Entrepreneurship and the process of firms' entry, survival and growth

Industrial and Corporate Change

Volumn 16, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 455-488

  Santarelli, Enrico ^d,e   Vivarelli, Marco ^a,b,c  

^a UNIVERSITÀ CATTOLICA DEL SACRO CUORE   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WARWICK   (United Kingdom)

^c Institute for the Study of Labour   (Netherlands)

^d UNIVERSITY OF BOLOGNA   (Italy)

^e ENCORE   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT; ENTREPRENEUR; INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT; INDUSTRIAL PERFORMANCE; MARKET DEVELOPMENT; MICROECONOMICS;

EID: 34447550650     PISSN: 09606491     EISSN: 14643650     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/icc/dtm010     Document Type: Article

References (220)

1. Acs, Z. J. (2006), 'New firm formation and the region: Empirical results from the United States,' in E. Santarelli (ed.), Entrepreneurship, Growth and Innovation: The Dynamics of Firms and Industries. Springer: New York, pp. 106-133.
2. Acs, Z. J. and D. B. Audretsch (1989a),'Small-firm entry in US manufacturing,' Economica, 56, 255-265.
3. Acs, Z. J. and D. B. Audretsch (1989b), 'Births and firm size,' Southern Economic Journal, 56, 467-475.
4. Acs, Z. J. and D. B. Audretsch (1990), Innovation and Small Firms. MlT Press: Cambridge, MA.
5. Acs, Z. J., D. B. Audretsch, P. Braunerhjelm and B. Carlsson (2005), 'Growth and entrepreneurship: An empirical assessment,' Discussion Papers on Entrepreneurship, Growth and Public Policy, No. 3205, Jena, Max Planck Institute of Economics.
6. Agarwal, R. and D. B. Audretsch (2001), 'Does entry size matter? The impact of the life cycle and technology on firm survival,' Journal of Industrial Economics, 49, 21-43.
7. Aghion, P. and P. Howitt (1992), 'A model of growth through creative destruction, Econometrica, 60, 323-351.
8. Almus, M. and E. A. Nerlinger (1999), 'Growth of new technology-based firms: Which factors matter?,' Small Business Economics, 13, 141-154.
9. Andersson, P. and E. Wadensjö (2006), 'Do the unemployed become successful entrepreneurs? A comparison between the unemployed, inactive, and wage-earners,' IZA Discussion Paper No. 2402, October, Bonn, IZA.
10. Arauzo-Carod, J. M. and A. Segarra-Blasco (2005), 'The determinants of entry are not independent of start-up size: Some evidence from Spanish manufacturing,' Review of Industrial Organization, 27, 147-165.
11. Armington, C. and Z. J. Acs (2002), 'The determinants of regional variation in new firm formation,' Regional Studies, 36, 33-45.
12. Arrighetti, A. and M. Vivarelli (1999), 'The role of innovation in the postentry performance of new small firms: Evidence from Italy,' Southern Economic Journal, 65, 927-939.
13. Åstebro, T. (2003), 'The return to independent invention: Evidence of risk-seeking, extreme optimism or skewness loving?,' Economic Journal 113, 226-239.
14. Åstebro, T. (2005), 'Does it pay to be a jack-of-all-trades?,' mimeo. Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto: Toronto.
15. Audretsch, D. B. (1991), 'New-firm survival and the technological regime,' Review of Economics and Statistics, 73, 441-450.
16. Audretsch, D. B. (1995), Innovation and Industry Evolution. MIT Press: Cambridge, MA.
17. Audretsch, D. B. and M. P. Feldman (1996), 'R&D spillovers and the geography of innovation and production,' American Economic Review, 86, 630-640.
18. Audretsch, D. B. and M. P. Feldman (2004), 'Knowledge spillovers and the geography of innovation,' in J. V. Henderson and J. F. Thisse (eds), Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics, Vol. 4, Elsevier: Amsterdam, pp. 2713-2739.
19. Audretsch, D. B. and M. C. Keilbach (2004a), 'Entrepreneurship and regional growth: An evolutionary interpretation,' Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 14, 605-616.
20. Audretsch, D. B. and M. C. Keilbach (2004b), 'Entrepreneurship capital and economic performance,' Regional Studies, 38, 949-959.
21. Audretsch, D. B., M. C. Keilbach and E. E. Lehmann (2006), Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth. Oxford University Press: Oxford.
22. Audretsch, D. B. and T. Mahmood (1995), 'New firm survival: New results using a hazard function,' Review of Economics and Statistics, 77, 97-103.
