메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 67, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 255-263

Inconstancy in predator/prey ratios in Quaternary large mammal communities of Italy, with an appraisal of mechanisms

Author keywords

Alternative community states; Large mammals; Megaherbivores; Paleocommunities; Predation; Predator prey ratio; Quaternary

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL COMMUNITY; CONSTANCY; MAMMAL; PALEOECOLOGY; PREDATION; PREDATOR-PREY INTERACTION; QUATERNARY;

EID: 33846906003     PISSN: 00335894     EISSN: 10960287     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.yqres.2006.10.005     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (38)

References (75)
  • 1
    • 0034503328 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The evolution of predator-prey interactions: theory and evidence
    • Abrams P.A. The evolution of predator-prey interactions: theory and evidence. Annual Review in Ecology and Systematics 31 (2000) 79-105
    • (2000) Annual Review in Ecology and Systematics , vol.31 , pp. 79-105
    • Abrams, P.A.1
  • 2
    • 0034255819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The nature of predation: prey dependent, ratio dependent or neither?
    • Abrams P.A., and Ginzburg L.R. The nature of predation: prey dependent, ratio dependent or neither?. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 15 (2000) 337-341
    • (2000) Trends in Ecology and Evolution , vol.15 , pp. 337-341
    • Abrams, P.A.1    Ginzburg, L.R.2
  • 3
    • 0030390388 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Positive indirect effects between prey species that share predators
    • Abrams P.A., and Matsuda H. Positive indirect effects between prey species that share predators. Ecology 77 (1996) 610-616
    • (1996) Ecology , vol.77 , pp. 610-616
    • Abrams, P.A.1    Matsuda, H.2
  • 5
    • 0030595819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Constant extinction, constrained diversification, and uncoordinated stasis in North American mammals
    • Alroy J. Constant extinction, constrained diversification, and uncoordinated stasis in North American mammals. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 127 (1996) 285-311
    • (1996) Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology , vol.127 , pp. 285-311
    • Alroy, J.1
  • 6
    • 0000142805 scopus 로고
    • Species densities of predators and their prey
    • Arnold S.J. Species densities of predators and their prey. American Naturalist 106 (1972) 220-236
    • (1972) American Naturalist , vol.106 , pp. 220-236
    • Arnold, S.J.1
  • 7
    • 0021090046 scopus 로고
    • Quaternary mammals and the "end-Villafranchian" event-A turning point in the history of Eurasia
    • Azzaroli A. Quaternary mammals and the "end-Villafranchian" event-A turning point in the history of Eurasia. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 44 (1983) 117-139
    • (1983) Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology , vol.44 , pp. 117-139
    • Azzaroli, A.1
  • 9
    • 0028333344 scopus 로고
    • Diet, physiology and ecology of fossil mammals as inferred from stable carbon and nitrogen isotope biogeochemistry: implications for Pleistocene bears
    • Bocherens H., Fizet M., and Mariotti A. Diet, physiology and ecology of fossil mammals as inferred from stable carbon and nitrogen isotope biogeochemistry: implications for Pleistocene bears. Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology, Paleoecology 107 (1994) 213-225
    • (1994) Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology, Paleoecology , vol.107 , pp. 213-225
    • Bocherens, H.1    Fizet, M.2    Mariotti, A.3
  • 11
    • 0023775963 scopus 로고
    • The range-through method and first-last appearance data in paleontological surveys
    • Boltovskoy D. The range-through method and first-last appearance data in paleontological surveys. Journal of Paleontology 62 (1988) 157-159
    • (1988) Journal of Paleontology , vol.62 , pp. 157-159
    • Boltovskoy, D.1
  • 12
    • 0012243512 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dispersal distance of mammals is proportional to home range size
    • Bowman J., Jaeger J.A.G., and Fahrig L. Dispersal distance of mammals is proportional to home range size. Ecology 83 (2002) 2049-2055
    • (2002) Ecology , vol.83 , pp. 2049-2055
    • Bowman, J.1    Jaeger, J.A.G.2    Fahrig, L.3
  • 13
    • 0033581877 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Energetic constraints on the diet of terrestrial carnivores
    • Carbone C., Mace G.M., Roberts C.S., and Macdonald D.W. Energetic constraints on the diet of terrestrial carnivores. Nature 402 (1999) 286-288
    • (1999) Nature , vol.402 , pp. 286-288
    • Carbone, C.1    Mace, G.M.2    Roberts, C.S.3    Macdonald, D.W.4
  • 14
    • 0032813172 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What size were Arctodus simus and Ursus spelaeus (Carnivora: Ursidae)?
