메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 10, Issue 12, 2010, Pages 5223-5239

Quantification of PM2.5 organic carbon sampling artifacts in US networks

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AEROSOL; AIR QUALITY; AIR SAMPLING; AMBIENT AIR; ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; ORGANIC CARBON; PARTICULATE MATTER; SPECIATION (CHEMISTRY);

EID: 77953643654     PISSN: 16807316     EISSN: 16807324     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/acp-10-5223-2010     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (130)

References (72)
  • 1
    • 32344442004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of sampling artifacts and operating parameters on the performance of a semicontinuous particulate elemental carbon/organic carbon monitor
    • Arhami, M., Kuhn, T., Fine, P. M., Delfino, R. J., and Sioutas, C.: Effects of sampling artifacts and operating parameters on the performance of a semicontinuous particulate elemental carbon/organic carbon monitor, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40(3), 945-954, 2006.
    • (2006) Environ. Sci. Technol. , vol.40 , Issue.3 , pp. 945-954
    • Arhami, M.1    Kuhn, T.2    Fine, P.M.3    Delfino, R.J.4    Sioutas, C.5
  • 2
    • 36048941098 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Equilibrium sorption of gaseous organic chemicals to fiber filters used for aerosol studies
    • Arp, H. P. H., Schwarzenbach, R. P., and Goss, K. U.: Equilibrium sorption of gaseous organic chemicals to fiber filters used for aerosol studies, Atmos. Environ., 418241-418252, 2007.
    • (2007) Atmos. Environ. , pp. 418241-418252
    • Arp, H.P.H.1    Schwarzenbach, R.P.2    Goss, K.U.3
  • 4
    • 0020643833 scopus 로고
    • Problems in the sampling and analysis of carbon particulate
    • Cadle, S. H., Groblicki, P. J., and Mulawa, P. A.: Problems in the sampling and analysis of carbon particulate, Atmos. Environ., 17(3), 593-600, 1983.
    • (1983) Atmos. Environ. , vol.17 , Issue.3 , pp. 593-600
    • Cadle, S.H.1    Groblicki, P.J.2    Mulawa, P.A.3
  • 5
    • 2442687123 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling reflectance and transmittance of quartz-fiber filter samples containing elemental carbon particles: Implications for thermal/optical analysis
    • Chen, L.-W. A., Chow, J. C., Watson, J. G., Moosmüller, H., and Arnott, W. P.: Modeling reflectance and transmittance of quartz-fiber filter samples containing elemental carbon particles: Implications for thermal/optical analysis, J. Aerosol Sci., 35(6), 765-780, 2004.
    • (2004) J. Aerosol Sci. , vol.35 , Issue.6 , pp. 765-780
    • Chen, L.-W.A.1    Chow, J.C.2    Watson, J.G.3    Moosmüller, H.4    Arnott, W.P.5
  • 7
    • 0027609438 scopus 로고
    • The DRI Thermal/Optical Reflectance carbon analysis system: Description, evaluation and applications in US air quality studies
    • Chow, J. C., Watson, J. G., Pritchett, L. C., Pierson, W. R., Frazier, C. A., and Purcell, R. G.: The DRI Thermal/Optical Reflectance carbon analysis system: Description, evaluation and applications in US air quality studies, Atmos. Environ., 27A(8), 1185-1201, 1993.
    • (1993) Atmos Environ. , vol.27 A , Issue.8 , pp. 1185-1201
    • Chow, J.C.1    Watson, J.G.2    Pritchett, L.C.3    Pierson, W.R.4    Frazier, C.A.5    Purcell, R.G.6
  • 8
    • 0028159547 scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of filter-based aerosol measurements during the 1987 Southern California Air Quality Study
    • Chow, J. C., Fujita, E. M., Watson, J. G., Lu, Z., Lawson, D. R., and Ashbaugh, L. L.: Evaluation of filter-based aerosol measurements during the 1987 Southern California Air Quality Study, Environ. Mon. Assess., 30(1), 49-80, 1994.
