Predator-prey relationships and the role of Homo in Early Pleistocene food webs in Southern Europe

Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology

Volumn 365-366, Issue , 2012, Pages 99-114

  Rodríguez, Jesús ^a   Rodríguez Gómez, Guillermo ^a   Martín González, Jesús Angel ^b   Goikoetxea, Idoia ^a   Mateos, Ana ^a  

^a CENTRO NACIONAL DE INVESTIGACIÓN SOBRE LA EVOLUCIÓN HUMANA CENIEH   (Spain)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BURGOS   (Spain)

Author keywords

Food web; Megafauna; Pleistocene; Predator prey

Indexed keywords

BODY SIZE; CARNIVORE; ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION; FOOD WEB; HOMINID; PREDATOR-PREY INTERACTION; SIZE DISTRIBUTION; TIMESCALE; VILLAFRANCHIAN;

EAST AFRICA; EUROPE; SOUTH AFRICA; SOUTHEAST ASIA;

MAMMALIA;

EID: 84868489209     PISSN: 00310182     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.09.017     Document Type: Article

References (158)

1. Agustí J., Antón M. Mammoths, Sabertooths and Hominids 2002, Columbia University Press, New York.
2. Alberdi M.T., Ortiz-Jaureguiízar E., Prado J.L. A quantitative review of european stenonid horses. Journal of Paleontology 1998, 371-387.
3. Andrews P. Mammals as paleoecological indicators. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensa 1995, 38:59-72.
4. Andrews P., O'Brien M. Climate, vegetation, and predictable gradients in mammal species in southern Africa. Journal of Zoology, London 2000, 251:205-231.
5. Andrews P., Lord J., Nesbit Evans E.V.M. The environments of Ramapithecus in Africa. Paleobiology 1979, 5:22-30.
6. Andrews P., Lord J.M., Nesbit Evans E. Patterns of ecological diversity in fossil, and present mammalian faunas. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 1989, 11:177-205.
7. Antón M., Galobart A. Neck function and predatory behaviour in the scimitar toothed cat Homotherium latidens (Owen). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 1999, 19:771-784.
8. Antón M., Salesa M.J., Pastor J.F., Sánchez I.M., Fraile S., Morales J. Implications of the mastoid anatomy of larger extant felids for the evolution and predatory behaviour of sabertoothed cats (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 2004, 140:207-221.
9. Anton M., Galobart A., Turner A. Co-existence of scimitar-toothed cats, lions and hominins in the European Pleistocene. Implications of the post-cranial anatomy of Homotherium latidens (Owen) for comparative palaeoecology. Quaternary Science Reviews 2005, 24:1287-1301.
10. Antón M., Turner A., Salesa M.J., Morales J. A complete skull of Chasmaporthetes lunensis (Carnivora, Hyaenidae) from the Spanish Pliocene site of La Puebla de Valverde (Teruel). Estudios Geológicos 2006, 62:375-388.
11. Arribas A., Palmqvist P. Taphonomy and Palaeoecology of an assemblage of large mammals: hyaenid activity in the lower Pleistocene site at Venta Micena (Orce, Guadix-Baza Basin, Granada, Spain). Geobios 1998, 31:3-47.
12. Arribas A., Palmqvist P. On the ecological connection between Sabre-tooths and Hominids; Faunal dispersal events in the Lower Pleistocene and a review of the evidence for the first human arrival in Europe. Journal of Archaeological Science 1999, 26:571-585.
13. Arribas A., Garrido G., Viseras C., Soria J.M., Pla S., Solano J.G., Garcés M., Beamud E., Carrión J.S. A mammalian lost world in Southwest Europe during the late pliocene. PLoS One 2009, 4.
14. Athanassiou A. Gazellospira torticornis (Aymard, 1854) from the Late Pliocene Locality of Sésklo (Thessaly, Greece). Quaternaire Hors-Série 2003, 2:137-144.
15. Azanza B., Alberdi M.T., Cerdeño E., Prado J.L. Contribución de los análisis multivariantes a la biocronología continental. Avances en el conocimiento del Terciario Ibérico 1997, 109-112. J.P. Calvo, J. Morales (Eds.).
16. Azzarello M., Marcoloni F., Pavia G., Pavia M., Petronio C., Petrucci M., Rook L., Sardella R. Evidence of earliest human occurrence in Europe: the site of Pirro Nord (Southern Italy). Naturwissenschaften 2007, 94:107-112.