    • Christiansen P. What size were Arctodus simus and Ursus spelaeus (Carnivora: Ursidae)?. Annales Zoologici Fennici 36 (1999) 93-102
    • (1999) Annales Zoologici Fennici , vol.36 , pp. 93-102
    • Christiansen, P.1
  • 15
    • 1942440868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Body size in proboscideans, with notes on elephant metabolism
    • Christiansen P. Body size in proboscideans, with notes on elephant metabolism. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 140 (2004) 523-549
    • (2004) Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society , vol.140 , pp. 523-549
    • Christiansen, P.1
  • 16
    • 0000806408 scopus 로고
    • Ratio of prey to predators in community food webs
    • Cohen J.E. Ratio of prey to predators in community food webs. Nature 270 (1977) 165-167
    • (1977) Nature , vol.270 , pp. 165-167
    • Cohen, J.E.1
  • 17
    • 0141538146 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Elephants versus butterflies: the ecological role of large herbivores in the evolutionary history of two tropical worlds
    • Cristoffer C., and Peres C.A. Elephants versus butterflies: the ecological role of large herbivores in the evolutionary history of two tropical worlds. Journal of Biogeography 30 (2003) 1357-1380
    • (2003) Journal of Biogeography , vol.30 , pp. 1357-1380
    • Cristoffer, C.1    Peres, C.A.2
  • 18
    • 33845252702 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do marsupials make good predators? Insights from predator-prey diversity ratios
    • Croft D. Do marsupials make good predators? Insights from predator-prey diversity ratios. Evolutionary Ecology Research 8 7 (2006) 1193-1214
    • (2006) Evolutionary Ecology Research , vol.8 , Issue.7 , pp. 1193-1214
    • Croft, D.1
  • 20
    • 0034471322 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Origination and extinction components of taxonomic diversity: general problems
    • Erwin D.H., and Wing S.L. (Eds)
    • Foote M. Origination and extinction components of taxonomic diversity: general problems. In: Erwin D.H., and Wing S.L. (Eds). Deep Time. Paleobiology Supp. vol. 26 (2000) 74-102
    • (2000) Deep Time. Paleobiology Supp. , vol.26 , pp. 74-102
    • Foote, M.1
  • 21
    • 0036944843 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Megaherbivores influence trophic guilds structure in African ungulate communities
    • Fritz H., Duncan P., Gordon I.J., and Illius A.W. Megaherbivores influence trophic guilds structure in African ungulate communities. Oecologia 131 (2002) 620-625
    • (2002) Oecologia , vol.131 , pp. 620-625
    • Fritz, H.1    Duncan, P.2    Gordon, I.J.3    Illius, A.W.4
  • 22
    • 0002504455 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Provinciality, diversity, turnover and paleoecology in land mammal faunas of the later Miocene of western Eurasia
    • Bernor R., Fahlbusch V., and Mittmann W. (Eds), Columbia Univ. Press
    • Fortelius M., Werdelin L., Andrews P., Bernor R., Gentry L., Humphrey A., Mittmann L., and Viranta W. Provinciality, diversity, turnover and paleoecology in land mammal faunas of the later Miocene of western Eurasia. In: Bernor R., Fahlbusch V., and Mittmann W. (Eds). The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (1996), Columbia Univ. Press 414-448
    • (1996) The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas , pp. 414-448
    • Fortelius, M.1    Werdelin, L.2    Andrews, P.3    Bernor, R.4    Gentry, L.5    Humphrey, A.6    Mittmann, L.7    Viranta, W.8
  • 24
    • 0027100648 scopus 로고
    • Predator:non-predator ratios in beetle assemblages
    • Gaston K.J., Warren P.H., and Hammond P.M. Predator:non-predator ratios in beetle assemblages. Oecologia 90 (1992) 417-421
    • (1992) Oecologia , vol.90 , pp. 417-421
    • Gaston, K.J.1    Warren, P.H.2    Hammond, P.M.3
  • 25
    • 49649151719 scopus 로고
    • The relation of social evolution and dispersal in ungulates during the Pleistocene, with emphasis on the Old World Deer and the genus Bison
    • Geist V. The relation of social evolution and dispersal in ungulates during the Pleistocene, with emphasis on the Old World Deer and the genus Bison. Quaternary Research 1 (1971) 283-315
    • (1971) Quaternary Research , vol.1 , pp. 283-315
    • Geist, V.1
  • 27
    • 33846925996 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Descent, adaptation, adjustment: lessons from the Cervidae and other beasts