    • (1994) Environ. Mon. Assess. , vol.30 , Issue.1 , pp. 49-80
    • Chow, J.C.1    Fujita, E.M.2    Watson, J.G.3    Lu, Z.4    Lawson, D.R.5    Ashbaugh, L.L.6
  • 14
    • 2442717690 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Equivalence of elemental carbon by thermal/optical reflectance and transmittance with different temperature protocols
    • Chow, J. C., Watson, J. G., Chen, L.-W. A., Arnott, W. P., Moosmüller, H., and Fung, K. K.: Equivalence of elemental carbon by Thermal/Optical Reflectance and Transmittance with different temperature protocols, Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 16, 4414-4422, 2004a.
    • (2004) Environ. Sci. Technol. , vol.38 , Issue.16 , pp. 4414-4422
    • Chow, J.C.1    Watson, J.G.2    Chen, L.-W.A.3    Arnott, W.P.4    Moosmüller, H.5    Fung, K.K.6
  • 15
    • 0141885071 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Source profiles for industrial, mobile, and area sources in the Big Bend Regional Aerosol Visibility and Observational (BRAVO) Study
    • Chow, J. C., Watson, J. G., Kuhns, H. D., Etyemezian, V., Lowenthal, D. H., Crow, D. J., Kohl, S. D., Engelbrecht, J. P., and Green, M. C.: Source profiles for industrial, mobile, and area sources in the Big Bend Regional Aerosol Visibility and Observational (BRAVO) Study, Chemosphere, 54(2), 185-208, 2004b.
    • (2004) Chemosphere , vol.54 , Issue.2 , pp. 185-208
    • Chow, J.C.1    Watson, J.G.2    Kuhns, H.D.3    Etyemezian, V.4    Lowenthal, D.H.5    Crow, D.J.6    Kohl, S.D.7    Engelbrecht, J.P.8    Green, M.C.9
  • 17
    • 28544443792 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Particulate carbon measurements in California's San Joaquin Valley
    • Chow, J. C., Watson, J. G., Lowenthal, D. H., Chen, L.-W. A., and Magliano, K. L.: Particulate carbon measurements in California's San Joaquin Valley, Chemosphere, 62(3), 337-348, 2006.
    • (2006) Chemosphere , vol.62 , Issue.3 , pp. 337-348
    • Chow, J.C.1    Watson, J.G.2    Lowenthal, D.H.3    Chen, L.-W.A.4    Magliano, K.L.5
  • 18
    • 34748905341 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The IMPROVE A temperature protocol for thermal/optical carbon analysis: Maintaining consistency with a long-term database
    • Chow, J. C., Watson, J. G., Chen, L.-W. A., Chang, M. C. O., Robinson, N. F., Trimble, D., and Kohl, S. D.: The IMPROVE A temperature protocol for thermal/optical carbon analysis: Maintaining consistency with a long-term database, J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 57(9), 1014-1023, 2007.
    • (2007) J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. , vol.57 , Issue.9 , pp. 1014-1023
    • Chow, J.C.1    Watson, J.G.2    Chen, L.-W.A.3    Chang, M.C.O.4    Robinson, N.F.5    Trimble, D.6    Kohl, S.D.7
  • 21
    • 4444366048 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2.5 episodes as observed in the speciation trends network
    • 2.5 episodes as observed in the speciation trends network, Atmos. Environ., 38(31), 5237-5246, 2004.
    • (2004) Atmos. Environ. , vol.38 , Issue.31 , pp. 5237-5246
    • Chu, S.H.1
  • 22
    • 2442459851 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PM data analysis-a comparison of two urban areas: Fresno and Atlanta
    • Chu, S. H., Paisie, J. W., and Jang, B. W. L.: PM data analysis-a comparison of two urban areas: Fresno and Atlanta, Atmos. Environ., 38(20), 3155-3164, 2004.
    • (2004) Atmos. Environ. , vol.38 , Issue.20 , pp. 3155-3164
    • Chu, S.H.1    Paisie, J.W.2    Jang, B.W.L.3
  • 23
    • 0007807724 scopus 로고
    • Numerical methods for the non linear robust regression problem
    • Dutter, R. and Huber, P. J.: Numerical methods for the non linear robust regression problem, J. Stat. Comp. Simulation, 13(2), 79-113, 1981.