17. Binford L.R. Bones. Ancient Men and Modern Myths 1981, Academic Press, Orlando.
18. Binford L.R. Human ancestors: changingviews of their behavior. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 1985, 4:292-327.
19. Blasco R., Blain H.-A., Rosell J., Carlos Díez J., Huguet R., Rodríguez J., Arsuaga J.L., Bermúdez de Castro J.M., Carbonell E. Earliest evidence for human consumption of tortoises in the European Early Pleistocene from Sima del Elefante, Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain. Journal of Human Evolution 2011, 61:503-509.
20. Blumenschine R.J., Cavallo J.A., Capaldo S.D. Competition for carcasses and early hominid behavioral ecology: a case study and conceptual framework. Journal of Human Evolution 1994, 27:197-213.
21. Bosinski G. Les premiers peuplements de l'Europe centrale et de l'Est. Comptes Rendus Palevolution 2006, 5:311-317.
22. Bourquin O., Mathias I. The vertebrates (Excluding birds) of Weenen Game Reserve, Kwazulu-Natal. Lammergeyer 1995, 43:43-58.
23. Breda M., Marchetti M. Systematical and biochronological review of Plio-Pleistocene Alceini (Cervidae; Mammalia) from Eurasia. Quaternary Science Reviews 2005, 24:775-805.
24. Brown J.H. Macroecology 1995, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
25. Bunn H.T. Hunting, power scavenging, and butchering by hadza foragers and by Plio-Pleistocene Homo. Meat-Eating and Human Evolution 2001, 199-218. Oxford University Press, Oxford. C.B. Standford, H.T. Bunn (Eds.).
26. Bunn H.T., Pickering T.R. Bovid mortality profiles in paleoecological context falsify hypotheses of endurance running-hunting and passive scavenging by early Pleistocene hominins. Quaternary Research 2010, 74:395-404.
27. Carbone C., Gittleman J.L. A common Rule for the Scaling of Carnivore Density. Science 2002, 295:2273-2275.
28. Carbone C., Mace G.M., Roberts S.C., MacDonald D.W. Energetic constraints on the diet of terrestrial carnivores. Nature 1999, 402:286-288.
29. Carbone C., Teacher A., Rowcliffe J.M. The costs of carnivory. PLoS Biology 2007, 5:e22.
30. Carbone C., Maddox T., Funston P.J., Mills M.G.L., Grether G.F., Van Valkenburgh B. Parallels between playbacks and Pleistocene tar seeps suggest sociality in an extinct sabretooth cat, Smilodon. Biology Letters 2009, 5:81-85.
31. Carbonell E., Sala Ramos R., Rodríguez X.P., Mosquera M., Ollé A., Vergès J.M., Martínez-Navarro B., Bermúdez de Castro J.M. Early hominid dispersals: a technological hypothesis for "out of Africa". Quaternary International 2010, 223-224:36-44.
32. Carotenuto F. The Plio-Holocene large mammals of the Western Eurasia: macroecological and evolutionary analyses of the faunas 2009, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II.
33. Coe M. The South Turkana expedition. Scientific paper IX. Ecological studies od the small mammals of South Turkana. The Geographical Journal 1972, 183:316-338.
34. Cohen E.J. Ratio of prey to predators in community food webs. Nature 1977, 270:165-166.
35. Cordain L., Miller J.B., Eaton S.B., Mann N., Holt S.H.A., Speth J.D. Plant-animal subsistence ratios and macronutrient energy estimations in worldwide hunter-gatherer diets. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2000, 71:682-692.
36. Crégut-Bonnoure E. Caprinae and Antilopinae (Mammalia, Bovidae) for the biostratigraphy of the Late Pliocene and the Pleistocene in Europe. Quaternaire 2007, 18:73-97.
37. Critchlow R.E., Stearns S. The structure of food webs. The American Naturalist 1982, 120:478-499.
38. Crochet J.-Y., Welcomme J.-L., Ivorra J., Ruffet G., Boulbes N., Capdevila R., Claude J., Firmat C., Métais G., Michaux J., Pickford M. Une nouvelle faune de vertébrés continentaux, associée à des artefacts dans le Pléistocène inférieur de l'Hérault (Sud de la France), vers 1,57 Ma. Comptes Rendus Palevolution 2009, 8:725-736.
39. Croitor R. Large-sized deer from the early pleistocene of South-East Europe. Acta Palaeontologica Romaniae 2005, 4:97-104.
40. Croitor R. Early Pleistocene small-sized deer of Europe. Hellenic Journal of Geosciences 2006, 41:89-117.
41. Croitor R. Taxonomy and systematics of large-sized deer of the genus Praemegaceros Portis, 1920 (Cervidae, Mammalia) 2006, 91-116.
