Wintertime particulate pollution episodes in an urban valley of the Western US: A case study

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

Volumn 12, Issue 21, 2012, Pages 10051-10064

  Chen, Antony ^a,b   Watson, J G ^a,b   Chow, J C ^a,b   Green, M C ^a   Inouye, D ^c   Dick, K ^c  

^a DESERT RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

^b Chinese Academy of Sciences   (China)

^c Washoe County District Health Department   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AIR QUALITY; AMMONIUM NITRATE; ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION; BIOMASS BURNING; COMBUSTION; EXHAUST EMISSION; MASS BALANCE; NITROGEN OXIDES; PARTICULATE MATTER; POINT SOURCE POLLUTION; POLLUTION MONITORING; SPECIATION (CHEMISTRY); URBAN ATMOSPHERE; URBAN POLLUTION; VENTILATION; WINTER;

EID: 84868688927     PISSN: 16807316     EISSN: 16807324     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/acp-12-10051-2012     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. Ahmed, T., Dutkiewicz, V. A., Shareef, A., Tuncel, G., Tuncel, S., and Husain, L.: Measurement of black carbon (BC) by an optical method and a thermal-optical method: Intercomparison for four sites, Atmos. Environ., 43, 6305-6311, 2009.
2. Aiken, A. C., DeCarlo, P. F., Kroll, J. H., Worsnop, D. R., Huffman, J. A., Docherty, K. S., Ulbrich, I. M., Mohr, C., Kimmel, J. R., Sueper, D., Sun, Y., Zhang, Q., Trimborn, A., Northway, M., Ziemann, P. J., Canagaratna, M. R., Onasch, T. B., Alfarra, M. R., Prevot, A. S. H., Dommen, J., Duplissy, J., Metzger, A., Baltensperger, U., and Jimenez, J. L.: O/C and OM/OC ratios of primary, secondary, and ambient organic aerosols with high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometry, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 4478-4485, 2008. (Pubitemid 351842394)
3. Bachmann, J. D.: Will the circle be unbroken: A history of the US national ambient air quality standards-2007 Critical Review, J. Air Waste Manage., 57, 652-697, 2007.
4. Cadle, S. H., Mulawa, P., Groblicki, P., Laroo, C., Ragazzi, R. A., Nelson, K., Gallagher, G., and Zielinska, B.: In-use light-duty gasoline vehicle particulate matter emissions on three driving cycles, Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, 26-32, 2001.
5. Chakrabarty, R. K., Moosmüller, H., Chen, L.-W. A., Lewis, K., Arnott, W. P., Mazzoleni, C., Dubey, M. K., Wold, C. E., Hao, W. M., and Kreidenweis, S. M.: Brown carbon in tar balls from smoldering biomass combustion, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 6363-6370, doi:10.5194/acp-10-6363-2010, 2010.
6. Chen, L.-W. A., Doddridge, B. G., Dickerson, R. R., Chow, J. C., Mueller, P. K., Quinn, J., and Butler, W. A.: Seasonal variations in elemental carbon aerosol, carbon monoxide, and sulfur dioxide: Implications for sources, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 1711-1714, 2001. (Pubitemid 32575901)
7. Chen, L.-W. A., Doddridge, B. G., Dickerson, R. R., Chow, J. C., and Henry, R. C.: Origins of fine aerosol mass in the Baltimore-Washington corridor: Implications from observation, factor analysis, and ensemble air parcel back trajectories, Atmos. Environ., 36, 4541-4554, 2002. (Pubitemid 36153150)
8. Chen, L.-W. A., Moosmüller, H., Arnott, W. P., Chow, J. C., Watson, J. G., Susott, R. A., Babbitt, R. E., Wold, C., Lincoln, E., and Hao, W. M.: Particle emissions from laboratory combustion of wildland fuels: In situ optical and mass measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, 1-4, 2006.