    • (1981) J. Stat. Comp. Simulation , vol.13 , Issue.2 , pp. 79-113
    • Dutter, R.1    Huber, P.J.2
  • 25
    • 0037332373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Semi-volatile secondary organic aerosol in urban atmospheres: Meeting a measurement challenge
    • Eatough, D. J., Long, R. W., Modey, W. K., and Eatough, N. L.: Semi-volatile secondary organic aerosol in urban atmospheres: Meeting a measurement challenge, Atmos. Environ., 37(9-10), 1277-1292, 2003.
    • (2003) Atmos. Environ. , vol.37 , Issue.9-10 , pp. 1277-1292
    • Eatough, D.J.1    Long, R.W.2    Modey, W.K.3    Eatough, N.L.4
  • 26
    • 33644642169 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The southeastern aerosol research and characterization study Part II: Filter-based measurements of fine and coarse particulate matter mass and composition
    • Edgerton, E. S., Hartsell, B. E., Saylor, R. D., Jansen, J. J., Hansen, D. A., and Hidy, G. M.: The Southeastern Aerosol Research and Characterization Study Part II: Filter-based measurements of fine and coarse particulate matter mass and composition, J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 55(10), 1527-1542, 2005.
    • (2005) J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. , vol.55 , Issue.10 , pp. 1527-1542
    • Edgerton, E.S.1    Hartsell, B.E.2    Saylor, R.D.3    Jansen, J.J.4    Hansen, D.A.5    Hidy, G.M.6
  • 27
    • 20444414135 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determination of the organic aerosol mass to organic carbon ratio in IMPROVE samples
    • DOI 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.01.005, PII S0045653505001013
    • El Zanan, H. S., Lowenthal, D. H., Zielinska, B., Chow, J. C., and Kumar, N. K.: Determination of the organic aerosol mass to organic carbon ratio in IMPROVE samples, Chemosphere, 60(4), 485-496, 2005. (Pubitemid 40803463)
    • (2005) Chemosphere , vol.60 , Issue.4 , pp. 485-496
    • El-Zanan, H.S.1    Lowenthal, D.H.2    Zielinska, B.3    Chow, J.C.4    Kumar, N.5
  • 29
    • 11144244303 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improved measurement of seasonal and diurnal differences in the carbonaceous components of urban particulate matter using a denuder-based air sampler
    • Fan, X. H., Lee, P. K. H., Brook, J. R., and Mabury, S. A.: Improved measurement of seasonal and diurnal differences in the carbonaceous components of urban particulate matter using a denuder-based air sampler, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 38, Suppl. 2, 63-69, 2004.
    • (2004) Aerosol Sci. Technol. , vol.38 , Issue.SUPPL. 2 , pp. 63-69
    • Fan, X.H.1    Lee, P.K.H.2    Brook, J.R.3    Mabury, S.A.4
  • 30
    • 0025364484 scopus 로고
    • Reduction of the positive organic artifact on quartz filters
    • Fitz, D. R.: Reduction of the positive organic artifact on quartz filters, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 12(1), 142-148, 1990.
    • (1990) Aerosol Sci. Technol. , vol.12 , Issue.1 , pp. 142-148
    • Fitz, D.R.1
  • 32
    • 33646236546 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Retained nitrate, hydrated sulfates, and carbonaceous mass in Federal Reference Method fine particulate matter for six eastern cities
    • Frank, N. H.: Retained nitrate, hydrated sulfates, and carbonaceous mass in Federal Reference Method fine particulate matter for six eastern cities, J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 56(4), 500-511, 2006.
    • (2006) J Air Waste Manage. Assoc. , vol.56 , Issue.4 , pp. 500-511
    • Frank, N.H.1
  • 34
    • 0028175844 scopus 로고
    • High-volume air sampler for particle and gas sampling 2. Use of backup filters to correct for the adsorption of gas-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on the front filter
    • Hart, K. M. and Pankow, J. F.: High-volume air sampler for particle and gas sampling 2. Use of backup filters to correct for the adsorption of gas-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on the front filter, Enivron. Sci. Technol., 28(4), 655-661, 1994.
    • (1994) Enivron. Sci. Technol. , vol.28 , Issue.4 , pp. 655-661
    • Hart, K.M.1    Pankow, J.F.2
  • 35
    • 33746012260 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling retained water content in measured aerosol mass
    • Kajino, M., Winwarter, W., and Ueda, H.: Modeling retained water content in measured aerosol mass. Atmos. Environ., 40(27), 5202-5213, 2006.