23. Audretsch, D. B., E. Santarelli and M. Vivarelli (1999a), 'Start up size and industrial dynamics: Some evidence from Italian manufacturing,' International Journal of Industrial Organization, 17, 965-983.
24. Audretsch, D. B., E. Santarelli and M. Vivarelli (1999b), 'Does start up size influence the likelihood of survival?,' in D. Audretsch and R. Thurik (eds), Innovation, Industry Evolution and Employment. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, pp. 280-296.
25. Audretsch, D. B. and A. R. Thurik (2000), 'Capitalism and democracy in the 21st century: From the managed to the entrepreneurial economy,' Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 10, 17-34.
26. Audretsch, D. B. and A. R. Thurik (2004), 'A model of the entrepreneurial economy,' International Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 2, 143-166.
27. Audretsch, D. B. and M. Vivarelli (1995), 'New firm formation in Italy,' Economics Letters, 48, 77-81.
28. Audretsch, D. B. and M. Vivarelli (1996a), 'Determinants of new-firm startups in Italy,' Empirica, 23, 91-105.
29. Audretsch, D. B. and M. Vivarelli (1996b), 'Firm size and R&D spillovers: Evidence from Italy,' Small Business Economics, 8 249-258.
30. Baldwin, J. R. and P. K. Gorecki (1987), 'Plant creation versus plant acquisition: The entry process in Canadian manufacturing,' International Journal of Industrial Organization, 5, 27-41.
31. Baldwin, J. R. and P. K. Gorecki (1991), 'Firm entry and exit in the Canadian manufacturing sector,' Canadian Journal of Economics, 24, 300-323.
32. Baldwin, J. R. and M. Rafiquzzaman (1995), 'Selection versus evolutionary adaptation learning and post-entry performance,' International Journal of Industrial Organization, 13, 501-522.
33. Baptista, R. and M. Karaöz (2006), 'Turbulence in Entry and Exit over the Product Life Cycle', Paper Presented at the 3rd H.E.W.P.E.M. (Hellenic Workshop on Efficiency and Productivity Measurement): "Industry Dynamics, Productivity, Entrepreneurship and Growth", University of Patras, 16-18 June.
34. Baptista, R., A. J. Van Stel and A. R. Thurik (2006), 'Entrepreneurship, industrial restructuring and unemployment in Portugal,' in E. Santarelli (ed.), Entrepreneurship, Growth, and Innovation: The Dynamics of Firms and Industries. Springer: New York, pp. 223-241.
35. Bartelsman, E., S. Scarpetta and F. Schivardi (2005), 'Comparative analysis of firm demographics and survival: Evidence from micro-level sources in OECD countries,' Industrial and Corporate Change, 14 365-391.
36. Bates, T. (1990), 'Entrepreneur human capital inputs and small business longevity,' Review of Economics and Statistics, 72, 551-559.
37. Baumol, W. J. (2005), 'Entrepreneurship and invention: Toward their microeconomic value theory,' AEI-Brookings Joint Center for Regulatory Studies, related publication No. 05-38, Joint Center: Washington.
38. Becchetti, L. and G. Trovato (2002), 'The determinants of growth for small and medium sized firms. The role of availability of external finance,' Small Business Economics, 19, 291-306.
39. Becker, G. S. (1964), Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis. Columbia University Press: New York.
40. Beesley, M. E. and R. T. Hamilton (1984), 'Small firms' seedbed role and the concept of turbulence,' Journal of Industrial Economics, 33 217-231.
41. Binks, M. and C. Ennew (1996), 'Growing firms and the credit constraint,' Small Business Economics, 8, 17-25.
42. Blanchflower, D. and B. Meyer (1994), 'A longitudinal analysis of young entrepreneurs in Australia and the United States,' Small Business Economics, 6, 1-20.
43. Blanchflower, D. and A. Oswald (1998), 'What makes an entrepreneur?,' Journal of Labor Economics, 16, 26-60.
44. Boeri, T. and U. Cramer (1992), 'Employment growth, incumbents and entrants: Evidence from Germany,' International Journal of Industrial Organization, 10, 545-566.
45. Bottazzi, G. and A. Secchi (2006a), 'Gibrat's law and diversification,' Industrial and Corporate Change, 15, 847-875.
46. Bottazzi, G. and A. Secchi (2006b), 'Explaining the distribution of firms growth rates,' Rand Journal of Economics, 37, 234-263.
47. Breschi, S., F. Malerba and L. Orsenigo (2000), 'Technological regimes and Schumpeterian patterns of innovation,' Economic Journal, 110, 388-410.
48. Brüderl, J. and P. Preisendörfer (2000), 'Fast growing businesses: empirical evidence from a German study,' International Journal of Sociology, 30, 45-70.