9. Chen, L.-W. A., Moosmüller, H., Arnott, W. P., Chow, J. C., Watson, J. G., Susott, R. A., Babbitt, R. E., Wold, C. E., Lincoln, E. N., and Hao, W. M.: Emissions from laboratory combustion of wildland fuels: Emission factors and source profiles, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 4317-4325, 2007a. (Pubitemid 46981722)
10. 2.5 source contributions for the San Joaquin Valley with multivariate receptor models, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 2818-2826, 2007b. (Pubitemid 46626407)
11. Chen, L.-W. A., Verburg, P., Shackelford, A., Zhu, D., Susfalk, R., Chow, J. C., and Watson, J. G.: Moisture effects on carbon and nitrogen emission from burning of wildland biomass, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 6617-6625, doi:10.5194/acp-10-6617-2010, 2010a.
12. 2.5 measurements from U.S. non-urban and urban long-term networks, Atmos. Environ., 44, 4908-4918, 2010b.
13. Chen, L.-W. A., Tropp, R. J., Li, W.-W., Zhu, D. Z., Chow, J. C., Watson, J. G., and Zielinska, B.: Aerosol and air toxics exposure in El Paso, Texas: A pilot study, AAQR, 12, 169-189, 2012a.
14. Chen, L.-W. A., Chow, J. C., Watson, J. G., and Schichtel, B. A.: Consistency of long-term elemental carbon trends from thermal and optical measurements in the IMPROVE network, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 5, 2329-2338, doi:10.5194/amt-5-2329-2012, 2012b.
15. Chow, J. C.: 2001 Critical review discussion-Diesel engines: Environmental impact and control, J. Air Waste Manage., 51, 1258-1270, 2001.
16. 10 apportionment for fossil fuel combustion and other sources by the chemical mass balance receptor model, Energ. Fuel., 16, 222-260, 2002. (Pubitemid 34554673)
17. Chow, J. C. and Watson, J. G.: Chemical analyses of particle filter deposits, in: Aerosols Handbook: Measurement, Dosimetry, and Health Effects, edited by: Ruzer, L. and Harley, N. H., 179-204, 2012.
18. Chow, J. C., Watson, J. G., Pritchett, L. C., Pierson, W. R., Frazier, C. A., and Purcell, R. G.: The DRI Thermal/Optical Reflectance carbon analysis system: Description, evaluation and applications in U.S. air quality studies, Atmos. Environ., 27A, 1185-1201, 1993.
19. Chow, J. C., Watson, J. G., Houck, J. E., Pritchett, L. C., Rogers, C. F., Frazier, C. A., Egami, R. T., and Ball, B. M.: A laboratory resuspension chamber to measure fugitive dust size distributions and chemical compositions, Atmos. Environ., 28, 3463-3481, 1994. (Pubitemid 289034)
20. Chow, J. C., Watson, J. G., Chen, L.-W. A., Paredes-Miranda, G., Chang, M.-C. O., Trimble, D., Fung, K. K., Zhang, H., and Zhen Yu, J.: Refining temperature measures in thermal/optical carbon analysis, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 2961-2972, doi:10.5194/acp-5-2961-2005, 2005. (Pubitemid 43065725)
21. 2.5 Air Quality Study (CRPAQS), J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 111, 1-17, 2006.
22. Chow, J. C., Watson, J. G., Chen, L.-W. A., Chang, M. C. O., Robinson, N. F., Trimble, D. L., and Kohl, S. D.: The IMPROVE A temperature protocol for thermal/optical carbon analysis: Maintaining consistency with a long-term database, J. Air Waste Manage., 57, 1014-1023, 2007a. (Pubitemid 47488168)
23. Chow, J. C., Watson, J. G., Feldman, H. J., Nolan, J., Wallerstein, B. R., Hidy, G. M., Lioy, P. J., McKee, H. C., Mobley, J. D., Bauges, K., and Bachmann, J. D.: 2007 Critical review discussion-Will the circle be unbroken: A history of the U.S. National Ambient Air Quality Standards, J. Air Waste Manage., 57, 1151-1163, 2007b. (Pubitemid 350032818)
24. Chow, J. C., Watson, J. G., Lowenthal, D. H., Chen, L. W. A., Zielinska, B., Mazzoleni, L. R., and Magliano, K. L.: Evaluation of organic markers for chemical mass balance source apportionment at the Fresno Supersite, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 1741-1754, doi:10.5194/acp-7-1741-2007, 2007c. (Pubitemid 46572784)
25. Chow, J. C., Yu, J. Z., Watson, J. G., Ho, S. S. H., Bohannan, T. L., Hays, M. D., and Fung, K. K.: The application of thermal methods for determining chemical composition of carbonaceous aerosols: A Review, J. Environ. Sci. Heal. A, 42, 1521-1541, 2007d. (Pubitemid 47402911)
26. 2.5 nitrate and sulfate at the Fresno Supersite, Environ. Mon. Assess., 144, 179-189, 2008.
