journal of Business and Economic Statistics 2006, 24:416-431.
155. Peracchi F. The European Community Household Panel: a review. Empirical Economics 2002, 27:63-90.
156. Pérotin V. Entry, exit and the business cycle: are cooperatives different?. Journal of Comparative Economics 2006, 34:295-316.
157. Pfeiffer F., Reize F. Business start-ups by the unemployed-an econometric analysis based on firm data. Labour Economics 2000, 7:629-663.
158. Phelps E.S. Post-crisis economic policies. Journal of Policy Modeling 2010, 32:596-603.
159. Putnam R. Bowling Alone: the Collapse and Revival of American Community 2000, Simon and Schuster, New York.
160. Rampini A.A. Entrepreneurial activity, risk and the business cycle. Journal of Monetary Economics 2004, 51:555-573.
161. Restrepo J., Tokman A. Labour markets and institutions: an overview. Labour Markets and Institutions 2005, 1-16. Central Bank of Chile, Santiago. J. Restrepo, A. Tokman (Eds.).
162. Reynolds P., Camp S.M., Bygrave W.D., Autio E., Hay M. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2001 Executive Report 2002, Babson College and London Business School, Babson Park, London.
163. Rissman E.R. Self-employment as an alternative to unemployment. Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago Working Paper No. 2003-34 2003.
164. Rissman E.R. Labor market transitions and self-employment. Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago Working Paper No. 2007-14 2007.
165. Robinson P.B., Sexton E.A. The effect of education and experience on self-employment success. Journal of Business Venturing 1994, 9:141-156.
166. Rogerson R., Shimer R., Wright R. Search-theoretic models of the labor market: a survey. Journal of Economic Literature 2005, 43:959-988.
167. Román C., Congregado E., Millán J.M. Dependent self-employment as a way to evade employment protection legislation. Small Business Economics 2011, 37:363-392.
168. Russell H., O'Connell P.J. Getting a job in Europe: the transition from unemployment to work among young people in nine European countries. Work, Employment and Society 2001, 15:1-24.
169. Rutherford M. The old and the new institutionalism: can bridges be built?. Journal of Economic Issues 1995, 29:443-451.
170. Samuelsson M., Davidsson P. Does venture opportunity variation matter? Investigating systematic process differences between innovative and imitative new ventures. Small Business Economics 2009, 33:229-255.
171. Santarelli E., Vivarelli M. Entrepreneurship and the process of firm's entry, survival and growth. Industrial and Corporate Change 2007, 16:455-488.
172. Schuetze H.J. Taxes, economic conditions and recent trends in male self-employment: a Canada-US comparison. Labour Economics 2000, 7:507-544.
173. Schumpeter, J.A., 1912. Theorie der Wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung (The theory of economic development). Leipzig: Dunker & Humblot; translated by Dedvers Opie. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1934.
174. Shane S. A General Theory of Entrepreneurship: the Individual-Opportunity Nexus 2003, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK.
175. Shane S. Why encouraging more people to become entrepreneurs is bad public policy?. Small Business Economics 2009, 33:141-149.
176. Small K.A., Hsiao C. Multinomial logit specification tests. International Economic Review 1985, 26:619-627.
177. Smeltzer L.R., Van Hook B.L., Hutt R.W. Analysis and use of advisors as information sources in venture startups. Journal of Small Business Management 1991, 29:10-20.
178. Taylor M.P. Earnings, independence or unemployment: why become self-employed?. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 1996, 58:253-266.
179. Taylor M.P. Survival of the fittest? An analysis of self-employment duration in Britain. The Economic Journal 1999, 109:140-155.
180. Taylor M.P. Self-employment and windfall gains in Britain: evidence from panel data. Economica 2001, 68:539-566.
181. Taylor M.P. Self-employment flows and persistence: a European comparative analysis. ISER Working Paper Series 2011-26 2011, Institute for Social and Economic Research.
182. Thelen K. Historical institutionalism in comparative politics. Annual Review of Political Science 1999, 2:369-404.
183. Thurik R., Audretsch D., Carree M., Van Stel A. Does self-employment reduce unemployment?. Journal of Business Venturing 2008, 23:673-686.
184. Uzzi B. Embeddedness in the making of financial capital: how social relations and networks benefit firms seeking financing. American Sociological Review 1999, 64:481-505.
185. Van der Zwan P., Thurik R., Grilo I. The entrepreneurial ladder and its determinants. Applied Economics 2010, 42:2183-2191.
186. Van Praag C.M. Business survival and success of young small business owners. Small Business Economics 2003, 21:1-17.
187. Van Stel A., Storey D., Thurik R. The effect of business regulations on nascent and young business entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics 2007, 28:171-186.
188. Van Stel, A., Congregado, E., Golpe, A.A., forthcoming. The 'recession-push' hypothesis reconsidered. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal. doi: 10.1007/s11365-011-0176-1.
189. Veciana J.M., Urbano D. The institutional approach to entrepreneurship research: An introduction. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal 2008, 4:365-379.
190. Venn D. Legislation, collective bargaining and enforcement: updating the OECD employment protection indicators. OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers 2009, 89.
191. Williams D.R. Effects of childcare activities on the duration of self-employment in Europe. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 2004, 28:467-485.