Western Palaearctic palaeoenvironmental conditions during the Early and early Middle Pleistocene inferred from large mammal communities, and implications for hominin dispersal in Europe

Quaternary Science Reviews

Volumn 30, Issue 11-12, 2011, Pages 1368-1395

  Kahlke, Ralf Dietrich ^a   García, Nuria ^b,c   Kostopoulos, Dimitris S ^d   Lacombat, Frédéric ^e   Lister, Adrian M ^f   Mazza, Paul P A ^g   Spassov, Nikolai ^h   Titov, Vadim V ⁱ  

^a SENCKENBERG DEUTSCHES ENTOMOLOGISCHES INSTITUT   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID   (Spain)

^c INSTITUTO DE SALUD CARLOS III   (Spain)

^d ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY OF THESSALONIKI   (Greece)

^e Jardin Henri Vinay   (France)

^f DEPARTMENT OF LIFE SCIENCES   (United Kingdom)

^g UNIVERSITY OF FLORENCE   (Italy)

^h BULGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES   (Bulgaria)

ⁱ SOUTHERN SCIENTIFIC CENTER   (Russian Federation)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALTERNATING SEQUENCES; ATLANTIC OCEAN; CENTRAL EUROPE; CLIMATIC CYCLES; CLIMATIC FLUCTUATIONS; CLIMATIC VARIATION; CONTINENTAL WATERS; EASTERN EUROPE; ENVIRONMENTAL FLUCTUATIONS; ENVIRONMENTAL STIMULI; FORESTED LANDSCAPES; GEOGRAPHICAL POSITIONS; GLOBAL CLIMATES; GLOBAL TEMPERATURES; HABITAT DIVERSITY; HABITAT VARIABILITY; HIGH VARIABILITY; HOMININS; HUMAN EVOLUTION; INTERGLACIALS; KEY FACTORS; LAND MAMMALS; LARGE RIVER SYSTEM; MEDITERRANEAN SEA; PLEISTOCENE; SEASONALITY; SOUTH EASTERN EUROPE; SOUTHERN EUROPE; TEMPERATURE DECREASE; TEMPORAL PATTERN; TIME SPAN;

MAMMALS; WATER RESOURCES;

ECOSYSTEMS;

CLIMATE CYCLE; CLIMATE VARIATION; COLONIZATION; DISPERSAL; ENVIRONMENTAL GRADIENT; EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY; FOSSIL RECORD; GLOBAL CLIMATE; HABITAT STRUCTURE; HOMINID; INTERGLACIAL; MAMMAL; PALEARCTIC REGION; PALEOCLIMATE; PALEOECOLOGY; PALEOENVIRONMENT; PALEOTEMPERATURE; PLEISTOCENE; RESOURCE AVAILABILITY; RIVER SYSTEM; SEASONALITY; TERRAIN; WATER RESOURCE;

EUROPE; MEDITERRANEAN SEA;

MAMMALIA;

EID: 79957660851     PISSN: 02773791     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.07.020     Document Type: Article

References (249)