    • (2006) Atmos. Environ. , vol.40 , Issue.27 , pp. 5202-5213
    • Kajino, M.1    Winwarter, W.2    Ueda, H.3
  • 37
    • 26944477073 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimation of organic carbon blank values and error structures of the speciation trends network data for source apportionment
    • Kim, E., Hopke, P. K., and Qin, Y.: Estimation of organic carbon blank values and error structures of the speciation trends network data for source apportionment, J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 55(8), 1190-1199, 2005.
    • (2005) J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. , vol.55 , Issue.8 , pp. 1190-1199
    • Kim, E.1    Hopke, P.K.2    Qin, Y.3
  • 38
    • 0035154022 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Laboratory and field investigation of the adsorption of gaseous organic compounds onto quartz filters
    • Kirchstetter, T. W., Corrigan, C. E., and Novakov, T.: Laboratory and field investigation of the adsorption of gaseous organic compounds onto quartz filters, Atmos. Environ., 35(9), 1663-1671, 2001.
    • (2001) Atmos. Environ. , vol.35 , Issue.9 , pp. 1663-1671
    • Kirchstetter, T.W.1    Corrigan, C.E.2    Novakov, T.3
  • 39
    • 49749111045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simulating secondary organic aerosol formation using the volatility basis-set approach in a chemical transport model
    • Lane, T. E., Donahue, N. M., and Pandis, S. N.: Simulating secondary organic aerosol formation using the volatility basis-set approach in a chemical transport model, Atmos. Environ., 42(32), 7439-7451, 2008.
    • (2008) Atmos. Environ. , vol.42 , Issue.32 , pp. 7439-7451
    • Lane, T.E.1    Donahue, N.M.2    Pandis, S.N.3
  • 41
    • 45849122693 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Critical review: Prospects for future climate change and the reasons for early action
    • MacCracken, M. C.: Critical review: Prospects for future climate change and the reasons for early action, J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 58(6), 735-786, 2008.
    • (2008) J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. , vol.58 , Issue.6 , pp. 735-786
    • MacCracken, M.C.1
  • 42
    • 0034283522 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gas/solid partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds (SOCs) to air filters-1. Partitioning of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins polychlorinated dibenzofurans and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to Teflon® membrane filters
    • Mader, B. T. and Pankow, J. F.: Gas/solid partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds (SOCs) to air filters-1. Partitioning of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to Teflon® membrane filters, Atmos. Environ., 34(28), 4879-4887, 2000.
    • (2000) Atmos. Environ. , vol.34 , Issue.28 , pp. 4879-4887
    • Mader, B.T.1    Pankow, J.F.2
  • 43
    • 0035449680 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gas/solid partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds (SOCs) to air filters-3. An analysis of gas adsorption artifacts in measurements of atmospheric SOCs and organic carbon (OC) when using Teflon® membrane filters and quartz fiber filters
    • Mader, B. T. and Pankow, J. F.: Gas/solid partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds (SOCs) to air filters-3. An analysis of gas adsorption artifacts in measurements of atmospheric SOCs and organic carbon (OC) when using Teflon® membrane filters and quartz fiber filters, Environ. Sci. Technol., 35(17), 3422-3432, 2001a.
    • (2001) Environ. Sci. Technol. , vol.35 , Issue.17 , pp. 3422-3432
    • Mader, B.T.1    Pankow, J.F.2
  • 44
    • 0035281970 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gas/solid partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds (SOCs) to air filters-2. Partitioning of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins polychlorinated dibenzofurans and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to quartz fiber filters
    • Mader, B. T. and Pankow, J. F.: Gas/solid partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds (SOCs) to air filters-2. Partitioning of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to quartz fiber filters, Atmos. Environ., 35(7), 1217-1223, 2001b.
    • (2001) Atmos. Environ. , vol.35 , Issue.7 , pp. 1217-1223
    • Mader, B.T.1    Pankow, J.F.2
  • 45
    • 0028255755 scopus 로고
    • Spatial and seasonal trends in particle concentration and optical extinction in the United States
    • Malm, W. C., Sisler, J. F., Huffman, D., Eldred, R. A., and Cahill, T. A.: Spatial and seasonal trends in particle concentration and optical extinction in the United States, J. Geophys. Res., 99(D1), 1347-1370, 1994.