42. Croitor R., Brugal J.-P. Ecological and evolutionary dynamics of the carnivore community in Europe during the last 3 million years. Quaternary International 2010, 212:98-108.
43. Damuth J. Population density and body size in mammals. Nature 1981, 290:699-700.
44. Damuth J. Cope's rule, the island rule and the scaling of mammalian population density. Nature 1993, 365:748-750.
45. de Lumley H., Kahlke H.-D., Moigne A.-M., Moulle P.-E. Les faunes de gran mammiferes de la grotte du vallonnet roquebrune-cap-martin, alpes-maritimes. L'Anthorpologie 1988, 92:465-496.
46. Domínguez-Rodrigo M., Mabulla A.Z.P., Bunn H.T., Díez-Martín F., Baquedano E., Barnboni E., Barba R., Domínguez-Solera S., Sánchez P., Ashley G.M., Yravedra J. Disentangling hominin and carnivore activities near a spring at FLK North (Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania). Quaternary Research 2010, 74:363-375.
47. Falguères C., Bahain J.-J., Yokoyama Y., Arsuaga J.L., Bermúdez de Castro J.M., Carbonell E., Bischof J.L., Dolo J.M. Earliest humans in Europe: the age of TD6 Gran Dolina, Atapuerca, Spain. Journal of Human Evolution 1999, 37:343-352.
48. Feranec R., García N., Díez J.C., Arsuaga J.L. Understanding the ecology of mammalian carnivorans and herbivores from Valdegoba cave (Burgos, northern Spain) through stable isotope analysis. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2010, 297:263-272.
49. Fostowicz-Frelik Ł. First record of Trogontherium cuvieri (Mammalia, Rodentia) from the middle Pleistocene of Poland and review of the species. Geodiversitas 2008, 30:765-778.
50. Fritz H., Duncan P. On the carrying capacity for large ungulates of African savanna ecosystems. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 1994, 256:77-82.
51. Fritz H.F.H., Loreau M., Chamaille-Jammes S., Valeix M., Clobert J. A food web perspective on large herbivore community limitation. Ecography 2011, 34:196-202.
52. García N., Feranec R.S., Arsuaga J.L., Bermudez de Castro J.M., Carbonell E. Isotopic analysis of the ecology of herbivores and carnivores from the middle Pleistocene deposits of the Sierra de Atapuerca, northern Spain. Journal of Archaeological Science 2009, 36:1142-1151.
53. Garrido G., Arribas A. Canis accitanus: una nueva especie de cánido (Canidae, Carnivora, Mammalia) en el plioceno superior terminal de Fonelas p-1 (Cuenca de Guadix, Granada). Vertebrados del Plioceno Superior Terminal en el Suroeste de Europa: Fonelas P-1 y el Proyecto Fonelas 2008, 187-199. Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, Madrid. A. Arribas (Ed.).
54. Garshelis D.L. Family Ursidae (Bears). Handbook of the Mammals of the World 2009, 448-498. Lynx Ediciones, Barcelona. D.E. Wilson, R.A. Mittermeier (Eds.).
55. Gaudzinski S., Roebroeks W. Adults only. Reindeer hunting at the Middle Palaeolithic site Salzgitter Lebenstedt, Northern Germany. Journal of Human Evolution 2000, 38:497-521.
56. Gibert J., Gibert L., Ferrández C., Robot F., Iglesias A., Gibert P. Cueva victoria, geología, paleontología, restos humanos y edadaes. Memorias de Arqueología 1999, 14:37-62.
57. Giles Pacheco F., Santiago A., Gutiérrez J.M., López-García J.M., Blain H.-A., Cuenca-Bescós G., van der Made J., Cáceres I., García N. The early pleistocene paleontological site in the sierra del chaparral (villaluenga del rosario, cádiz, southwestern spain). Quaternary International 2011, 243:92-104.
58. Guadelli J.L., Sirakov N., Ivanova S.T., Sirakova S.V., Anastassova E., Courtaud P., Dimitrova I., Djabarska N., Fernández P., Ferrier C., Fontugne M., Gambier D., Guadelli A., Iordanova D., Iordanova N., Kovatcheva M., Krumov I., Leblanc J.C., Mallye J.B., Marinska M., Myiteva V., Popov V.V., Spassov R., Taneva S., Tosterat-Laborde N., Tsanova T. Une sequence du paléolithique inférieur au paléolithique récent dans les balkans: La grotte kozarnika à orechets (nord-ouest de la bulgarie). Les premiers peuplements en europe, british archaeological reports international series 2005, 1364:87-103. In French.