27. 2.5 organic carbon sampling artifacts in US networks, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 5223-5239, doi:10.5194/acp-10-5223-2010, 2010.
28. Chow, J. C., Watson, J. G., Robles, J., Wang, X. L., Chen, L.-W. A., Trimble, D. L., Kohl, S. D., Tropp, R. J., and Fung, K. K.: Quality assurance and quality control for thermal/optical analysis of aerosol samples for organic and elemental carbon, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 401, 3141-3152, 2011.
29. 2.5 episodes as observed in the speciation trends network, Atmos. Environ., 38, 5237-5246, 2004.
30. El-Zanan, H. S., Lowenthal, D. H., Zielinska, B., Chow, J. C., and Kumar, N. K.: Determination of the organic aerosol mass to organic carbon ratio in IMPROVE samples, Chemosphere, 60, 485-496, 2005. (Pubitemid 40803463)
31. Engling, G., Carrico, C. M., Kreldenweis, S. M., Collett Jr., J. L., Day, D. E., Malm, W. C., Lincoln, E., Hao, W. M., Iinuma, Y., and Herrmann, H.: Determination of levoglucosan in biomass combustion aerosol by high-performance anion-exchange chro-matography with pulsed amperometric detection, Atmos. Environ., 40, S299-S311, 2006.
32. Fernando, H. J. S.: Fluid dynamics of urban atmospheres in complex terrain, Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 42, 365-389, 2010.
33. 2.5 Air Quality Study by Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, 2003.
34. 2.5 Speciation Trends Network: Evaluation of whole-system uncertainties using data from sites with collocated samplers, J. Air Waste Manage., 56, 492-499, 2006.
35. Fraser, M. P. and Lakshmanan, K.: Using levoglucosan as a molecular marker for the long-range transport of biomass combustion aerosols, Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, 4560-4564, 2000.
36. Fraser, M. P., Yue, Z. W., and Buzcu, B.: Source apportionment of fine particulate matter in Houston,TX, using organic molecular markers, Atmos. Environ., 37, 2117-2123, 2003. (Pubitemid 36407475)
37. Fujita, E. M., Campbell, D. E., Arnott, W. P., Chow, J. C., and Zielinska, B.: Evaluations of the chemical mass balance method for determining contributions of gasoline and diesel exhaust to ambient carbonaceous aerosols, J. Air Waste Manage., 57, 721-740, 2007a. (Pubitemid 46982475)
38. Fujita, E. M., Zielinska, B., Campbell, D. E., Arnott, W. P., Sage-biel, J. C., Mazzoleni, L. R., Chow, J. C., Gabele, P. A., Crews, W., Snow, R., Clark, N. N., Wayne, W. S., and Lawson, D. R.: Variations in speciated emissions from spark-ignition and compression-ignition motor vehicles in California's south coast air basin, J. Air Waste Manage., 57, 705-720, 2007b. (Pubitemid 46982474)
39. 2.5 and visibility in the Lake Tahoe Basin: Chemical characterization, trends, and source apportionment, J. Air Waste Manage., 62, 953-965, 2012a.
40. Green, M. C., Chow, J. C., Chang, M.-C. O., Chen, L.-W. A., Kuhns, H. D., and Etyemezian, V. R.: Source apportionment of atmospheric particulate carbon in Las Vegas, Nevada, USA, Partic-uology, in press, 2012b.