1. Adam K.D. Die mittelpleistozäne Säugetier-Fauna aus dem Heppenloch bei Gutenberg (Württemberg). Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde B 1975, 3:1-247.
2. Adam K.D., Bloos G., Ziegler R. Steinheim/Murr, N of Stuttgart - Locality of Homo steinheimensis. Field Trips on Special Topics 1995, 726-728. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, München. W. Schirmer (Ed.).
3. Agustí J., Lordkipanidze D. How " African" was the early human dispersal out of Africa?. Quaternary Science Reviews 2011, 30:1511-1524.
4. Agustí J., Moyà-Solà S. Les faunes de mammifères du Pléistocène inférieur et moyen de l'Espagne: implications biostratigraphiques. L'Anthropologie 1991, 95:753-764.
5. Agustí J., Moyá-Solà S. Mammalian dispersal events in the Spanish Pleistocene. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 1992, 153:69-77.
6. Alberdi M.T., Azanza B., Cerdeño E., Prado J.L. Similarity relationship between Mammal faunas and biochronology from Latest Miocene to Pleistocene in the Western Mediterranean area. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae 1997, 90:115-132.
7. Alberdi M.T., Alonso Diago M.A., Azanza B., Hoyos M., Morales J. Vertebrate taphonomy in circum-lake environments: three cases in the Guadix Baza Basin (Granada, Spain). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2001, 165:1-26.
8. Alexeeva L.I. Theriofauna Rannego Anthropogena Vostochnoy Evropy 1977, Nauka, Moscow, (in Russian).
9. Alexeeva L.I. Verkhnepleistotsenovaya Theriofauna Vostochnoj Evropy 1990, Nauka, Moscow, (in Russian).
10. Westbury Cave: The Natural History Museum Excavations 1976-1984 1999, Western Academic & Specialist Press Ltd., Bristol. P. Andrews, J. Cook, C.B. Stringer, A. Currant (Eds.).
11. Aouadi N. New data on the diversity of Elephants (Mammalia, Proboscidea) in the Early and early Middle Pleistocene of France. The World of Elephants. Proceedings of The First International Congress, Roma, 16-20 Ottobre 2001 2001, 81-84. Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Roma. G. Cavarretta, P. Gioia, M. Mussi, M.R. Palombo (Eds.).
12. Argant A. Les Carnivores du gisement pliocène supérieur (Villafranchien moyen) de Saint-Vallier (Drôme). Geobios 2004, 37:133-182.
13. Arribas A., Palmqvist P. Taphonomy and paleoecology of an assemblage of large mammals: Hyaenid activity in the Lower Pleistocene site at Venta Micena (Orce, Guadix-Baza Basin, Granada, Spain). Geobios 1998, 31(Suppl.):3-47.
14. Arribas A., Palmqvist P. Yacimientos paleontológicos de Orce-Venta Micena. Patrimonio Geológico de Andalucía 1999, 206-211. Enresa, Madrid. J.J. Durán, R. Nuche (Eds.).
15. Arribas A., Garrido G., Viseras C., Soria J.M., Pla S., Solano J.G., Garcés M., Beamud E., Carrión J.S. A mammalian lost world in Southwest Europe during the Late Pliocene. PLoS ONE 2009, 4(e7127):1-10. 10.1371/journal.pone.0007127.
16. Arzarello M., Marcolini F., Pavia G., Pavia M., Petronio C., Petrucci M., Rook L., Sardella R. Evidence of earliest human occurrence in Europe: the site of Pirro Nord (Southern Italy). Naturwissenschaften 2007, 94:107-112.
17. Ashton N., Lewis S.G., Parfitt S.A., Penkman K.E.H., Coope G.R. New evidence for complex climate change in MIS 11 from Hoxne, Suffolk, UK. Quaternary Science Reviews 2008, 27:652-668.
18. Azanza B., Menéndez E., Alcalá L. The Middle-Upper Turolian and Ruscinian Cervidae in Spain. Bollettino della Societa di Paleontologia Italiana 1989, 28:171-182.
19. Azzaroli A. Quaternary mammals and the ''End-Villafranchian'' dispersal event - A turning point in the history of Eurasia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 1983, 44:117-139.
20. Azzaroli A. The 'Elephant-Equus' and the 'End-Villafranchian' events in Eurasia. Paleoclimate and Evolution, With Emphasis on Human Origins 1995, 311-318. Yale University Press, New Haven, London. E.S. Vrba, G.H. Denton, T.C. Partridge, L.H. Burckle (Eds.).
