Fluid dynamics of urban atmospheres in complex terrain

Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics

Volumn 42, Issue , 2010, Pages 365-389

  Fernando, H J S ^a,b  

^a Arizona State University   (United States)

^b University of Notre Dame   (United States)

Author keywords

Mesoscale flow; Multiscale modeling; Thermal circulation; Urbanization

Indexed keywords

AIRFLOW PATTERNS; COMPLEX TERRAINS; FLOW CONFIGURATIONS; LOCAL HEATING; MESOSCALE; MULTI-SCALE MODELING; PARAMETERIZATIONS; PREDICTIVE MODELS; SPACE AND TIME; SUB-GRIDS; THERMAL CIRCULATION; THERMAL FORCING; TOPOGRAPHIC EFFECTS; URBAN AREAS; URBAN ATMOSPHERES; URBAN CENTERS; URBAN FLOW;

FLUID DYNAMICS;

LANDFORMS;

AIRFLOW; ATMOSPHERIC DYNAMICS; ATMOSPHERIC MOTION; ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPORT; COMPLEX TERRAIN; FLOW MEASUREMENT; FLOW MODELING; HUMAN ACTIVITY; MESOSCALE EDDY; MESOSCALE METEOROLOGY; PARAMETERIZATION; PRESSURE GRADIENT; TEMPERATURE EFFECT; TOPOGRAPHIC EFFECT; URBAN ATMOSPHERE; URBANIZATION;

EID: 77952856700     PISSN: 00664189     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-fluid-121108-145459     Document Type: Review

References (99)