41. Gyawali, M., Arnott, W. P., Zaveri, R. A., Song, C., Moosmüller, H., Liu, L., Mishchenko, M. I., Chen, L.-W. A., Green, M. C., Watson, J. G., and Chow, J. C.: Photoacoustic optical properties at UV, VIS, and near IR wavelengths for laboratory generated and winter time ambient urban aerosols, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 2587-2601, doi:10.5194/acp-12-2587-2012, 2012.
42. Held, T., Ying, Q., Kleeman, M. J., Schauer, J. J., and Fraser, M. P.: A comparison of the UCD/CIT air quality model and the CMB source-receptor model for primary airborne particulate matter, Atmos. Environ., 39, 2281-2297, 2005.
43. Ho, S. S. H. and Yu, J. Z.: In-injection port thermal desorption and subsequent gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and n-alkanes in atmospheric aerosol samples, J. Chromatogr. A, 1059, 121-129, 2004. (Pubitemid 39539770)
44. Ho, S. S. H., Yu, J. Z., Chow, J. C., Zielinska, B., Watson, J. G., Sit, E. H. L., and Schauer, J. J.: Evaluation of an in-injection port thermal desorption-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method for analysis of non-polar organic compounds in ambient aerosol samples, J. Chromatogr. A, 1200, 217-227, 2008.
45. Ho, S. S. H., Chow, J. C., Watson, J. G., Ng, L. P. T., Kwok, Y., Ho, K. F., and Cao, J. J.: Precautions for in-injection port thermal desorption-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (TD-GC/MS) applied to aerosol filter samples, Atmos. Environ., 45, 1491-1496, 2011.
46. Huber, P. J.: Robust Statistics, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, NY, 1981.
47. Kim, B. M. and Henry, R. C.: Diagnostics for determining influential species in the chemical mass balance receptor model, J. Air Waste Manage., 49, 1449-1455, 1999.
48. Kirchstetter, T. W., Novakov, T., and Hobbs, P. V.: Evidence that the spectral dependence of light absorption by aerosols is affected by organic carbon, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 109, D21208, doi:10.1029/2004JD004999, 2004. (Pubitemid 40191167)
49. Kuhns, H. D., Chang, M.-C. O., Chow, J. C., Etyemezian, V., Chen, L.-W. A., Nussbaum, N. J., Nathagoundenpalayam, S. K., Trimble, T. C., Kohl, S. D., MacLaren, M., Abu-Allaban, M., Gillies, J. A., and Gertler, A. W.: DRI Lake Tahoe Source Characterization Study, prepared for California Air Resources Board, Sacramento, CA by Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, 2004.
50. Ling-Barnes, Y.: Washoe County, Nevada, 2008 periodic emissions inventory, prepared by Washoe County Health District Air Quality Divison, Reno, NV, 2010.
51. Lloyd, A. C. and Cackette, T. A.: Critical review-Diesel engines: Environmental impact and control, J. Air Waste Manage., 51, 809-847, 2001. (Pubitemid 32664495)
52. Malm, W. C., Sisler, J. F., Huffman, D., Eldred, R. A., and Cahill, T. A.: Spatial and seasonal trends in particle concentration and optical extinction in the United States, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 1347-1370, 1994. (Pubitemid 24402723)
53. Mendoza, L. and Inouye, D.: Washoe County, Nevada, air quality trends (2001-2010), prepared by Washoe County Health District Air Quality Divison, Reno, NV, 2011.
54. Moosmüller, H., Chakrabarty, R. K., and Arnott, W. P.: Aerosol light absorption and its measurement: A review, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Rad., 110, 844-878, 2009.
55. Nam, E., Kishan, S., Baldauf, R. W., Fulper, C. R., Sabisch, M., and Warila, J.: Temperature effects on particulate matter emissions from light-duty, gasoline-powered motor vehicles, Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 4672-4677, 2010.
56. Nussbaum, N. J., Zhu, D., Kuhns, H. D., Mazzoleni, C., Chang, M.-C. O., Moosmüller, H., and Watson, J. G.: The In-Plume Emissions Test-Stand: A novel instrument platform for the real-time characterization of combustion emissions, J. Air Waste Manage., 59, 1437-1445, 2009.