59. Hayward M.W. Prey preferences of the spotted hyaena (Crocuta crocuta) and degree of dietary overlap with the lion (Panthera leo). Journal of Zoology 2006, 270:606-614.
60. Hayward M.W., Hofmeyr M., O'Brien J., Kerley G.I.H. Prey preferences of the cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) (Felidae: Carnivora): morphological limitations or the need to capture rapidly consumable prey before kleptoparasites arrive?. Journal of Zoology 2006, 270:615-627.
61. Hayward M.W., O'Brien J., Hofmeyr M., Kerley G.I.H. Prey preferences of the African wild dog Lycaon pictus (Canidae: Carnivora): ecological requirements for conservation. Journal of Mammalogy 2006, 87:1122-1131.
62. Hayward M.W., Henschel P., O'Brien J., Hofmeyr M., Balme G., Kerley G.I.H. Prey preferences of the leopard (Panthera pardus). Journal of Zoology 2006, 270:298-313.
63. Hemmer H. Studien an "Panthera schaubi" Viret aus dem Villafranchien von Saint-Vallier (DrÔme). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen 1964, 122:324-336.
64. Hemmer H. Notes on the ecological role of European cats (Mammalia: Felidae) of the last two million years. Miscelánea en Homenaje a Emiliano Aguirre 2004, Museo Arqueológico Regional, Alcalá de Henares. E. Baquedano, S. Rubio (Eds.).
65. Hemmer H., Kajlke R.-D., Vekua K. The Jaguar Panthera onca gombaszoegensis (Kretzoi, 1938) (Carnivora: felidae) in the Late lower Pleistocene of Akhalkalaki (South Georgia: Transcaucasia) and its evolutionary and ecological significance. Geobios 2001, 34:475-486.
66. Henschel J.R., Skinner J.D. The diet of the spotted hyaenas Crocuta crocuta in Kurger National Park. African Journal of Ecology 1990, 28:69-82.
67. Hernández-Fernández M. Análisis paleoecológico y paleoclimático de las sucesiones de mamíferos del plio-pleistcoeno ibérico 2004, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid.
68. Hertler C., Volmer R. Assessing prey competition in fossil carnivore communities - a scenario for prey competition and its evolutionary consequences for tigers in Pleistocene Java. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2008, 257:67-80.
69. Holekamp K.E., Kolowski J.M. Family Hyaenidae (Hyaenas). Handbook of the Mammals of the World 2009, 234-262. Lynx Ediciones, Barcelona. D.E. Wilson, R.A. Mittermeier (Eds.).
70. Jenike M.R. Nutritional ecology: diet, physical activity and body size. An interdisciplinary Perspective 2001, 205-238. Cambridge University Press. C. Panter-Brick, R.H. Layton, P.R. Rowley-Conwy (Eds.).
71. Kahlke R.-D., García N., Kostopoulos D.S., Lacombat F., Lister A.M., Mazza P., Spassov N., Titov V.V. Western Palaearctic palaeoenvironmental conditions during the Early and early Middle Pleistocene inferred from large mammal communities, and implications for hominin dispersal in Europe. Quaternary Science Reviews 2011, 11-12:1368-1395.
72. Kay F.K., Madden R.H. Mammals and rainfall: paleoecology of the middle Miocene at La Venta (South America). Journal of Human Evolution 1997, 32:161-199.
73. Knopff K.H., Knopff A.A., Kortello A., Boyce M.S. Cougar kill rate and prey composition in a multiprey system. Journal of Wildlife Management 2010, 74:1435-1447.
74. Koch P., Barnosky A.D. Late quaternary extinctions: state of the debate. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 2006, 37:215-250.
75. Kostopoulus D.S., Palombo M.R., Alberdi M.T., Valli A.M.F. Pliocene to Pleistocene large mammal diversity and turnover in North Mediterranean region: the Greek Peninsula with respect to the Iberian and Italian ones. Geodiversitas 2007, 29:401-419.
76. Koufos G.D. The villafranquian mammalian faunas and biochronoloy of greece. Boll. Soc. Pal. Ital. 2001, 40:217-223.
77. Leonard W.R., Robertson M.L. Evolutionary perspectives on human nutrition: the influence of brain and body size on diet and metabolism. American Journal of Human Biology 1994, 6:77-88.
78. Levinton J.S. The body size-prey size hypothesis: the adequacy of body size as a vehicle for character displacement. Ecology 1982, 63:869-872.