    • Vrba E.S., and Schaller G.B. (Eds), Yale Univ. Press
    • Geist V. Descent, adaptation, adjustment: lessons from the Cervidae and other beasts. In: Vrba E.S., and Schaller G.B. (Eds). Antelopes, Deer and Relatives (2000), Yale Univ. Press 180-188
    • (2000) Antelopes, Deer and Relatives , pp. 180-188
    • Geist, V.1
  • 28
    • 0022207328 scopus 로고
    • Carnivore body size: ecological and taxonomic correlates
    • Gittleman J.L. Carnivore body size: ecological and taxonomic correlates. Oecologia 67 (1985) 540-554
    • (1985) Oecologia , vol.67 , pp. 540-554
    • Gittleman, J.L.1
  • 29
    • 0035136088 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Origin and causes of the mammoth steppe: a story of cloud cover, woolly mammal tooth pits, buckles, and inside-out Beringia
    • Guthrie R.D. Origin and causes of the mammoth steppe: a story of cloud cover, woolly mammal tooth pits, buckles, and inside-out Beringia. Quaternary Science Reviews 20 (2001) 549-574
    • (2001) Quaternary Science Reviews , vol.20 , pp. 549-574
    • Guthrie, R.D.1
  • 30
    • 0009797355 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Body size, dispersal ability and compositional disharmony: the carnivore-dominated fauna of the Kuril Islands
    • Hoekstra H.E., and Fagan W.E. Body size, dispersal ability and compositional disharmony: the carnivore-dominated fauna of the Kuril Islands. Diversity and Distribution 4 (1998) 135-149
    • (1998) Diversity and Distribution , vol.4 , pp. 135-149
    • Hoekstra, H.E.1    Fagan, W.E.2
  • 31
    • 0003055035 scopus 로고
    • The significance of fossil ungulate communities as indicators of vegetation structure and climate
    • Brenchley P.J. (Ed), John Wiley and Sons, New York
    • Janis C.M. The significance of fossil ungulate communities as indicators of vegetation structure and climate. In: Brenchley P.J. (Ed). Fossils and Climate (1984), John Wiley and Sons, New York 85-104
    • (1984) Fossils and Climate , pp. 85-104
    • Janis, C.M.1
  • 32
    • 0034608819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Miocene ungulates and terrestrial primary productivity: where have all the browsers gone?
    • Janis C.M., Damuth J., and Theodor J. Miocene ungulates and terrestrial primary productivity: where have all the browsers gone?. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 97 (2000) 7899-7904
    • (2000) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , vol.97 , pp. 7899-7904
    • Janis, C.M.1    Damuth, J.2    Theodor, J.3
  • 33
    • 2642550142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The species richness of Miocene browsers, and implications for habitat type and primary productivity in the North American grassland biome
    • Janis C.M., Damuth J., and Theodor J. The species richness of Miocene browsers, and implications for habitat type and primary productivity in the North American grassland biome. Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology, Paleoecology 207 (2004) 371-398
    • (2004) Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology, Paleoecology , vol.207 , pp. 371-398
    • Janis, C.M.1    Damuth, J.2    Theodor, J.3
  • 34
    • 0022219002 scopus 로고
    • Predator-prey ratios in communities of freshwater invertebrates: the role of enemy free spaces
    • Jeffries M.J., and Lawton J.H. Predator-prey ratios in communities of freshwater invertebrates: the role of enemy free spaces. Freshwater Biology 15 (1985) 105-112
    • (1985) Freshwater Biology , vol.15 , pp. 105-112
    • Jeffries, M.J.1    Lawton, J.H.2
  • 35
    • 0034977703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ecology and macroecology of home range area
    • Kelt D.A., and VanVuren D.H. The ecology and macroecology of home range area. American Naturalist 157 (2001) 637-645
    • (2001) American Naturalist , vol.157 , pp. 637-645
    • Kelt, D.A.1    VanVuren, D.H.2
  • 36
    • 0022835013 scopus 로고
    • Carnivore size and Quaternary climatic change in Southern Africa
    • Klein R.G. Carnivore size and Quaternary climatic change in Southern Africa. Quaternary Research 26 (1986) 153-170
    • (1986) Quaternary Research , vol.26 , pp. 153-170
    • Klein, R.G.1
  • 37
    • 0024782287 scopus 로고
    • Glacial/Interglacial size variation in fossil spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) from Britain
    • Klein R.G., and Scott K. Glacial/Interglacial size variation in fossil spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) from Britain. Quaternary Research 32 (1989) 88-95
