Climate, vegetation, and predictable gradients in mammal species richness in southern Africa

Journal of Zoology

Volumn 251, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 205-231

  Andrews, Peter ^a   O'Brien, Eileen M ^b  

^a DEPARTMENT OF LIFE SCIENCES   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Ecology; Environment; Palaeoecology; Species diversity

Indexed keywords

CLIMATE; MAMMAL; SPATIAL VARIATION; SPECIES RICHNESS; VEGETATION;

SOUTH AFRICA;

EID: 0034214386     PISSN: 09528369     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0952836900006075     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. Abramsky, Z. & Rosenzweig, M. L. (1984). Tilman's predicted productivity-diversity relationship shown by desert rodents. Nature (Lond.) 309: 150-151.
2. Andrews, P. (1990). Owls, caves and fossils. London: Natural History Museum.
3. Andrews, P. (1996). Palaeoecology and hominoid palaeoenvironments. Biol. Rev 71: 257-300.
4. Andrews, P., Lord, J. & Evans, E. M. N. (1979). Patterns of ecological diversity in fossil and modern mammalian faunas. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 11: 177-205.
5. Avery, D. M. (1993). Last interglacial and Holocene altithermal environments in South Africa and Namibia: micromammalian evidence. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol 101: 221-228.
6. Axelrod, D. I. (1992). What is an equable climate? Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 91: 1-12.
7. Begon, M., Harper, J. L. & Townsend, C. R. (1990). Ecology: individuals, populations and communities. Sunderland: Sinaur.
8. Coates Palgrave, K. (1983). Trees of Southern Africa. Cape Town: Struik.
9. Cowling, R. M., Richardson, D. M. & Pierce, S. M. (1997). Vegetation of Southern Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
10. Cowling, R. M., Rundel, P. W., Desmet, P. G. & Esler, K. J. (1998). Extraordinary high regional-scale diversity in southern African arid lands: subcontinental and global comparisons. Diversity Distributions 4: 27-36.
11. Crowley, T. J. & North, G. R. (1991). Paleoclimatology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
12. Currie, D. J. (1991). Energy and large-scale patterns of animal-and plant-species richness. Am. Nat. 137: 27-49.
13. Currie, D. J. & Paquin, V. (1987). Large scale biogeographic patterns of species richness in trees. Nature 329: 326-327.
14. DeMenocal, P. B. & Bloemendal, J. (1995). Plio-Pleistocene climatic variability in subtropical Africa and the paleoenvironment of hominid evolution. In Paleoclimate and evolution: 263-288. Vrba, E. S., Denton, G. H., Partridge, T. C. & Burckle, L. H. (Eds). New Haven: Yale University Press.
15. Faunmap (1996). Spatial response of mammals to Late Quaternary environmental fluctuations. Science 272: 1601-1606.
16. Fleming, T. H. (1973). Numbers of mammal species in north and central American forest communities. Ecology 54: 555-563.
17. Fowler, C. W. & MacMahon, J. A. (1982). Selective extinction and speciation: their influence on the structure and functioning of communities and ecosystems. Am. Nat. 119: 480-498.
18. Frandsen, R. (1992). Southern Africa's, mammals: a field guide. Sandton: Frandsen.
19. Fraser, R. H. (1998). Vertebrate species richness at the mesoscale: relative roles of energy and heterogeneity. Global Ecol. Biogeogr. 7: 215-220.
20. Gibbs Russell, G. E. (1985). Analysis of the size and composition of the southern African flora. Bothalia 15: 613-630.
21. Giller, P. S. (1984). Community structure and the niche. London: Chapman & Hall.
22. Grand, T. I. (1990). The functional anatomy of body mass. In Body size in mammalian paleobiology: 39-48. Damuth, J. & MacFadden, B. J. (Eds). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
23. Griffiths, J. F. (1976). Climate and the environment. Boulder: Westview Press.
24. Hadley, N. F. (1980). Productivity of desert ecosystems. West Palm Beach: Chemical Rubber Company Press.
25. Janis, C. (1988). An estimation of tooth volume and hypsodonty indices in ungulate mammals, and the correlation of these factors with dietary preference. Mem. Mus. Natl Hist. Nat. Ser. C Sci. Terre 53: 367-387.
26. Kerr, J. T. & Packer, L. (1997). Habitat heterogeneity as a determinant of mammal species richness in high-energy regions. Nature (Lond.) 385: 252-254.
27. Kingdon, J. (1997). The Kingdon field guide to African mammals. London: Academic Press.
28. 12C ratios of grazers at Equus Cave, South Africa. Quat. Res. 43: 426-432.
29. MacArthur, R. H. (1964). Environmental factors affecting bird species diversity. Am. Nat. 98: 387-397.
30. MacArthur, R. H. (1965). Patterns of species diversity. Biol. Rev. 40: 510-533.
31. MacArthur, R. H. & MacArthur, J. W. (1961). On bird species diversity. Ecology 42: 594-598.
32. Maiorana, V. C. (1990). Evolutionary strategies and body size in a guild of mammals. In Body size in mammalian paleobiology: 69-102. Damuth, J. & MacFadden, B. J. (Eds). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
33. Martin, R. A. (1990). Estimating body mass and correlated variables in extinct mammals: travels in the fourth dimension. In Body size in mammalian paleobiology: 49-68. Damuth, J. & MacFadden, B. J. (Eds). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
34. May, R. M. (1976). Theoretical ecology. Philadelphia: Saunders.