49. Brüderl, J., P. Preisendörfer and R. Ziegler (1992), 'Survival chances of newly founded business organizations,' American Sociological Review, 72, 227-242.
50. Buddelmeyer, H., P. H. Jensen and E. Webster (2006), 'Innovation and the determinants of firm survival,' IZA Discussion Paper No. 2386, IZA: Bonn, October.
51. Burke, A., F. FitzRoy and M. A. Nolan (2006), 'What makes a die-hard entrepreneur? Beyond the "employee or entrepreneur" dichotomy,' IZA Discussion Paper No. 2307, IZA: Bonn, September.
52. Cabral, L. (1995), 'Sunk costs, firm size and firm growth,' Journal of Industrial Economics, 43, 161-172.
53. Cabral, L. (1997), 'Entry mistakes, Centre for Economic Policy Research,' Discussion Paper No. 1729, CEPR: London.
54. Cabral, L. and J. Mata (2003), 'On the evolution of the firm size distribution: Facts and theory,' American Economic Review, 93 1075-1090.
55. Calvo, J. L. (2006), 'Testing Gibrat's law for small, young and innovating firms,' Small Business Economics, 26, 117-123.
56. Camerer, C. and D. Lovallo (1999), 'Overconfidence and excess entry: An experimental approach,' American Economic Review, 89, 306-318.
57. Carpenter, R. E. and B. C. Petersen (2002), 'Is the growth of small firms constrained by internal finance?,' Review of Economics and Statistics, 84, 298-309.
58. Carrasco, R. (1999), 'Transitions to and from self-employment in Spain,' Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 61, 315-341.
59. Carree, M. and A. R. Thurik (2006), 'Understanding the role of entrepreneurship for economic growth,' in M. Carree and A. R. Thurik (eds), The Handbook of Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth. Elgar: Cheltenham, pp. ix-xix.
60. Cathcart, D. G. and P. S. Johnson (1979), 'New manufacturing firms and regional development: Some evidence from the Northern regions,' Regional Studies, 13, 269-280.
61. Caves, R. E. (1998), 'Industrial organization and new findings on the turnover and mobility of firms,' Journal of Economic Literature, 36, 1947-1982.
62. Cefis, E. and O. Marsili (2005), 'A matter of life and death: Innovation and firm survival,' Industrial and Corporate Change, 14, 1167-1192.
63. Cefis, E. and O. Marsili (2006a), 'Innovation premium and the survival of entrepreneurial firms in the Netherlands,' in E. Santarelli (ed.), Entrepreneurship, Growth, and Innovation: The Dynamics of Firms and Industries. Springer: New York, pp. 183-198.
64. Cefis, E. and O. Marsili (2006b), 'Survivor: The role of innovation in firm's survival,' Research Policy, 35, 626-641.
65. Chiaromonte, F. and G. Dosi (1993), 'Heterogeneity, competition, and macroeconomic dynamics,' Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 4, 39-63.
66. Coelho, M. P., D. de Meza and D. Reyniers (2004), 'Irrational exuberance, entrepreneurial finance and public policy,' International Tax and Public Finance, 11, 391-417.
67. Colombo, M. G., M. Delmastro and L. Grilli (2004), 'Entrepreneurs' human capital and the start-up size of new technology-based firms,' International Journal of Industrial Organization, 22, 1183-1211.
68. Colombo, M. G. and L. Grilli (2005), 'Founders' human capital and the growth of new technology-based firms: A competence-based view,' Research Policy, 34, 795-816.
69. Cooper, A. C. (1985), 'The role of incubator organizations in the founding of growth-oriented firms,' Journal of Business Venturing, 1, 75-86.
70. Cooper, A. C., F. J. Gimeno-Gascon and C. Y. Woo (1994), 'Initial human capital and financial capital as predictors of new venture performance,' Journal of Business Venturing, 9, 371-396.
71. Cooper, A. C., C. Y. Woo and W. C. Dunkelberg (1989), 'Entrepreneurship and the initial size of firms,' Journal of Business Venturing, 4, 317-332.
72. Creedy, J. and P. S. Johnson (1983), 'Firm formation in manufacturing industry, Applied Economics, 15, 177-185.
73. Cressy, R. (1996), 'Are business start-ups debt-rationed?,' Economic Journal, 106, 1253-1270.
74. Cressy, R. (2000), 'Credit rationing or entrepreneurial risk aversion? An alternative explanations for the Evans and Jovanovic finding,' Economics Letters, 66, 235-240.