    • (1989) Quaternary Research , vol.32 , pp. 88-95
    • Klein, R.G.1    Scott, K.2
  • 38
    • 33846907019 scopus 로고
    • Mammalian Migration and dispersal events in the European quarternary
    • Koenigswald W.v., and Werdelin L. Mammalian Migration and dispersal events in the European quarternary. Courier Forschung-Institute (1992) 153
    • (1992) Courier Forschung-Institute , pp. 153
    • Koenigswald, W.v.1    Werdelin, L.2
  • 41
    • 0032435974 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crocodilian diversity in space and time: the role of climate in paleoecology and its implication for understanding K/T extinctions
    • Marwick P.J. Crocodilian diversity in space and time: the role of climate in paleoecology and its implication for understanding K/T extinctions. Paleobiology 24 (1998) 470-497
    • (1998) Paleobiology , vol.24 , pp. 470-497
    • Marwick, P.J.1
  • 42
    • 0028895842 scopus 로고
    • Mammalian generic diversity and turnover in the Late Paleocene and Early Eocene of the Bighorn and Crazy Mountains basins, Wyoming and Montana (USA)
    • Maas M.C., Anthony M.R.L., Gingerich P.D., Gunnell G.F., and Krause D.W. Mammalian generic diversity and turnover in the Late Paleocene and Early Eocene of the Bighorn and Crazy Mountains basins, Wyoming and Montana (USA). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 115 (1995) 181-207
    • (1995) Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology , vol.115 , pp. 181-207
    • Maas, M.C.1    Anthony, M.R.L.2    Gingerich, P.D.3    Gunnell, G.F.4    Krause, D.W.5
  • 43
    • 0030468229 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Calibrating the Ordovician Radiation of marine life: implications for Phanerozoic diversity trends
    • Miller A.I., and Foote M. Calibrating the Ordovician Radiation of marine life: implications for Phanerozoic diversity trends. Paleobiology 22 (1996) 304-309
    • (1996) Paleobiology , vol.22 , pp. 304-309
    • Miller, A.I.1    Foote, M.2
  • 44
    • 0022841114 scopus 로고
    • Food-web models that generate constant predator-prey ratios
    • Mithen S.J., and Lawton J.H. Food-web models that generate constant predator-prey ratios. Oecologia 69 (1986) 542-550
    • (1986) Oecologia , vol.69 , pp. 542-550
    • Mithen, S.J.1    Lawton, J.H.2
  • 45
    • 0023470877 scopus 로고
    • Pleistocene extinctions: the pivotal-role of megaherbivores
    • Owen-Smith N. Pleistocene extinctions: the pivotal-role of megaherbivores. Paleobiology 13 (1987) 351-362
    • (1987) Paleobiology , vol.13 , pp. 351-362
    • Owen-Smith, N.1
  • 47
    • 0030416663 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prey selection by terrestrial carnivores in a lower Pleistocene paleocommunity
    • Palmqvist P., Martínez-Navarro B., and Arribas A. Prey selection by terrestrial carnivores in a lower Pleistocene paleocommunity. Paleobiology 22 (1996) 514-534
    • (1996) Paleobiology , vol.22 , pp. 514-534
    • Palmqvist, P.1    Martínez-Navarro, B.2    Arribas, A.3
  • 48
    • 2342590766 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Large predators and their prey in a southern African savanna: a predator's size determines its prey size range
    • Radloff F.G.T., and Du Toit J.T. Large predators and their prey in a southern African savanna: a predator's size determines its prey size range. Journal of Animal Ecology 73 (2004) 410-423
    • (2004) Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.73 , pp. 410-423
    • Radloff, F.G.T.1    Du Toit, J.T.2
  • 49
    • 20344385800 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Turnover pulse or Red Queen? Evidence from the large mammal communities during the Plio-Pleistocene of Italy
    • Raia P., Piras P., and Kotsakis T. Turnover pulse or Red Queen? Evidence from the large mammal communities during the Plio-Pleistocene of Italy. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 221 (2005) 293-312
    • (2005) Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology , vol.221 , pp. 293-312
    • Raia, P.1    Piras, P.2    Kotsakis, T.3
  • 50
    • 32044451126 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Species occupancy and its course in the past, macroecological patterns in extinct communities
    • Raia P., Meloro C., Loy A., and Barbera C. Species occupancy and its course in the past, macroecological patterns in extinct communities. Evolutionary Ecology Research 8 (2006) 181-194