21. Azzaroli A., de Giuli C., Ficcarelli G., Torre D. Late Pliocene to Early Mid-Pleistocene mammals in Eurasia: faunal succession and dispersal events. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 1988, 66:77-100.
22. Bajgusheva V.S., Titov V.V., Tesakov A.S. The sequence of Plio-Pleistocene mammal faunas from the south Russian Plain (the Azov Region). Bollettino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana 2001, 40:133-138.
23. Baryshnikov G.F. Krupnye mlekopitayushchie ashelskoj stoyanki v peshchere Treugolnaya na Severnom Kavkaze. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta 1993, 249:3-47. (in Russian, with English summary).
24. Baryshnikov G.F. Fauna pozvonochnykh 1986-1991 godov raskopok. Treugol'naya peshchera. Rannij paleolit Kavkaza i Vostochnoj Evropy 2007, 91-97. Ostrovityanin, Saint-Petersburg, (in Russian). L.V. Golovanova, V. Doronichev (Eds.).
25. Bassinot F.C., Labeyrie L.D., Vincent E., Quidelleur X., Shackleton N.J., Lancelot Y. The astronomical theory of climate and the age of the Brunhes-Matuyama magnetic reversal. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1994, 126:91-108.
26. Belli G., Belluomini G., Cassoli P.F., Cecchi S., Cucarzi M., Delitala L., Fornaciari G., Mallegni F., Piperno M., Segre A.G., Segre Naldini E. Découverte d'un fémur acheuléen à Notarchirico (Venosa, Basilicate). L'Anthropologie 1991, 95:47-88.
27. Berckhemer F. Buffelus murrensis n. sp. Ein diluvialer Büffelschädel von Steinheim a. d. Murr. Jahreshefte des Vereins für vaterländische Naturkunde in Württemberg 1927, 83:146-158.
28. Berger G.W., Pérez-González A., Carbonell E., Arsuaga J.L., Bermúdez de Castro J.-M., Ku T.-L. Luminescence chronology of cave sediments at the Atapuerca paleoanthropological site, Spain. Journal of Human Evolution 2008, 55:300-311.
29. Bertini A. Pollen record from Colle Curti and Cesi: Early and Middle Pleistocene mammal sites in the Umbro-Marchean Apenine Mountains (central Italy). Journal of Quaternary Science 2000, 15:825-840.
30. Bertini A. Early to Middle Pleistocene changes of the Italian Flora and vegetation in the light of a chronostratigraphic framework. Il Quaternario 2003, 16:19-36.
31. Bischoff J.L., Williams R.W., Rosenbauer R.J., Aramburu A., Arsuaga J.L., García N., Cuenca-Bescós G. High-resolution U-series dates from the Sima de los Huesos hominids yields 600 kyrs: implications for the evolution of the early Neanderthal lineage. Journal of Archaeological Science 2007, 34:763-770.
32. Bishop M.J. The mammal fauna of the early Middle Pleistocene cavern infill site of Westbury-sub-Mendip, Somerset. Special Papers in Palaeontology 1982, 28:1-108.
33. Bœuf O., Barbet P. A propos des ongulés, première analyse d'Eucladoceros provenant des sites, du Pliocène terminal, de Chilhac, Senèze et Blassac-la-Girondie (Haute-Loire, France). Quaternaire, hors-série 2005, 2:19-29.
34. Bœuf O., Geraads D., Guth C. Cervidés villafranchiens de Blassac-la-Girondie (Haute-Loire, France). Annales de Paléontologie 1992, 78:159-187.
35. Bonifay M.F. « Hemitragus bonali » Harlé et Stehlin. « Caprinae » de la Grotte de l'Escale (Saint-Estève-Janson, Bouches-du-Rhône). Quaternaria 1974-1975, 18:215-302.
36. Bonifay M.-F., Bussière J.-F. Les grandes faunes de la grotte d'Aldène (Ursidés). Fouilles du Musée d'Anthropologie préhistorique de Monaco. Bulletin du Musée d'Anthropologie préhistorique de Monaco 1989, 32:13-49.
37. Bonifay M.-F., Bussière J.-F. Les grandes faunes de la grotte d'Aldène (Cesseras, Hérault). Carnivores et Périssodactyles. Bulletin du Musée d'Anthropologie préhistorique de Monaco 1994, 37:5-9.
38. Breda, M., Collinge, S.E., Parfitt, S.A., Lister, A.M., Metric analysis of ungulate mammals in the early Middle Pleistocene of Britain, in relation to taxonomy and biostratigraphy. I: Rhinocerotidae and Bovidae. Quaternary International, in press.