75. Cressy, R. (2006), 'Why do most firms die young?,' Small Business Economics, 26, 103-116.
76. Davis, S. J., J. C. Haltiwanger and S. Schuh (1996), Job Creation and Destruction. MIT Press: Cambridge, MA.
77. De Meza, D. (2002), 'Overlending?,' Economic Journal, 112, F17-F31.
78. De Wit, G. and F. A. A. M. Van Winden (1989), 'An empirical analysis of self-employment in the Netherlands,' Small Business Economics, 1, 263-272.
79. Dosi, G. (1988), 'Sources, procedures and microeconomic effects of innovation,' Journal of Economic Literature, 26, 1120-1171.
80. Dosi, G. and M. Egidi (1991), 'Substantive and procedural uncertainty. An exploration of economic behaviors in complex and changing environment,' Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 1, 145-168.
81. Dosi, G. and D. Lovallo (1998), 'Rational entrepreneurs or optimistic martyrs? Some considerations on technological regimes, corporate entries, and the evolutionary role of decision biases,' in R. Garud, P. Nayyar and Z. Shapiro (eds), Foresights and Oversights in Technological Change. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, pp. 41-68.
82. Dosi, G., O. Marsili, L. Orsenigo and R. Salvatore (1995), 'Learning, market selection and the evolution of industrial structures,' Small Business Economics, 7, 411-436.
83. Dunne, P. and A. Hughes (1994), 'Age, size, growth and survival: UK Companies in the 1980s,' Journal of Industrial Economics, 42 115-140.
84. Dunne, T., M. J. Roberts and L. Samuelson (1988), 'Patterns of firm entry and exit in U.S. manufacturing industries,' Rand Journal of Economics, 19, 495-515.
85. Dunne, T., M. J. Roberts and L. Samuelson (1989), 'The growth and failure of US manufacturing plants,' Quarterly Journal of Economics 104, 671-698.
86. Endres, A. M. and C. R. Woods (2006), 'Modern theories of entrepreneurial behavior: A comparison and appraisal,' Small Business Economics, 26, 189-202.
87. Ericson, R. and A. Pakes (1995), 'Markov-perfect industry dynamics: A framework for empirical work,' Review of Economic Studies, 62 53-82.
88. Evans, D. S. (1987), 'The relationship between firm growth, size, and age: Estimates for 100 manufacturing industries,' Journal of Industrial Economics, 35, 567-581.
89. Evans, D. S. and B. Jovanovic (1989), 'An estimated model of entrepreneurial choice under liquidity constraints,' Journal of Political Economy, 97, 808-827.
90. Evans, D.S. and L. S. Leighton (1989), 'Some empirical aspects of entrepreneurship, American Economic Review, 79, 519-535.
91. Evans, L. B. and L. S. Leighton (1990), 'Small business formation by unemployed and employed workers,' Small Business Economics, 2 319-330.
92. Fagiolo, G. and A. Luzzi (2006), 'Do liquidity constraints matter in explaining firm size and growth? Some evidence from the Italian manufacturing industry,' Industrial and Corporate Change, 15 1-39.
93. Fazzari, S. M., R. G. Hubbard and B. C. Petersen (1988), 'Financing constraints and corporate investment,' Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 115, 695-713.
94. Foti, A. and M. Vivarelli (1994), 'An econometric test of the self-employment model: The case of Italy,' Small Business Economics 6, 81-93.
95. Fujita, M. and J. F. Thisse (2002), Economics of Agglomeration: Cities, Industrial Location, and Regional Growth. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
96. Garofoli, G. (1994), 'New firm formation and regional development: The Italian case,' Regional Studies, 28, 381-393.
97. Gelderen van, M., R. Thurik and N. Bosma (2006), 'Success and risk factors in the pre-startup phase,' Small Business Economics, 26 319-335.
98. Geroski, P. A. (1995), 'What do we know about entry?,' International Journal of Industrial Organization, 13, 421-440.
99. Geroski, P. A. and M. Mazzucato (2001), 'Modelling the dynamics of industry populations,' International Journal of Industrial Organization, 19, 1003-1022.
100. Geroski, P. A. and J. Schwalbach (eds) (1991), Entry and Market Contestability: An International Comparison. Basil Blackwell: Oxford.
101. Gibrat, R. (1931), Les Inegalites Economiques. Librairie du Recueil Sirey: Paris.
102. Gimeno, J., T. Folta, A. Cooper and C. Woo (1997), 'Survival of the fittest? Entrepreneurial human capital and the persistence of underperforming firms,' Administrative Science Quarterly, 42 750-783.
103. Globerman, S., D. Shapiro and A. Vining (2005), 'Clusters and intercluster spillovers: Their influence on the growth and survival of Canadian information technology firms,' Industrial and Corporate Change, 14, 27-60.