    • (2006) Evolutionary Ecology Research , vol.8 , pp. 181-194
    • Raia, P.1    Meloro, C.2    Loy, A.3    Barbera, C.4
  • 51
    • 33646483251 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection of Plio-Quaternary large mammal communities of Italy: integration to biochronology
    • Raia P., Piras P., and Kotsakis T. Detection of Plio-Quaternary large mammal communities of Italy: integration to biochronology. Quaternary Science Review 25 (2006) 846-854
    • (2006) Quaternary Science Review , vol.25 , pp. 846-854
    • Raia, P.1    Piras, P.2    Kotsakis, T.3
  • 52
    • 2042459999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Body size structure in north-western Mediterranean Plio-Pleistocene mammalian faunas
    • Rodriguez J., Alberdi M.T., Azanza B., and Prado J.L. Body size structure in north-western Mediterranean Plio-Pleistocene mammalian faunas. Global Ecology and Biogeography 13 (2004) 163-176
    • (2004) Global Ecology and Biogeography , vol.13 , pp. 163-176
    • Rodriguez, J.1    Alberdi, M.T.2    Azanza, B.3    Prado, J.L.4
  • 53
    • 0000589590 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The wolf-event in western Europe and the beginning of the Late Villafranchian
    • Rook L., and Torre D. The wolf-event in western Europe and the beginning of the Late Villafranchian. Neuse Jahrbuch, Geologie unt Palantologie Mh H 8 (1996) 495-501
    • (1996) Neuse Jahrbuch, Geologie unt Palantologie Mh H , vol.8 , pp. 495-501
    • Rook, L.1    Torre, D.2
  • 55
    • 84980178336 scopus 로고
    • Opportunistic predation on elephant calves
    • Ruggiero R.G. Opportunistic predation on elephant calves. African Journal of Ecology 29 (1991) 86-89
    • (1991) African Journal of Ecology , vol.29 , pp. 86-89
    • Ruggiero, R.G.1
  • 56
    • 0000755588 scopus 로고
    • Marine benthic diversity: a comparative study
    • Sanders H.L. Marine benthic diversity: a comparative study. American Naturalist 102 (1968) 243-282
    • (1968) American Naturalist , vol.102 , pp. 243-282
    • Sanders, H.L.1
  • 58
    • 0026268311 scopus 로고
    • On the trophic relations of insects: a food-web approach
    • Shoenly K., Beaver R.A., and Heumier T.A. On the trophic relations of insects: a food-web approach. American Naturalist 137 (1991) 597-638
    • (1991) American Naturalist , vol.137 , pp. 597-638
    • Shoenly, K.1    Beaver, R.A.2    Heumier, T.A.3
  • 59
    • 20444390680 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Direct experimental evidence for alternative stable states: a review
    • Shröder A., Persson L., and De Roos A.M. Direct experimental evidence for alternative stable states: a review. Oikos 110 (2005) 3-19
    • (2005) Oikos , vol.110 , pp. 3-19
    • Shröder, A.1    Persson, L.2    De Roos, A.M.3
  • 60
    • 0001306036 scopus 로고
    • Trophic structure determination and equilibrium in an arthropod community
    • Simberloff D. Trophic structure determination and equilibrium in an arthropod community. Ecology 57 (1976) 395-398
    • (1976) Ecology , vol.57 , pp. 395-398
    • Simberloff, D.1
  • 61
    • 0022222441 scopus 로고
    • Does interspecific competition or predation shape the African ungulate community?
    • Sinclair A.R.E. Does interspecific competition or predation shape the African ungulate community?. Journal of Animal Ecology 54 (1985) 899-918
    • (1985) Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.54 , pp. 899-918
    • Sinclair, A.R.E.1
  • 62
    • 1542304428 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adaptation, niche partitioning, and coexistence of African bovidae: clues to the past
    • Vrba E.S., and Schaller G.B. (Eds), Yale Univ. Press
    • Sinclair A.R.E. Adaptation, niche partitioning, and coexistence of African bovidae: clues to the past. In: Vrba E.S., and Schaller G.B. (Eds). Antelopes, Deer and Relatives (2000), Yale Univ. Press 247-260
    • (2000) Antelopes, Deer and Relatives , pp. 247-260
    • Sinclair, A.R.E.1
  • 63
    • 0141716808 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns of predation in a diverse predator-prey system
    • Sinclair A.R.E., Mduma S., and Brashares J.S. Patterns of predation in a diverse predator-prey system. Nature 425 (2003) 288-290
    • (2003) Nature , vol.425 , pp. 288-290
    • Sinclair, A.R.E.1    Mduma, S.2    Brashares, J.S.3
  • 64
    • 0034075510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are predators rare?