    • (1994) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.99 , Issue.D1 , pp. 1347-1370
    • Malm, W.C.1    Sisler, J.F.2    Huffman, D.3    Eldred, R.A.4    Cahill, T.A.5
  • 46
    • 0141516230 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Positive artifact in the measurement of particulate carbonaceous substances using an ambient carbon particulate monitor
    • Matsumoto, K., Hayano, T., and Uematsu, M.: Positive artifact in the measurement of particulate carbonaceous substances using an ambient carbon particulate monitor, Atmos. Environ., 37(33), 4713-4717, 2003.
    • (2003) Atmos. Environ. , vol.37 , Issue.33 , pp. 4713-4717
    • Matsumoto, K.1    Hayano, T.2    Uematsu, M.3
  • 47
    • 0025120737 scopus 로고
    • Vapor adsorption artifact in the sampling of organic aerosol: Face velocity effects
    • McDow, S. R. and Huntzicker, J. J.: Vapor adsorption artifact in the sampling of organic aerosol: Face velocity effects, Atmos. Environ., 24A(10), 2563-2571, 1990.
    • (1990) Atmos. Environ. , vol.24 , Issue.10 A , pp. 2563-2571
    • McDow, S.R.1    Huntzicker, J.J.2
  • 48
    • 48249119470 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of sampling artifacts on occupational samples of diesel particulate matter
    • Noll, J. and Birch, M. E.: Effects of sampling artifacts on occupational samples of diesel particulate matter, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42(14), 5223-5228, 2008.
    • (2008) Environ. Sci. Technol. , vol.42 , Issue.14 , pp. 5223-5228
    • Noll, J.1    Birch, M.E.2
  • 49
    • 24344499484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sampling artifacts in measurement of elemental and organic carbon: Low-volume sampling in indoor and outdoor environments
    • Olson, D. A. and Norris, G. A.: Sampling artifacts in measurement of elemental and organic carbon: Low-volume sampling in indoor and outdoor environments, Atmos. Environ., 39(30), 5437-5445, 2005.
    • (2005) Atmos. Environ. , vol.39 , Issue.30 , pp. 5437-5445
    • Olson, D.A.1    Norris, G.A.2
  • 52
    • 34248213201 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sampling artefacts, concentration and chemical composition of fine water-soluble organic carbon and humic-like substances in a continental urban atmospheric environment
    • Salma, I., Ocskay, R., Chi, X. G., and Maenhaut, W.: Sampling artefacts, concentration and chemical composition of fine water-soluble organic carbon and humic-like substances in a continental urban atmospheric environment, Atmos. Environ., 41(19), 4106-4118, 2007.
    • (2007) Atmos. Environ. , vol.41 , Issue.19 , pp. 4106-4118
    • Salma, I.1    Ocskay, R.2    Chi, X.G.3    Maenhaut, W.4
  • 54
    • 2442613892 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Positive and negative artifacts in particulate organic carbon measurements with denuded and undenuded sampler configurationss
    • Subramanian, R., Khlystov, A. Y., Cabada, J. C., and Robinson, A. L.: Positive and negative artifacts in particulate organic carbon measurements with denuded and undenuded sampler configurations, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 38, Suppl. 1, 27-48, 2004.
    • (2004) Aerosol Sci. Technol. , vol.38 , Issue.SUPPL. 1 , pp. 27-48
    • Subramanian, R.1    Khlystov, A.Y.2    Cabada, J.C.3    Robinson, A.L.4
  • 56
    • 0014104723 scopus 로고
    • Hygroscopic effects on weight determinations of particulates collected on glass-fiber filters
    • Tierney, G. P. and Conner, W. D.: Hygroscopic effects on weight determinations of particulates collected on glass-fiber filters, J. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc., 28, 363-365, 1967.
    • (1967) J. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. , vol.28 , pp. 363-365
    • Tierney, G.P.1    Conner, W.D.2
  • 57
    • 0028534065 scopus 로고
    • Investigation of organic aerosol sampling artifacts in the Los Angeles Basin
    • Turpin, B. J., Huntzicker, J. J., and Hering, S. V.: Investigation of organic aerosol sampling artifacts in the Los Angeles Basin, Atmos. Environ., 28(19), 3061-3071, 1994.