104. Grilo, I. and A. R. Thurik (2006), 'Entrepreneurship in the old and new Europe, in E. Santarelli (ed.), Entrepreneurship, Growth, and Innovation: The Dynamics of Firms and Industries. Springer: New York, pp. 75-103.
105. Grossman, G. and E. Helpman (1991), Innovation and Growth in the World Economy. MIT Press: Cambridge MA.
106. Guiso, L. and F. Schivardi. (2005), 'Learning to be an entrepreneur,' CEPR Discussion Paper No. 5290, Centre for Economic Policy Research: London.
107. Hall, B. (1987), 'The relationship between firm size and firm growth in the US manufacturing sector,' Journal of Industrial Economics, 35, 583-606.
108. Hamilton, R. T. (1989), 'Unemployment and business formation rates: reconciling time-series and cross-section evidence,' Environment and Planning, 21, 249-255.
109. Hart, P. E. and N. Oulton (1996), 'Growth and size of firms,' Economic Journal, 106, 1242-1252.
110. Hart, P. E. and N. Oulton (2001), 'Galtonian regression, company age and job generation 1986-1995,' Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 48, 82-98.
111. Hebert, R. F. and A. N. Link (1989), 'In search of the meaning of entrepreneurship, Small Business Economics, 1, 39-49.
112. Heiner, R. A. (1983), 'The origin of predictable behavior,' American Economic Review, 73, 560-595.
113. Helfat, C. E. and M. B. Lieberman (2002), 'The birth of capabilities: market entry and the importance of pre history,' Industrial and Corporate Change, 11, 725-760.
114. Henrekson, M. (2005), 'Entrepreneurship: A weak link in the welfare state?,' Industrial and Corporate Change, 14, 437-467.
115. Highfield, R. and R. Smiley (1987), 'New business starts and economic activity: An empirical investigation,' International Journal of Industrial Organization, 5, 51-66.
116. Holtz-Eakin, D., D. Joulfaian and H. Rosen (1994), 'Sticking it out: entrepreneurial survival and liquidity constraints,' Journal of Political Economy, 102, 53-75.
117. Hopenhayn, H. (1992), 'Entry, exit and firm dynamics in long run equilibrium,' Econometrica, 60, 1127-1150.
118. Hout, M. and H. Rosen (2000), 'Self-employment, family background and race,' Journal of Human Resources, 35, 670-692.
119. Hurst, E. and A. Lusardi (2004), 'Liquidity constraints, household wealth and entrepreneurship,' Journal of Political Economy, 112 319-347.
120. Johnson, P. S. (1983), 'New manufacturing firms in the U.K. regions,' Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 30, 75-79.
121. Johnson, P. S. (1986), New Firms: An Economic Perspective. Allen & Unwin: London.
122. Johnson, P. S. (2005), 'Targeting firm births and economic regeneration in a lagging region,' Small Business Economics, 24, 451-464.
123. Johnson, P. S., S. C. Parker and F. Wijbenga (2006), 'Nascent entrepreneurship research: Achievements and opportunities,' Small Business Economics, 27, 1-4.
124. Jovanovic, B. (1982), 'Selection and evolution of industry,' Econometrica, 50, 649-670.
125. Kan, K. and W. D. Tsai (2006), 'Entrepreneurship and risk aversion,' Small Business Economics, 26, 465-474.
126. Khemani, R. S. and D. M. Shapiro (1986), 'The determinants of new plant entry in Canada,' Applied Economics, 18, 1243-1257.
127. Kihlstrom, R. E. and J. J. Laffont (1979), 'A general equilibrium entrepreneurial theory of firm formation based on risk aversion,' Journal of Political Economy, 87, 719-748.
128. Kirzner, I. (1973), Competition and Entrepreneurship. University of Chicago Press: Chicago.
129. Kirzner, I. (1997), 'Entrepreneurial discovery and the competitive market process: An Austrian approach,' Journal of Economic Literature 35, 60-85.
130. Klepper, S. (2001), 'Employee startups in high-tech industries,' Industrial and Corporate Change, 10, 639-674.
131. Knight, F. H. (1921), Uncertainty and Profit. Houghton Mifflin: New York.
132. Krugman, P. (1991), 'Increasing returns and economic geography,' Journal of Political Economy, 99, 483-499.
133. Lazear, E. (2004), 'Balanced skills and entrepreneurship,' American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings, 94, 208-211.
134. Lazear, E. (2005), 'Entrepreneurship,' Journal of Labor Economics, 23, 649-680.
135. Lee, D. and E. Tsang (2001), 'The effects of entrepreneurial personality, background and network activity on venture growth,' Journal of Management Studies, 38, 583-602.