57. Ramdahl, T.: Retene-A molecular marker of wood combustion in ambient air, Nature, 306, 580-582, 1983.
58. 2.5 associated organic compounds in central California, Atmos. Environ., 40, 290-303, 2006.
59. Russell, L. M.: Aerosol organic-mass-to-organic-carbon ratio measurements, Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 2982-2987, 2003. (Pubitemid 36799092)
60. 2.5 concentrations during persistent, multi-day cold-air pools in a mountain valley, Atmos. Environ., 46, 17-24, 2012.
61. 2.5, J. Aerosol Sci., 34, 63-77, 2003. (Pubitemid 36020375)
62. 2.5 to climate change, Atmos. Environ., 44, 3976-3984, 2010.
63. USEPA: Air quality criteria for particulate matter, prepared by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 2004
64. USEPA: 40 CFR Parts 50, 51, 52, 53, and 58-National ambient air quality standards for particulate matter: Proposed rule, Federal Register, 77, 38890-39055, 2012.
65. Watson, J. G.: Chemical element balance receptor model methodology for assessing the sources of fine and total suspended partic-ulate matter in Portland, Oregon, 1979.
66. 2.5 episode at the Fresno, CA, supersite, Atmos. Environ., 36, 465-475, 2002. (Pubitemid 34013699)
67. Watson, J. G. and Chow, J. C.: Source apportionment, in: The Encyclopedia of Environmetrics, edited by: El-Shaarwi, A. H. and Piegorsch, W. W., John Wiley & Sons, in press, 2012.
68. Watson, J. G., Cooper, J. A., and Huntzicker, J. J.: The effective variance weighting for least squares calculations applied to the mass balance receptor model, Atmos. Environ., 18, 1347-1355, 1984. (Pubitemid 14008177)
69. Watson, J. G., Chow, J. C., Lurmann, F. W., and Musarra, S.: Ammonium nitrate, nitric acid, and ammonia equilibrium in wintertime Phoenix, Arizona, J. Air Waste Manage., 44, 405-412, 1994.
70. Watson, J. G., Chen, L.-W. A., Chow, J. C., Lowenthal, D. H., and Doraiswamy, P.: Source apportionment: Findings from the U.S. Supersite Program, J. Air Waste Manage., 58, 265-288, 2008. (Pubitemid 351397518)
71. Watson, J. G., Chow, J. C., Chen, L.-W. A., and Frank, N. H.: Methods to assess carbonaceous aerosol sampling artifacts for IMPROVE and other long-term networks, J. Air Waste Manage., 59, 898-911, 2009.
72. 2.5 source contributions in Reno, NV, prepared for Reno, NV, Washoe County Health District, Air Quality Division by Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, 2011.
73. Weilenmann, M., Favez, J. Y., and Alvarez, R.: Cold-start emissions of modern passenger cars at different low ambient temperatures and their evolution over vehicle legislation categories, Atmos. Environ., 43, 2419-2429, 2009.
74. 2.5: Nonlinear aerosol mass response to sulfate reductions in the eastern United States, J. Air Waste Manage., 49, 1415-1424, 1999.
75. Yang, H., Li, Q. F., and Yu, J. Z.: Comparison of two methods for the determination of water-soluble organic carbon in atmospheric particles, Atmos. Environ., 37, 865-870, 2003. (Pubitemid 36140001)
76. Zhu, D. Z., Nussbaum, N. J., Kuhns, H. D., Chang, M. C. O., Sode-man, D., Uppapalli, S., Moosmüller, H., Chow, J. C., and Watson, J. G.: In-Plume Emission Test Stand 2: Emission factors for 10-to 100-kW US military generators, J. Air Waste Manage., 59, 1446-1457, 2009.
77. Zielinska, B., Campbell, D. E., Lawson, D. R., Ireson, R. G., Weaver, C. S., Hesterberg, T. W., Larson, T., Davey, M., and Liu, L. J. S.: Detailed characterization and profiles of crankcase and diesel particulate matter exhaust emissions using speciated or-ganics, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 5661-5666, 2008.