1. Acevedo O, Fitzjarrald DR. 2001. The early evening surface-layer transition: temporal and spatial variability. J. Atmos. Sci. 58:2650-2667
2. Allwine KJ, Shinn JH, Streit GE, Clawson KL, BrownM. 2002. Overview of URBAN 2000. A multiscale field study of dispersion through an urban environment. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 83:521-536
3. Atkinson BW. 1981. Mesoscale Atmospheric Circulations. London: Academic. 495 pp
4. Ash C, Jasny BR, Roberts L, Stone R, Sugden AM. 2008. Reimagining cities. Science 319: 739
5. Bader DC, McKee TB. 1983. Dynamical model simulation of the morning boundary layer development in deep mountain valleys. J. Appl. Meteorol. 22:341-351
6. Bader DC, McKee TB. 1985. Effects of shear, stability and valley characteristics on the destruction of temperature inversions. J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol. 24:822-832
7. Baines PG. 2001. Mixing in flows down gentle slopes into stratified environments. J. Fluid Mech. 443:237-270
8. Banta RM. 1986. Daytime boundary-layer evolution over mountainous terrain. Part II. Numerical studies of upslope flow duration. Mon. Weather Rev. 112:1112-1130
9. Beare RJ. 2008. The role of shear in the morning transition boundary layer. Bound. Layer Meteorol. 129:1573-2472
10. Belcher SE, Jerram N, Hunt JCR. 2003. Adjustment of a turbulent boundary layer to a canopy of roughness elements. J. Fluid Mech. 488:369-398
11. Bentham T, Britter R. 2003. Spatially averaged flow within obstacle arrays. Atmos. Environ. 37:2037-2043
12. Blumen W, ed. 1990. Atmospheric Processes over Complex Terrain. Meteorol. Monogr. Vol. 23. Boston: Am. Meteorol. Soc. 394 pp.
13. Brazel AJ, Fernando HJS, Hunt JCR, Selover N, Hedquist B. 2005. The evening transition phenomena in Phoenix, AZ and impacts on surface climate. J. Appl. Meteorol. 44:99-112
14. Britter S, Hanna S. 2003. Flow and dispersion in urban areas. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 35:469-496
15. Businger JA, Rao KR. 1965. The formation of drainage wind on a snow-dome. J. Glaciol. 5:833-841
16. Castro IP, Kumar A, Snyder WH, Arya SPS. 1993. Removal of slightly heavy gases from a valley by crosswinds. J. Hazard. Mater. 34:271-293
17. Cionco RM. 1965. A mathematical model for air flow in a vegetative canopy. J. Appl. Meteorol. 4:517-522
18. Clever RM, Busse FH. 1977. Instabilities of longitudinal convection rolls in an inclined layer. J. Fluid Mech. 81:107-127
19. Cole GS, Fernando HJS. 1998. Some aspects of the decay of convective turbulence. Fluid Dyn. Res. 23:161-176
20. Colomer J, Boubnov B, Fernando HJS. 2000. Turbulent convection from an isolated source. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans 30:125-148
21. Crutzen PJ. 2004. New directions: the growing urban heat and pollution "island" effect\impact on chemistry and climate. Atmos. Environ. 38:3539-3540
22. Deardorff JW. 1972. Parameterization of the planetary boundary layer for use in general circulation models. Mon. Weather Rev. 100(2):93-106
23. Deardorff JW, Willis GE. 1987. Turbulence within a baroclinic laboratory mixed layer above a sloping surface. J. Atmos. Sci. 44:722-778
24. Debler W, Imberger J. 1996. Flushing criteria in estuarine and laboratory experiments. J. Hydraul. Eng. ASCE 122(12):728-734
25. De Silva IPD, Imberger J, Ivey G. 1997. Localized mixing due to a breaking internal wave ray at a sloping bed. J. Fluid Mech. 350:1-27
26. Di Sabatino S, Buccolieri R, Pulvirenti B, Britter RE. 2008. Flow and pollutant dispersion in street canyons using FLUENT and ADMS-urban. Environ. Model. Assess. 13:369-381
27. Doran JC. 1991. The effects of ambient winds on valley drainage flows. Bound. Layer Meteorol. 55:177-189
28. Doran JC, Fast JD, Horel J. 2002. The VTMX 2000 campaign. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 83:537-551
29. Doran JC, Horst TW. 1983. Observations and models of simple nocturnal slope flows. J. Atmos. Sci. 40:708-717
30. Drobinski P, Dusek J, Flamant C. 2001. Diagnostics of hydraulic jump and gap flow in stratified flows over topography. Bound. Layer Meteorol. 98:475-495
31. DuPont S, Otte TL, Ching JKS. 2004. Simulation of meteorological fields within and above urban and rural canopies with a mesoscale model (MM5). Bound. Layer Meteorol. 113:111-158
32. Egger J. 1990. Thermally forced flows: theory. See Blumen 1990, pp. 43-57
33. Ellison T, Turner JS. 1959. Turbulent entrainment in stratified flows. J. Fluid Mech. 6:423-448
34. Emmanuel R, Fernando HJS. 2007. Effects of urban form and thermal properties in urban heat island mitigation in hot humid and hot arid climates: the cases of Colombo, Sri Lanka, and Phoenix, USA. Clim. Res. 34:241-251
35. Fernando HJS. 1991. Turbulent mixing in stratified fluids. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 23:455-493