    • Spencer M. Are predators rare?. Oikos 89 (2000) 115-122
    • (2000) Oikos , vol.89 , pp. 115-122
    • Spencer, M.1
  • 65
    • 0033006616 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Species richness and the proportion of predatory animal species in temporary freshwater pools: relationships with habitat size and permanence
    • Spencer M., Blaustein L., Swaitz S., and Cohen J.E. Species richness and the proportion of predatory animal species in temporary freshwater pools: relationships with habitat size and permanence. Ecology Letters 2 (1999) 157-166
    • (1999) Ecology Letters , vol.2 , pp. 157-166
    • Spencer, M.1    Blaustein, L.2    Swaitz, S.3    Cohen, J.E.4
  • 66
    • 0031878610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reconstruing cave bear paleoecology from skeletons: a cross-disciplinary study of middle Pleistocene bears from Yarimburgaz Cave, Turkey
    • Stiner M., Achyuthan H., Arsebuck G., Howell F.C., Josephson S.C., Juell K.E., Pigati J., and Quade J. Reconstruing cave bear paleoecology from skeletons: a cross-disciplinary study of middle Pleistocene bears from Yarimburgaz Cave, Turkey. Paleobiology 24 (1998) 74-98
    • (1998) Paleobiology , vol.24 , pp. 74-98
    • Stiner, M.1    Achyuthan, H.2    Arsebuck, G.3    Howell, F.C.4    Josephson, S.C.5    Juell, K.E.6    Pigati, J.7    Quade, J.8
  • 67
    • 0024857298 scopus 로고
    • Scale invariance and food web properties
    • Sugihara G., Shoenly K., and Trombla A. Scale invariance and food web properties. Science 245 (1989) 48-52
    • (1989) Science , vol.245 , pp. 48-52
    • Sugihara, G.1    Shoenly, K.2    Trombla, A.3
  • 69
    • 84981554603 scopus 로고
    • The Villafranchian large carnivore guild: geographical distribution and structural evolution
    • Turner A. The Villafranchian large carnivore guild: geographical distribution and structural evolution. Il Quaternario 8 (1995) 349-356
    • (1995) Il Quaternario , vol.8 , pp. 349-356
    • Turner, A.1
  • 70
    • 0037029141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carnivore/non-carnivore ratios in northeastern Pacific marine gastropods
    • Valentine J.W., Roy K., and Jablonsky D. Carnivore/non-carnivore ratios in northeastern Pacific marine gastropods. Marine Ecology. Progress Series 228 (2002) 153-163
    • (2002) Marine Ecology. Progress Series , vol.228 , pp. 153-163
    • Valentine, J.W.1    Roy, K.2    Jablonsky, D.3
  • 71
    • 0024221537 scopus 로고
    • Trophic diversity in past and present guilds of large predatory mammals
    • Van Valkenburgh B. Trophic diversity in past and present guilds of large predatory mammals. Paleobiology 14 (1988) 155-173
    • (1988) Paleobiology , vol.14 , pp. 155-173
    • Van Valkenburgh, B.1
  • 72
    • 0027704443 scopus 로고
    • Historical diversity patterns in North American Large herbivores and carnivores
    • Ricklefs R.E., and Schluter D. (Eds), The University of Chicago Press, Chicago
    • Van Valkenburgh B., and Janis C.M. Historical diversity patterns in North American Large herbivores and carnivores. In: Ricklefs R.E., and Schluter D. (Eds). Species Diversity in Ecological Communities (1993), The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 330-340
    • (1993) Species Diversity in Ecological Communities , pp. 330-340
    • Van Valkenburgh, B.1    Janis, C.M.2
  • 73
    • 0022240412 scopus 로고
    • Empirical relationship between predator and prey size among terrestrial vertebrate predators
    • Vezina A. Empirical relationship between predator and prey size among terrestrial vertebrate predators. Oecologia 67 (1985) 555-565
    • (1985) Oecologia , vol.67 , pp. 555-565
    • Vezina, A.1
  • 75
    • 0029753728 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The myth of constant predator:prey ratios
    • Wilson J.B. The myth of constant predator:prey ratios. Oecologia 106 (1996) 272-276
    • (1996) Oecologia , vol.106 , pp. 272-276
    • Wilson, J.B.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.