79. Lyman R.L. Vertebrate Taphonomy 1994, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
80. Maas M.C., Anthony M.R.L., Gingerich P.D., Gunnell G.F., Krause D.W. Mammalian generic diversity and turnover in the late Paleocene and early Eocene of the Bighorn and Crazy Mountains Basins, Wyoming and Montana (USA). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 1995, 115:181-207.
81. Made J.v.d, Mazo A. Proboscidean dispersals from Africa towards Western Europe. Deinsea 2003, 9:437-452.
82. Madurell-Malapeira J., Alba D.M., Moyà-Solà S., Aurell-Garrido J. The Iberian record of the puma-like cat Puma pardoides (Owen, 1846) (Carnivora, Felidae). Comptes Rendus Palevolution 2010, 9:55-62.
83. Marcolini F., Bonadona F.P., Kotsakis T., Mazza P., Zanchetta G. Preliminary data on micro and macromammal remains from casa sgherri, lower valdarno (tuscany, italy). Boll. Soc. Pal. Ital. 2000, 39:243-252.
84. Marean C.W. Sabertooth cats and their relevance for early hominid diet and evolution. Journal of Human Evolution 1989, 18:559-582.
85. Marean C.W., Ehrhardt C.L. Paleoanthropological and paleoecological implications of the taphonomy of a sabertooth's den. Journal of Human Evolution 1995, 29:515-547.
86. Martínez K., Garcia J., Carbonell E., Agustí J., Bahain J.-J., Blain H.-A., Burjachs F., Cáceres I., Duval M., Falguères C., Gómez M., Huguet R. A new lower pleistocene archeological site in europe (vallparadís, barcelona, spain). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2010, 107:5762-5767.
87. Martínez-Navarro B., Palmiqvist P. Presence of the African Sabertoothed Felid Megantereon whitei (Broom, 1937) Mammalia, Carnivora, Machairodontinae in Apollonia-1 (Mygdonia Basin, Macedonia, Greece). Journal of Archaeological Science 1996, 23:869-872.
88. Martínez-Navarro B., Rook L. Gradual evolution in the African hunting dog lineage systematic implications. Comptes Rendus Palevolution 2003, 2:695-702.
89. McNaughton S.J., Oesterheld M., Frank D.A., Williams K.J. Ecosystems level patterns of primary productuvity and herbivory in terrestrial habitats. Nature 1989, 341:142-144.
90. Meloro C., Raia P., Barbera C. Effect of predation on prey abundance and survival in Plio-Pleistocene mammalian communities. Evolutionary Ecology Research 2007, 9:505-525.
91. Michaux J.R., Libois R., Filippucci M.G. So close and so different: comparative phylogeography of two small mammal species, the yellow-necked fieldmouse (Apodemus flavicollis) and the Woodmouse (Apodemus sylvaticus) in the Western Palearctic region. Heredity 2005, 94:52-63.
92. Moigne A.-M., Barsky R. Large mammal assemblages from Lower Palaeolithic sites in France: La Caune de l'Arago, Terra Amata, Orgnac 3 and Cagny l'Epinette. The Role of Early Humans in the Accumulation of European Lower and Middle Palaeolithic Bone Assemblages 1999, 219-235. Habelt, Bonn. S. Gaudzinski, E. Turner (Eds.).
93. Montoya P., Alberdi M.T., Bl.azquez A.M., Barbadillo J.L., Fumanal M.P., Made J.v.d., Maríb J.M., Molina A., Morales J., Murelaga X., Peñalver E., Robles F., Ruiz bustos A., Sánchez A., Sanchiz B., Soria D., Szyndlar Z. La fauna del pleistoceno inferior de la sierra de quibas (abanilla, murcia). Estudios Geológicos 1999, 55:127-161.
94. Montoya P., Alberdi M.T., Barbadillo L.J., Made J.v.d., Morales J., Murelaga X., Peñalver E., Robles F., Ruiz Bustos A.R., Sánnchez A., Sanchiz B., Soria D., Szyndlar Z. Une faune très diversifiée du pléistocène inférieur de la sierra de quibas (province de murcia, espagne). Comte Rendue de la Academie de Sciences. paris. Sciences de kla Terre et del planètes. 2001, 332:387-393.
95. Moreno D. Datation par esr de quartz Optiquement Blanchis (esr-ob) de la région de Atapuerca (Burgos, Espagne).Application au site Préhistorique de Gran Dolina (contexte karstique) et aux Systèmes Fluviatiles Quaternaires de l'Arlanzón et l'Arlanza 2011, Universitat Rovira i virgili, Tarragona.