136. Lee, S. Y., R. Florida and Z. J. Acs (2004), 'Creativity and entrepreneurship: A regional analysis of new firm formation,' Regional Studies, 38, 879-891.
137. Levenson, A. R. and K. L. Willard (2000), 'Do firms get the financing they want? Measuring credit rationing experienced by small businesses in the US,' Small Business Economics, 14, 83-94.
138. Lindh, T. and D. N. Ohlsson (1996), 'Self-employment and windfall gains: evidence from the Swedish lottery,' Economic Journal, 106, 1515-1526.
139. Lotti, F. and E. Santarelli (2004), 'Industry dynamics and the distribution of firm sizes: A non-parametric approach,' Southern Economic Journal, 70, 443-466.
140. Lotti, F., E. Santarelli and M. Vivarelli (2001), 'The relationship between size and growth: The case of Italian newborn firms,' Applied Economics Letters, 8, 451-454.
141. Lotti, F., E. Santarelli and M. Vivarelli (2003), 'Does Gibrat's law hold among young, small firms?,' Journal of Evolutionary Economics 13, 213-235.
142. Lucas, Jr, R. E. (1978), 'On the size distribution of business firms,' Bell Journal of Economics, 9, 508-523.
143. Lucas, Jr, R. E. (1988), 'On the mechanics of economic development,' Journal of Monetary Economics, 22, 3-42.
144. Manjón-Antolín, M. C. (2004), 'Firm size and short-term dynamics in aggregate entry and exit,' CentER Discussion Paper, 2, Tilburg University, Center for Economic Research.
145. Mansfield, E. (1962), 'Entry, Gibrat's law, innovation and the growth of firms,' American Economic Review, 52, 1023-1051.
146. Marshall, A. (1961), Principles of Economics. Macmillan: Cambridge (first edition 1890).
147. Marsili, O. (2002), 'Technological regimes and sources of entrepreneurship,' Small Business Economics, 19, 217-231.
148. Masuda, T. (2006), 'The determinants of latent entrepreneurship in Japan,' Small Business Economics, 26, 227-240.
149. Mata, J., P. Portugal and P. Guimaraes (1995), 'The survival of new plants: Start-up conditions and post-entry evolution,' International Journal of Industrial Organization, 13, 459-482.
150. Michelacci, C. (2003), 'Low returns in R&D due to the lack of entrepreneurial skills,' Economic Journal, 113, 207-225.
151. Michelacci, C. and O. Silva (2005), 'Why so many local entrepreneurs?,' CEMFI Working Paper No. 0506, CEMFI: Madrid.
152. Minniti, M. and P. Venturelli (2000), 'Global entrepreneurship monitor. National entrepreneurship assessment: Italy, 2000 Executive Report,' Babson College: Babson Park, MA.
153. NBER Working Paper No. 9109, National Bureau of Economic Research: Cambridge, MA.
154. Norton, Jr, W. I. and W. T. Moore, (2006), 'The influence of entrepreneurial risk assessment on venture launch or growth decisions,' Small Business Economics, 26, 215-226.
155. OECD (2003), The Sources of Economic Growth in OECD Countries. OECD: Paris.
156. Silva, S. (2006), 'The jack-of-all-trades entrepreneur: Innate talent or acquired skill?,' IZA Discussion Paper No. 2264, IZA: Bonn, August.
157. Orr, D. (1974), 'The determinants of entry: A study of the Canadian manufacturing industries,' Review of Economics and Statistics, 56, 58-66.
158. Ortega-Argiles, R. and R. Moreno (2005), 'Firm competitive strategies and the likelihood of survival. The Spanish Case, Paper presented at the 45th Congress of the European Regional Science Association, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, August 23-27.
159. Oxenfeldt, A. R. (1943), New Firms and Free Enterprise: Pre-War and Post-War Aspects. American Council on Public Affairs: Washington.
160. Pakes, A. and R. Ericson (1998), 'Empirical implications of alternative models of firm dynamics,' Journal of Economic Theory, 79, 1-45.
161. Palich, L. E. and D. R. Bagby (1995), 'Using cognitive theory to explain entrepreneurial risk taking: Challenging conventional wisdom,' Journal of Business Venturing, 10, 425-438.
162. Parker, S. C. (1996), 'A time-series model of self-employment under uncertainty,' Economica, 63, 459-475.
163. Parker, S. C. (1997), 'The effects of risk on self-employment,' Small Business Economics, 9, 515-522.
164. Parker, S. C. (2000), 'Saving to overcome borrowing constraints: implications for small business entry and exit,' Small Business Economics, 15, 223-232.