36. Fernando HJS. 2008. Polimetrics: the quantitative study of urban systems (and its applications to atmospheric and hydro environments). J. Environ. Fluid Mech. 8:397-409
37. Fernando HJS, Lee S-M, Anderson J, Princevac M, Pardyjak E, Grossman-Clarke S. 2001. Urban fluid mechanics: air circulation and contaminant dispersion in cities. J. Environ. Fluid Mech. 1:107-164
38. Finnigan J. 2000. Turbulence in plant canopies. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 32:519-571
39. Grant ALM. 1997. An observational study of the evening transition boundary layer. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 123:657-677
40. Grisogono B. 2003. Post-onset behavior of the pure katabatic flow. Bound. Layer Meteorol. 107:157-175
41. Grubisić V, Doyle JD, Kuettner J, Mobbs S, Smith RB, et al. 2008. The terrain induced rotor experiment: an overview of the field campaign and some highlights of special observations. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 89:1513-1533
42. Guhathakurta S, Gober P. 2007. The impact of the Phoenix urban heat island on residential water use. J. Am. Plann. Assoc. 73(3):317-329
43. Högström U, Bergström H, Alexandersson H. 1982. Turbulence characteristics in a near-neutrally stratified urban atmosphere. Bound. Layer Meteorol. 23:449-472
44. Hunt JCR, Fernando HJS, Princevac M. 2003. Unsteady thermally driven flows on gentle slopes. J. Atmos. Sci. 60(17):2169-2182
45. Hunt JCR, Pacheco R, Mahalov A, Fernando HJS. 2005. Effects of rotation and sloping terrain on fronts of density currents. J. Fluid Mech. 537:285-315
46. IPCC. 2007. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Bases. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, ed. S Solomon, D Qin, M Manning, Z Chen, M Marquis, et al. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. 996 pp.
47. Kaimal JC, Finnigan JJ. 1994. Atmospheric boundary layer flows: their structure and measurement. New York: Academic. 289 pp.
48. Kastner-Klein P, Rotach MW. 2004. Mean flow and turbulence characteristics in an urban roughness sublayer. Bound. Layer Meteorol. 111:55-84
49. Kondo J, Kuwagata T, Haginoya S. 1989. Heat budget analysis of nocturnal cooling and daytime heating in a basin. J. Atmos. Sci. 46:2917-2933
50. Lee SM, Giori W, Princevac M, Fernando HJS. 2006. Implementation of a stable PBL turbulence parameterization for the mesoscale model MM5: nocturnal flow in complex terrain. Bound. Layer Meteorol. 119(1):109-134
51. Leung LR, Kuo YH, Tribbia J. 2006. Research needs and directions of regional cimate modeling using WRF and CCSM. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 87:1747-1751
52. Li K, Zhang P, Crittenden JC, Guhathakurta S, Chen YS, et al. 2007. Development of a framework for quantifying the environmental impacts of urban development and construction practices. Environ. Sci. Technol. 41:5130-5136
53. Linden PF. 1999. Fluid mechanics of natural ventilation. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 31:201-238
54. Lu J, Arya SP, Snyder WH, Lawson RE Jr. 1997. A laboratory study of the urban heat island in a calm and stably stratified environment. Part II: velocity field. J. Appl. Meteorol. 36:1392-1402
55. Lu R, Turco RP. 1995. Air pollutant transport in a coastal environment\II. Three-dimensional simulations over Los Angeles basin. Atmos. Environ. 29:1499-1518
56. MacDonald RW. 2000. Modeling the mean velocity profile in the urban canopy layer. Bound. Layer Meteorol. 97:25-45
57. Mahrt L. 1999. Stratified atmospheric boundary layers. Bound. Layer Meteorol. 90:375-396
58. Mahrt L, Larsen S. 1982. Small scale drainage fronts. Tellus 34:579-587
59. Manins PC, Sawford BL. 1979. A model of katabatic winds. J. Atmos. Sci. 36:619-630
60. Martilli A, Clappier A, Rotach MW. 2002. An urban surface exchange parameterization for mesoscale models. Bound. Layer Meteorol. 104:261-304
61. McNider RT. 1982. A note on velocity fluctuations in drainage flows. J. Atmos. Sci. 39(7):1658-1660
62. Mokhasi P, Rempfer D. 2004. Optimized sensor placement for urban flow measurement. Phys. Fluids 16:1758-1764
63. Monaghan JJ. 2007. Gravity current interaction with interfaces. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 39:245-261
64. Monti P, Fernando HJS, Princevac M, Chan WC, Kawalewski TA, Pardyjak ER. 2002. Observations of flow and turbulence in the nocturnal boundary layer over a slope. J. Atmos. Sci. 59:2513-2534
65. Nieuwstadt FTM, Brost RA. 1986. Decay of convective turbulence. J. Atmos. Sci. 43:532-546
66. Noppel H, Fiedler F. 2002. Mesoscale heat transport over complex terrain by slope winds: a conceptual model and numerical simulations. Bound. Layer Meteorol. 104:73-97