96. Nieto M., Hortal J., Martínez-Maza C., Morales J., Ortiz-Jaureguizar E., Pelaez-Campomanes P., Pickford M., Prado J.L., Rodríguez J., Senut B., Soria D., Varela S. Historical determinants of mammal diversity in Africa: evolution of Mammalian body mass distribution in Africa and South America during Neogene and Quarternary times. African Biodiversity - Molecules, Organisms, Ecosystems, Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Tropical Biology 2005, 287-295. Springer, ed. B.A. Huber, B.J. Sinclair, K.-H. Lampe (Eds.).
97. Olive F. Evolution of Plio Pleistocene larger Carnivores in Africa and Western Europe. Évolution des grands Carnivores au Plio Pléistocène en Afrique et en Europe occidentale 2006, 110:850-869.
98. O'Regan H.J., Turner A., Wilkinson D.M. European Quaternary refugia: a factor in large carnivore extinction?. Journal of Quaternary Science 2002, 17:789-795.
99. Owen-Smith N., Mills M.G.L. Predator-prey size relationships in an African large-mammal food web. Journal of Animal Ecology 2008, 77:173-183.
100. Palmqvist P., Arribas A. Taphonomic decoding of the paleobiological information locked in a lower Pleistocene assemblage of large mammals. Paleobiology 2001, 27:512-530.
101. Palmqvist P., Martínez-Navarro B., Arribas A. Prey selection by terrestrial carnivores in a lower Pleistocene Paleocommunity. Paleobiology 1996, 349:514-534.
102. Palmqvist P., Arribas A., Martínez Navarro B. Ecomorphological study of large canids from the lower Pleistocene of southern Spain. Lethaia 1999, 75-88.
103. 18O, Sr: Zn) and ecomorphological approaches. Paleobiology 2003, 29:205-229.
104. Palmqvist P., Pérez-Claros J.A., Janis C.M., Gröcke D.R. Tracing the ecophysiology of ungulates and predator-prey relationships in an early Pleistocene large mammal community. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2008, 266:95-111.
105. Palmqvist P., Martínez-Navarro B., Pérez-Claros J.A., Torregrosa V., Figueirido B., Jiménez-Arenas J.M., Patrocinio Espigares M., Ros-Montoya S., De Renzi M. The giant hyena Pachycrocuta brevirostris: modelling the bone-cracking behavior of an extinct carnivore. Quaternary International 2011, 243:61-79.
106. Palombo M.R. A scenario of human dispersal in the northwestern Mediterranean throughout the Early to Middle Pleistocene. Quaternary International 2010, 223-224:179-194.
107. Palombo M.R., Valli A.M.F. Remarks on the biochronology of mammalian faunal complexes from the pliocene to the middle pleistocene in france. Geologica Romana 2003-2004, 37:145-163.
108. Palombo M.R., Mussi M. Large mammal guilds at the time of the first human colonization of Europe: the case of the Italian Pleistocene record. Quaternary International 2006, 149:94-103.
109. Palombo M.R., Sardella R. Biochronology and biochron boundaries: a real dilemma or a false problem? An example based on the Pleistocene large mammalian faunas from Italy. Quaternary International 2007, 160:30-42.
110. Palombo M.R., Azanza B., Alberdi M.T. Italian mammal biochronology from the latest miocene to the middle pleistocene: a multivariate approach. Geologica Romana 2000-2002, 36:335-368.
111. Palombo M.R., Valli A.F.M., Kostopoulos D.S., Alberdi M.T., Spassov N., Vislobokova I. Similarity relationships between the Pliocene to middle Pleistocene large mammal faunas of Southern Europe from Spain to the Balkans and the North Pontic region. Late Neogene and Quaternary biodiversity and evolution: regional developments and interregional correlations. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 2006, 256:329-347.
112. Palombo M.R., Mussi M., Agostini S., Barbieri M., Di Canzio E., Di Rita F., Fiore I., Iacumin P., Magri D., Speranza F., Tagliacozzo A. Human peopling of Italian intramontane basins: the early Middle Pleistocene site of Pagliare di Sassa (L'Aquila, central Italy). Quaternary International 2010, 223-224:170-178.
113. Pascual M., Dunne J.A. Ecological Networks Linking Structure to Dynamics in Food Webs 2006, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
114. Perez-Claros J.A., Palmqvist P. How many potential prey species account for the bulk of the diet of mammalian predators? Implications for stable isotope paleodietary analyses. Journal of Zoology 2008, 275:9-17.