165. Parker, S. C. (2002), 'Do banks ration credit to new enterprises? And should government intervene?,' Scottish Journal of Political Economy 49, 162-195.
166. Parker, S. C. (2004), The Economics of Self-Employment and Entrepreneurship. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
167. Parker, S. C. (2006), 'New agendas in the economics of entrepreneurship: optimism, education, wealth and entrepreneurship,' Paper Presented at the 3rd HE.W.P.E.M (Hellenic Workshop on Efficiency and Productivity Measurement): "Industry Dynamics, Productivity, Entrepreneurship and Growth", University of Patras, June 16-18.
168. Parker, S. C. and M. van Praag (2006), 'Schooling, capital constraints and entrepreneurial performance: The endogenous triangle,' Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 416-431.
169. Pavitt, K. (1984), 'Sectoral patterns of technical change: Towards a taxonomy and a theory,' Research Policy, 13, 343-373.
170. Pfeiffer, F. and F. Reize (2000), 'Business start-ups by the unemployed - an econometric analysis based on firm data,' Labour Economics, 7, 629-663.
171. Piergiovanni, R. and E. Santarelli (1995), 'The determinants of firm start-up and entry in Italian producer services,' Small Business Economics, 7, 221-230.
172. Piergiovanni, R., E. Santarelli and M. Vivarelli (1997), 'From which source do small firms derive their innovative inputs? Some evidence from Italian industry,' Review of Industrial Organization, 12, 243-258.
173. Piergiovanni, R., L. Klomp, E. Santarelli and A. R. Thurik (2003), 'Gibrat's law and the firm size/firm growth relationship in Italian small scale services,' Revue d'Economie Industrielle, 102, 69-82.
174. Reid, G. C. (1991), 'Staying in business,' International Journal of Industrial Organization, 9, 545-556.
175. Reynolds, P. D. (1997), 'Who starts new firms? - Preliminary explorations of firms-in-gestation,' Small Business Economics, 9, 449-462.
176. Reynolds, P. D., M. S. Camp, W. D. Bygrave, E. Autio and M. Hay (2001), 'Global entrepreneurship monitor. 2001 Summary Report,' London Business School and Babson College: London.
177. Romer, P. M. (1986), 'Increasing returns and long-run growth,' Journal of Political Economy, 98, S71-S102.
178. Romer, P. M. (1990), 'Endogenous technical change,' Journal of Political Economy, 94, 1002-1037.
179. Santarelli, E. (2000), 'The duration of new firms in banking: An application of cox regression analysis,' Empirical Economics, 25, 315-325.
180. Santarelli, E. (2006a), 'Introduction,' in E. Santarelli (ed.), Entrepreneurship, Growth, and Innovation: The Dynamics of Firms and Industries. Springer: New York, pp. xiii-xx.
181. Santarelli, E. (2006b), 'Entrepreneurship, innovation, and the evolution of industrial districts,' in E. Santarelli (ed.), Entrepreneurship, Growth, and Innovation: The Dynamics of Firms and Industries. Springer: New York, pp. 165-182.
182. Santarelli, E., M. Carree and I. Verheul (2006), 'Unemployment and firm entry and exit: An update on a controversial relationship,' Paper Presented at the 3rd HE.W.P.E.M (Hellenic Workshop on Efficiency and Productivity Measurement): "Industry Dynamics, Productivity, Entrepreneurship and Growth", University of Patras, June 16-18.
183. Santarelli, E. and E. Pesciarelli (1990), 'The emergence of a vision: the development of Schumpeter's theory of entrepreneurship,' History of Political Economy, 22, 677-696.
184. Santarelli, E. and M. Vivarelli (2002), 'Is subsidizing entry an optimal policy?,' Industrial and Corporate Change, 11, 39-52.
185. Schumpeter, J. A. (1908), Das Wesen und Der Hauptinhalt der Theoretischen Nationalökonomie. Duncker and Humblot: Leipzig.
186. Schumpeter, J. A. (1912), Theorie der Wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung Duncker and Humblot: Leipzig.
187. Schumpeter, J. A. (1934), The Theory of Economic Development. Harvard University Press: Cambridge, MA(first edition in German: 1912).
188. Schumpeter, J. A. (1943), Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. Harper: New York.
189. Shane, S. (2000), 'Prior knowledge and the discovery of entrepreneurial opportunities,' Organization Science, 11, 448-469.