35. May, R. M. (1978). The dynamics and diversity of insect faunas. In Diversity of insect faunas: 188-204. Mound, L. A. & Waloff, N. (Eds). Symp. R. Entomol. Soc. No. 9. Oxford: Blackwell.
36. May, R. M. (1978). The dynamics and diversity of insect faunas. In Diversity of insect faunas: 188-204. Mound, L. A. & Waloff, N. (Eds). Symp. R. Entomol. Soc. No. 9. Oxford: Blackwell.
37. Mayr, E. (1963). Animal species and evolution. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
38. McNab, B. K. (1990). The physiological significance of body size. In Body size in mammalian paleobiology: 11-23. Damuth, J. & MacFadden, B. J. (Eds). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
39. O'Brien, E. M. (1993). Climatic gradients in woody plant species richness: towards an explanation based on an analysis of southern Africa's woody flora. J. Biogeogr. 20: 181-198.
40. O'Brien, E. M. (1998). Water-energy dynamics, climate and prediction of woody plant species richness: an interim general model. J. Biogeogr. 25: 379-398.
41. O'Brien, E. M., Whittaker, R. J. & Field, R. (1998). Climate and woody plant diversity in southern Africa: relationships at species genus and family levels. Ecography 21: 495-509.
42. Odum, E. P. (1983). Basic ecology. New York: Holt Saunders.
43. Pianka, E. R. (1966). Latitudinal gradients in species diversity: a review of concepts. Am. Nat. 100: 33-46.
44. Rosen, B. R. (1981). The tropical high diversity enigma - the corals'-eye view. In Chance, change and challenge. The evolving biosphere: 103-129. Forey, P. L. (Ed.). London: British Natural History Museum.
45. Rosen, B. R. (1984). Reef coral biogeography and climate through the late Cainozoic: just islands in the sun or a critical pattern of islands? Geol. J. spec. Issues 11: 201-262.
46. Rosenzweig, M. L. (1968). Net primary productivity of terrestrial environments: predictions from climatological data. Am. Nat. 102: 67-84.
47. Rosenzweig, M. L. (1997). Species diversity in space and time. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
48. Ruddiman, W. F., McIntyre, A. & Raymo, M. (1986). Matyuama 41,000 year cycles North Atlantic Ocean and northern hemisphere ice sheets. Earth Planet Sci. Lett. 80: 117-129.
49. Sanders, H. L. (1968). Marine benthic diversity: a comparative study. Am. Nat. 102: 243-282.
50. Schulz, R. E. & McGee, O. S. (1977). Climatic indices and classifications in relation to the biogeography of southern Africa. In Biogeography and ecology of Southern Africa: 21-60. Werger, M. J. A. (Ed.). The Hague: W. Junk.
51. Seely, M. K. & Louw, G. N. (1980). First approximation of the effects of rainfall on the ecology and energetics of a Namibia desert dune ecosystem. J. Arid Environ. 3: 25-54.
52. Shackleton, N. (1995). New data on the evolution of Pliocene climatic variability. In Paleoclimate and evolution: 242-248. Vrba, E. S., Denton, G. H., Partridge, T. C. & Burckle, L. H. (Eds). New Haven: Yale University Press.
53. Shackleton, N. & Kennett, J. P. (1975). Paleotemperature history of the Cenozoic and the initiation of Antarctic glaciation: oxygen and carbon isotope analyses in DSDP Sites 277, 279 and 281. Initial Rep. Deep Sea Drill Project 29: 743-756.
54. Shepherd, U. L. (1998). A comparison of species diversity and morphological diversity across the North American latitudinal gradient. J. Biogeogr. 25: 19-29.
55. Simpson, G. G. (1964). Species diversity of North American recent mammals. Syst. Zool. 13: 57-73.
56. Smithers, R. H. N. (1983). The mammals of the Southern African subregion. Pretoria: Pretoria University.
57. Stuart, C. & Stuart, T. (1988). Field guide to the mammals of Southern Africa. London: New Holland.
58. Thiery, R. G. (1982). Environmental instability and community diversity. Biol. Rev. 57: 671-710.
59. Thornthwaite, C. W. & Mather, J. R. (1955). The water balance. Publ. Climatol. No. 8. Centerton, NJ: Laboratory of Climatology,
60. Thornthwaite, C. W. & Mather, J. R. (1962). Average climatic water balance data of the continents. Part I. Africa. Publ. Climatol. No. 15. Centerton, NJ: Laboratory of Climatology.
61. Tyson, P. D. (1986). Climatic change and variability in southern Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
62. Van der Heijden, M. G. A., Klironomos, J. N., Ursic, M., Moutoglis, P., Streitwolf-Engel, R., Boller, T., Wiemken, A. & Sanders, I. (1998). Mycorrhizal fungal diversity determines plant biodiversity ecosystem variability and productivity. Nature (Lond.) 396: 69-72.
63. Van Valen, L. (1973). Body size and numbers of plants and mammals. Evolution 27: 27-35.
64. Van Valen, L. (1975). Group selection, sex and fossils. Evol. Theory 1: 1-30.
65. Vrba, E. S. (1985). Environment and evolution: alternative causes of the temporal distribution of evolutionary events. S. Afr. J. Sci. 81: 229-236.
66. Vrba, E. S. (1995). On the connections between paleoclimate and evolution. In Paleoclimate and evolution: 24-45. Vrba, E. S., Denton, G. H., Partridge, T. C. & Burckle, L. H. (Eds). New Haven: Yale University Press.
67. White, F. (1981). Vegetation map of Africa. Paris: UNESCO/ AETFAT/UNESCO.
68. White, F. (1983). The vegetation of Africa: a descriptive memoir to accompany the UNESCO/AETFAT/UNSO vegetation map of Africa. Paris: UNESCO.
69. Wilson, E. E. & Reeder, D. M. (1992). Mammal species of the World. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.
70. Wright, D. H. (1983). Species-energy theory: an extension of species-area theory. Oikos 41: 496-506.