115. Pickering T.R. Taphonomy of the Swartkrans hominid postcrania and its bearing on issues of meat-eating and fire management. Meat-Eating and Human Evolution 2001, 33-51. Oxford University Press, Oxford. C.B. Standford, H.T. Bunn (Eds.).
116. Pimm S.L., Lawton J.H.C., J. E. Food web patterns and their consequences. Nature 1991, 350:669-674.
117. Pla-Pueyo S., Viseras C., Soria J.M., Tent-Manclús J.E., Arribas A. A stratigraphic framework for the Pliocene-Pleistocene continental sediments of the Guadix Basin (Betic Cordillera, S. Spain). Quaternary International 2011, 243:16-32.
118. Prado J.L., Alberdi M.T., Azanza B., Rodríguez J. Patterns of body-size change in large mammals during the Late Cenozoic in the Northwestern Mediterranean. Miscelánea en Homenaje a Emiliano Aguirre 2004, 464-479. Museo Arqueológico Regional, Alcalá de Henares. E. Baquedano (Ed.).
119. Radloff F.G.T., Du Toit J.T. Large predators and their prey in a southern African savanna: a predator's size determines its prey size range. Journal of Animal Ecology 2004, 73:410-423.
120. Raia P., Meloro C., Barbera C. Inconstancy in predator/prey ratios in Quaternary large mammal communities of Italy, with an appraisal of mechanisms. Quaternary Research 2007, 67:255-263.
121. Raia P., Carotenuto F., Meloro C., Piras P., Barbera C., Kotsakis T. More than three million years of community evolution. The temporal and geographical resolution of the plio-pleistocene western eurasia mammal faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology. Palaeoecology 2009, 276:15-23.
122. Rautenbach I.L. Ecological distribution of the mammals of the Transvaal (Vertebrata: Mammalia). Annals of the Transvaal Museum 1978, 31:131-156.
123. Robinson J.G., Redford K.H. Body size, diet and population density of neotropical forest mammals. The American Naturalist 1986, 128:665-680.
124. Rodgers W.A., Homewood K.M. Species richness and endemism in the Usambara Mountain forests, Tanzania. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 1981, 18:197-205.
125. Rodríguez J. Structure de la communauté de mammifères pléistocenes de Gran Dolina (Sierra de Atapuerca, Burgos, Espagne). L'Anthropologie 2001, 105:131-157.
126. Rodríguez J. Structural continuity and multiple alternative stable states in Middle Pleistocene European mammalian communities. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2006, 239:355-373.
127. Rodríguez J., Alberdi M.T., Azanza B., Prado J.L. Body size structure in North-western Mediterranean plio-pleistocene mammalian faunas. Global Ecology and Biogeography 2004, 13:163-176.
128. Rodríguez J., Burjachs F., Cuenca-Bescós G., García N., Van der Made J., Pérez González A., Blain H.A., Expósito I., López-García J.M., García Antón M., Allué E., Cáceres I., Huguet R., Mosquera M., Ollé A., Rosell J., Parés J.M., Rodríguez X.P., Díez C., Rofes J., Sala R., Saladié P., Vallverdú J., Bennasar M.L., Blasco R., Bermúdez de Castro J.M., Carbonell E. One million years of cultural evolution in a stable environment at Atapuerca (Burgos, Spain). Quaternary Science Reviews 2011, 30:1396-1412.
129. Rodríguez-Gómez, G., Rodríguez, J., Mateos, A., Martín-González, J.A., Goikoetxea, I., in press. Food web structure in the European Pleistocene. Journal of Taphonomy.
130. Roebroeks W. Hominid behaviour and the earliest occupation of Europe: an exploration. Journal of Human Evolution 2001, 41:437-461.
131. Rook L. The wide ranging genus Eucyon Tedford & Qiu, 1996 (mammalia, carnivora, canidae, canini) in the mio-pliocene of the old world. Geodiversitas 2009, 31:723-741.
132. Saladié P., Huguet R., Díez C., Rodríguez-Hidalgo A., Cáceres I., Vallverdú J., Rosell J., Bermúdez de Castro J.M., Carbonell E. Carcass transport decisions in Homo antecessor subsistence strategies. Journal of Human Evolution 2011, 61:425-446.
133. Salnicki J., Teichmann M., Wilson V.J., Murindagomo F. Spotted hyaenas Crocuta crocuta prey on new-born elephant calves in Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe. Koedoe 2001, 44:79-83.
134. Scott G.R., Gibert L. The oldest hand-axes in europe. Nature 2009, 461:82-85.
135. Sillero-Zubiri C. Family Canidae (Dogs). Handbook of the mammals of the world 2009, 352-447. Lynx Ediciones, Barcelona. D.E. Wilson, R.A. Mittermeier (Eds.).