    • (1994) Atmos. Environ. , vol.28 , Issue.19 , pp. 3061-3071
    • Turpin, B.J.1    Huntzicker, J.J.2    Hering, S.V.3
  • 58
    • 0034950902 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2.5 mass concentrations: Revisiting common assumptions for estimating organic mass
    • 2.5 mass concentrations: Revisiting common assumptions for estimating organic mass, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 35(1), 602-610, 2001
    • (2001) Aerosol Sci. Technol. , vol.35 , Issue.1 , pp. 602-610
    • Turpin, B.J.1    Lim, H.J.2
  • 59
    • 0003906799 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • prepared by US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
    • 10, prepared by US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA, 1997.
    • (1997) 10
  • 63
    • 32344435564 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of sampling artefacts on measured PM, OC, and EC levels in Carbonaceous aerosols in an urban area
    • Viana, M., Chi, X., Maenhaut, W., Cafmeyer, J., Querol, X., Alastuey, A., Mikuska, P., and Vecera, Z.: Influence of sampling artefacts on measured PM, OC, and EC levels in Carbonaceous aerosols in an urban area, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 40(2), 107-117, 2006.
    • (2006) Aerosol Sci.Technol. , vol.40 , Issue.2 , pp. 107-117
    • Viana, M.1    Chi, X.2    Maenhaut, W.3    Cafmeyer, J.4    Querol, X.5    Alastuey, A.6    Mikuska, P.7    Vecera, Z.8
  • 65
    • 0005473766 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Visibility: Science and regulation-A summary of the 2002
    • June
    • Watson, J. G.: Visibility: Science and regulation-A summary of the 2002 Critical Review, EM, 8, June, 36-43, 2002.
    • (2002) Critical Review EM , vol.8 , pp. 36-43
    • Watson, J.G.1
  • 66
    • 33751272481 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison and evaluation of in-situ and filter carbon measurements at the Fresno Supersite
    • Watson, J. G. and Chow, J. C.: Comparison and evaluation of in-situ and filter carbon measurements at the Fresno Supersite, J. Geophys. Res., 107, D21, ICC 3-1-ICC 3-15, 2002.
    • (2002) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.107 , Issue.D21
    • Watson, J.G.1    Chow, J.C.2
  • 69
    • 70350495691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Methods to assess carbonaceous aerosol sampling artifacts for IMPROVE and other long-term networks
    • Watson, J. G., Chow, J. C., and Chen, L.-W. A.: Methods to assess carbonaceous aerosol sampling artifacts for IMPROVE and other long-term networks, J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 59(8), 898-911, 2009.
    • (2009) J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. , vol.59 , Issue.8 , pp. 898-911
    • Watson, J.G.1    Chow, J.C.2    Chen, L.-W.A.3
  • 70
    • 0017611792 scopus 로고
    • On the nature and origins of visibility-reducing aerosols in the Los Angeles air basin
    • White, W. H. and Roberts, P. T.: On the nature and origins of visibility-reducing aerosols in the Los Angeles air basin, Atmos. Environ., 11(9), 803-812, 1977.
    • (1977) Atmos. Environ. , vol.11 , Issue.9 , pp. 803-812
    • White, W.H.1    Roberts, P.T.2
  • 71
    • 0024610347 scopus 로고
    • Carbonaceous particles and regional haze in the Western United States
    • White, W. H. and Macias, E. S.: Carbonaceous particles and regional haze in the Western United States, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 10(1), 111-117, 1989.
    • (1989) Aerosol Sci. Technol. , vol.10 , Issue.1 , pp. 111-117
    • White, W.H.1    MacIas, E.S.2
  • 72
    • 4444372471 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Primary and secondary organic aerosols over the United States: Estimates on the basis of observed organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) and air quality modeled primary OC/EC ratios
    • Yu, S. C., Dennis, R. L., Bhave, P. V., and Eder, B. K.: Primary and secondary organic aerosols over the United States: estimates on the basis of observed organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC), and air quality modeled primary OC/EC ratios, Atmos. Environ., 38, 5257-5268, 2004.
    • (2004) Atmos. Environ. , vol.38 , pp. 5257-5268
    • Yu, S.C.1    Dennis, R.L.2    Bhave, P.V.3    Eder, B.K.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.