190. Shane, S. (2001), 'Technological opportunities and new firm creation,' Management Science, 47, 205-220.
191. Shane, S. (2003), A General Theory of Entrepreneurship. The Individual-Opportunity Nexus. Elgar: Cheltenham.
192. Silva, O. (2006), 'The jack-of-all-trades entrepreneur: Innate talent or acquired skill?,' IZA Discussion Paper No. 2264, IZA: Bonn, August.
193. Simon, H. (1982), Models of Bounded Rationality. MlT Press: Cambridge, MA.
194. Simon, H. (1987), 'Bounded rationality,' in J. Eatwell et al. (eds.), The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, Vol. 1, Macmillan: London, pp. 266-268.
195. Small Business Service (2001), 'Global entrepreneurship monitor. 2001 UK Executive Report,' London Business School: London.
196. Stevenson, H. H. and D. E. Gumpert (1985), 'The heart of entrepreneurship,' Harvard Business Review, 9-24 March.
197. Storey, D. J. (1982), Entrepreneurship and the New Firm. Croom Helm: London.
198. Storey, D. J. (1991), 'The birth of new firms - does unemployment matter? A review of the evidence,' Small Business Economics, 3 167-178.
199. Storey, D. (1994), Understanding the Small Business Sector. Routledge: London.
200. Storey, D. J. and S. Johnson (1987), 'Regional variations in entrepreneurship in the U.K.,' Scottish Journal of Political Economy 34, 161-173.
201. Storey, D. J. and A. M. Jones (1987), 'New firm formation - A labor market approach to industrial entry,' Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 34, 37-51.
202. Sutton, J. (1991), Sunk Costs and Market Structure. MIT Press: Cambridge, MA.
203. Sutton, J. (1997), 'Gibrat's Legacy,' Journal of Economic Literature 35, 40-59.
204. Taylor, M. (1999), 'Self-employment and windfall gains in britain: evidence from panel data,' CEPR Discussion Paper, No. 2084, CEPR: London.
205. Taymaz, E. and M. Y. Köksal (2007), 'Entrepreneurship, start-up size and selection: Why do small entrepreneurs fail?,' Ekonomiaz: Basque Economics Journal, (forthcoming).
206. Thurik, A. R. (2003), 'Entrepreneurship and unemployment in the UK,' Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 50, 264-290.
207. Van Praag, C. M. (1999), 'Some classic views on entrepreneurship,' De Economist, 147, 311-335.
208. Van Stel, A. J., M. Carree and A. R. Thurik (2005), 'The effect of entrepreneurial activity on national economic growth,' Small Business Economics, 24, 311-321.
209. Varga, A. and J. Schalk (2004), 'Knowledge spillovers, agglomeration and macroeconomic growth: An empirical approach,' Regional Studies, 38, 977-989.
210. Vivarelli, M. (1991), 'The birth of new enterprises,' Small Business Economics, 3, 215-223.
211. Vivarelli, M. (2004), 'Are all the potential entrepreneurs so good?,' Small Business Economics, 23, 41-49.
212. Vivarelli, M. (2007), Entry and Post-Entry Performance of Newborn Firms. Routledge: London.
213. Vivarelli, M. and D. B. Audretsch (1998), 'The link between the entry decision and post-entry performance: Evidence from Italy,' Industrial and Corporate Change, 7, 485-500.
214. Wagner, J. (2003), 'Testing Lazear's jack-of-all-trades view of entrepreneurship with German microdata,' Applied Economics Letters 10, 687-689.
215. Wennekers, S., A. J. van Stel, A. R. Thurik and P. D. Reynolds (2005), 'Nascent entrepreneurship and the level of economic development,' Small Business Economics, 24, 293-309.
216. Winter, S. G. (1991), 'On coase, competence, and the corporation,' in O. E. Williamson and S. G. Winter (eds), The Nature of the Firm: Origins, Evolution and Development. Oxford University Press: Oxford, pp. 179-195.
217. Xu, B. (1998), 'A reestimation of the Evans-Jovanovic entrepreneurial choice model,' Economics Letters, 58, 91-95.
218. Young, P. (2006), 'The Spread of Innovations Within Groups,' Department of Economics, Johns Hopkins University: Baltimore (MD), http://www.econ.jhu.edu/People/Young/.
219. Yunus, M. (2002), Toward Eliminating Poverty from the World: Grameen Bank Experience, in Anderson, L. C. and J. W. Looney (eds.), Making Progress: Essays in Progress and Public Policy, Lanham and Oxford, Lexington Books, 371-378.
220. Zacharakis, A. L., W. D. Bygrave and D. A. Shepherd (2000), 'Global entrepreneurship monitor. national entrepreneurship assessment: United States of America, 2000 Executive Report,' Babson College: Babson Park, MA.