136. Sinclair A.R.E. Mammal population regulation, keystone processes and ecosystem dynamics. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 2003, 358:1729-1740.
137. Sirakov N., Guadelli J.L., Ivanova S., Sirakova S., Boudadi-Maligne M., Dimitrova I., Ph F., Ferrier C., Guadelli A., Iordanova D., Iordanova N., Kovatcheva M., Krumov I., Leblanc J.C., Miteva V., Popov V., Spassov R., Taneva S., Tsanova T. An ancient continuous human presence in the Balkans and the beginnings of human settlement in western Eurasia: a Lower Pleistocene example of the Lower Palaeolithic levels in Kozarnika cave (North-western Bulgaria). Quaternary International 2010, 223-224:94-106.
138. Spassov N. The Plio-Pleistocene vertebrate fauna in South_eastern Europe and the megafaunal migratory waves from the east to Europe. Revue Paléobiologie, Genève 2003, 22:197-229.
139. Speth J.D. The Paleoanthropology and Archaeology of Big-Game Hunting 2010, Springer.
140. Stanley S.M. An explanation for Cope's rule. Evolution 1973, 27:1-26.
141. Stiner M.C. Overlaping species choice by italian upper pleistocene predators. Current Anthropology 1992, 33:433-451.
142. Sunquist M.E., Sunquist F.C. Family Felidae (Cats). Handbook of the Mammals of the World 2009, 54-169. Lynx Ediciones, Barcelona. D.E. Wilson, R.A. Mittermeier (Eds.).
143. Swynnerton G.H. Fauna of the Serengeti National Park. Mammalia 1958, 22:435-450.
144. Tilson R., Henschel J. Prey selection by spotted hyaena (Crocuta crocuta) in the Namib Desert. Madoquoa 1980, 12:41-49.
145. Torre D., Ficcarelli G., Masini F., Rook L., Sala B. Mammal dispersal events in the early pleistocene of western europe. Courier Forsch. Inst. Senkenberg 1992, 153:51-58.
146. Turner A. Large carnivores and earliest European hominids: changing determinants of resource availability during the lower and middle Pleistocene. Journal of Human Evolution 1992, 22:109-126.
147. Turner A. Villafranchian-Galerian larger carnivores of Europe: dispersions and extinctions. Courier. Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 1992, 153:153-160.
148. Turner A. The evolution of the guild of large Carnivora of the British Isles during the Middle and Late Pleistocene. Journal of Quaternary Science 2009, 24:991-1005.
149. Turner A., Antón M. The Big Cats and their Fossil Relatives 1996, Columbia University Press, New York.
150. Turner A., Antón M. The gyant hyaena Pachycrocuta brevirrostris (Mammalia, Carnivora Hyaenidae). Geobios 1996, 29:455-468.
151. Turner A., Antón M. Climate and evolution: implications of some extinction patterns in African and European machairodontinae cats of the plio-Pleistocene. Estudios Geológicos 1998, 54:209-230.
152. Turner A., Antón A.C., Werdelin L. Taxonomy and evolutionary patterns in the fossil hyaenidae of Europe. Geobios 2008, 41:677-687.
153. Ungar P.S., Grine F.E., Teaford M.F. Diet in Early Homo: a review of the evidence and a new model of adaptive versatility. Annual Review of Anthropology 2006, 35:209-228.
154. Viret J. Le loess à bancs durcis de Saint-Vallier (DrÔme) et sa faune de mammifères villafranchiens. Nouvelles Archives du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle de Lyon 1954, 4:1-200.
155. Viseras C., Soria J.M., Duran J.J., Pla S., Garrido G., Garcia-Garcia F., Arribas A. A large-mammal site in a meandering fluvial context (Fonelas P-1, Late Pliocene, Guadix Basin, Spain): sedimentological keys for its paleoenvironmental reconstruction. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2006, 242:139-168.
156. Weers D.J.v The porcupine Hystrix refossa Gervais, 1852 from the Plio-Pleistocene of Europe, with notes on other fossil and extant species of the genus Hystrix. Scripta Geologica 1994, 106:35-52.
157. Yoshida K. Intra-clade predation facilitates the evolution of larger body size. Ecological Modelling 2006, 196:533-539.
158. Young T.P., Evans M.R. Alpine Vertebrates of Mount Kenya, with particular notes on the Rock Hyrax. Journal of the East Africa Natural History Society and National Museum 1993, 82:55-79.