67. Ohashi Y, Genchi Y, Kondo GH, Kikegawa Y, Yoshikado H, Hirano Y. 2007. Influence of air-conditioning waste heat on air temperature in Tokyo during summer: numerical experiments using an urban canopy model coupled with a building energy model. J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim. 46(1):66-81
68. Oke TR. 1988. Boundary Layer Climates. New York: Routledge. 464 pp. 2nd ed.
69. Papadopoulos KH, Helmis CG. 1999. Evening and morning transitionofkatabaticflows. Bound. Layer Meteorol. 92:195-227
70. Pardyjak E, Fernando HJS, Hunt JCR, Grachev A, Anderson J. 2009. Development of nocturnal flow and transport in a wide open valley. Meteorol. Z. 18(1):1-17
71. Pardyjak ER, Monti P, Fernando HJS. 2002. Flux Richardson number measurements in stable atmospheric shear flows. J. Fluid Mech. 449:307-316
72. Porch WM, Clements WE, Coulter RL. 1991. Nighttime valley waves. J. Appl. Meteorol. 30(2):145-156
73. Poulos GS, Bossert JE, McKee TB, Pielke RA. 2000. The interaction of katabatic flow and mountain waves. Part I: observations and idealized simulations. J. Atmos. Sci. 57:1919-1936
74. Prandtl L. 1942. Strömungslehre [Flow Studies]. Braunschweig: Vieweg und Sohn. 382 pp.
75. Princevac M, Fernando HJS. 2007. A criterion for the generation of turbulent anabatic flows. Phys. Fluids 19:05102
76. Princevac M, Fernando HJS. 2008. Morning break-up of cold pools in complex terrain. J. Fluid Mech. 616:99-109
77. Princevac MJ, Fernando HJS, Whiteman CD. 2005. Turbulent entrainment into natural gravity-driven flows. J. Fluid Mech. 533:259-268
78. Princevac MJ, Hunt JCR, Fernando HJS. 2008. Quasi-steady katabatic winds over long slopes in wide valleys. J. Atmos. Sci. 65:627-643
79. Ramanathan V, Ramana MV, Roberts G, Kim D, Corrigan C, et al. 2007. Warming trends in Asia amplified by brown cloud solar absorption. Nature 448:575-578
80. Retallack C, Calhoun R, Fernando HJS, Raynor K, Stuart A, Sutton J. 2009. Pollution transport during Wagerup. Commun. Atmos. Sci. In Press
81. Reuten C, Steyn DG, Strawbridge KB, Bovis P. 2005. Observations of the relation between upslope flows and the convective boundary layer on steep terrain. Bound. Layer Meteorol. 116:37-61
82. Ryu YH, Baik JJ. 2009. Flow and dispersion in an urban cubical cavity. Atmos. Environ. 43:1721-1729
83. Schmidli J, Poulos GS, Daniels MH, Chow FK. 2009. External influences on nocturnal thermally driven flows in a deep valley. J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim. 48(1):3-23
84. Schumann U. 1989. Large-eddy simulation of the up-slope boundary layer. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 116:637-670
85. Shapiro A, Fedorovich E. 2007. Katabatic flow along a differentially cooled sloping surface. J. Fluid Mech. 571:149-175
86. Strang EJ, Fernando HJS. 2001. Entrainment and mixing in a stratified shear flows. J. Fluid Mech. 428:349-386
87. Strang EJ, Fernando HJS. 2004. Shear-induced mixing and transport from a rectangular cavity. J. Fluid Mech. 520:23-49
88. Taha H. 2008. Episodic performance and sensitivity of the urbanized MM5 (uMM5) to perturbations in surface properties in Houston, Texas. Bound. Layer Meteorol. 127:193-218
89. Theurer W, Baechlin W, Plate EJ. 1992. Model study of the development of boundary layers above urban areas. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 41(4):437-448
90. Touma JS, Isakov V, Ching J, Seigneur C. 2006. Air quality modeling of hazardous pollutants: current status and future directions. J. Air Waste Manag. 56:547-558
91. Turner JS. 1973. Buoyancy Effects in Fluids. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press. 412 pp.
92. Wang Y, Klipp CL, Garvey DM, Ligon DA, Williamson CC, et al. 2007. Nocturnal low-level-jet-dominated atmospheric boundary layer observed by a Doppler lidar over Oklahoma City during JU2003. J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim. 46:2098-2109
93. Whiteman CD. 1982. Breakup of temperature inversions in deep mountain valleys: part I. Observations. J. Appl. Meteorol. 21:270-289
94. Whiteman CD. 1990. Observations of thermally developed wind systems in mountainous terrain. See Blumen 1990, pp. 5-42
95. Whiteman CD. 2000. Mountain Meteorology: Fundamentals and Applications. New York: Oxford Univ. Press. 355 pp.
96. Whiteman CD, Muschinski A, Zhong S, Fritts D, Hoch SW, et al. 2008. METCRAX 2006: meteorological experiments in Arizona's Meteor Crater. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 89(11):1665-1680
97. Wyngaard JC. 1984. Toward convective PBL parameterization: a scalar transport module. J. Atmos. Sci. 41:1959-1969
98. Yee E, Biltoft CA. 2004. Concentration fluctuation measurements in a plume dispersing through a regular array of obstacles. Bound. Layer Metorol. 111:363-415
99. Zajic D. 2006. Flow and turbulence in urban roughness canopies. PhD diss. Arizona State Univ. 141 pp.