39. Brugal J.-P. Le Bos primigenius Boj., 1827 du Pléistocène moyen des grottes de Lunel-Viel (Hérault). Bulletin du Musée d'Anthropologie préhistorique de Monaco 1984-1985, 28:7-62.
40. Brugal J.-P. Le bison (Bovidae, Artiodactyla) du Pléistocène moyen ancien de Durfort (Gard, France). Bulletin du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle de Paris, 4éme série, 16, C 1994, 2-4:349-381.
41. Carbonell E., Bermúdez de Castro J.M., Parés J.M., Pérez-González A., Cuenca-Bescós G., Ollé A., Mosquera M., Huguet R., van der Made J., Rosas A., Sala R., Vallverdú J., García N., Granger D.E., Martinón-Torres M., Rodríguez X.P., Stock G.M., Vergès J.M., Allué E., Burjachs F., Cáceres I., Canals A., Benito A., Díez C., Lozano M., Mateos A., Navazo M., Rodríguez J., Rosell J., Arsuaga J.L. The first hominin of Europe. Nature 2008, 452:465-470.
42. Cattani L., Cremaschi M., Ferraris M.R., Mallegni F., Masini F., Scola V., Tozzi C. Le gisement du Pléistocène moyen de Visogliano (Trieste): restes humains, industries, environnement. L'Anthropologie 1991, 95:9-36.
43. Clot A., Chaline J., Heintz E., Jammot D., Mourer-Chauviré C., Rage J.-C. Montoussé 5 (Hautes-Pyrénées), un nouveau remplissage de fissure à faune de Vertébrés du Pléistocène inférieur. Geobios 1976, 9:511-514.
44. Codron D., Lee-Thorp J.A., Sponheimer M., de Ruiter D., Codron J. Utilization of Savanna-based Resources by Plio-Pleistocene Baboons. South African Journal of Science 2005, 101:245-249.
45. Crégut-Bonnoure E., Dimitrijević V. Megalovis balcanicus sp. nov. and Soergelia intermedia sp. nov. (Mammalia, Bovidae, Caprinae), new Ovibovini from the Early Pleistocene of Europe. Revue de Paléobiologie 2006, 25:723-773.
46. Crégut-Bonnoure E., Valli M.F.A. Les Bovidés du gisement pliocène supérieur (Villafranchien moyen) de Saint-Vallier (Drôme). Geobios 2004, 37:233-258.
47. Crochet J.Y., Welcomme J.-L., Ivorra J., Ruffet G., Boulbes N., Capdevila R., Claude J., Firmat C., Métais J., Michaux J., Pickford M. Une nouvelle faune de vertébrés continentaux, associée à des artefacts dans le Pléistocène inférieur de l'Hérault (Sud de la France), vers 1,57 Ma. Comptes Rendus Palevol 2009, 8:725-736.
48. Cuenca-Bescós G., García N. Biostratigraphic succession of the Early and Middle Pleistocene mammal faunas of the Atapuerca cave sites (Burgos, Spain). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 2007, 259:99-110. R.-D. Kahlke, L.C. Maul, P. Mazza (Eds.).
49. Delson E., Faure M., Guérin C., Aprile L., Argant J., Blackwell B.A.B., Debard E., Harcourt-Smith W., Martin-Suarez E., Monguillon A., Parenti F., Pastre J.-F., Sen S., Skinner A.R., Swisher C.C., Valli A.M.F. Franco-American renewed research at the Late Villafranchian locality of Senèze (Haute-Loire, France). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 2006, 256:275-290. R.-D. Kahlke, L.C. Maul, P. Mazza (Eds.).
50. DeMenocal P.B. African climate change and faunal evolution during the Pliocene-Pleistocene. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2004, 220:3-24.
51. Dennell R.W., Martinón-Torres M., Bermúdez de Castro J.M. Hominin variability, climatic instability and population demography in Middle Pleistocene Europe. Quaternary Science Reviews 2011, 30:1511-1524.
52. De Vos J., van der Made J., Athanassiou A., Lyras G., Sondaar P., Dermitzakis M. Preliminary note on the Late Pliocene fauna from Vatera (Lesvos, Greece). In: Proceedings of the International Workshop, On Late Plio/Pleistocene extinctions and evolution in the Palearctic. The Vatera site, Vatera, Lesvos. Annales Géologiques des Pays Helleniques 2002, 39:37-70.
53. Dodonov A.E., Tesakov A.S., Titov V.V., Inozemtcev V.A., Simakova A.N., Nikolskiy P.A., Trubihin V.M. Novye dannye po stratigrafii pliotsen-pleistotsenovykh otlozhenij nizoviev Dona, razrezy poberezhya Tcimlianskogo vodokhranilizha. Geologicheskie sobytiya neogena i kvartera Rossii: sovremennoe sostoyanie stratigraficheskikh skhem i paleogeograficheskie rekonstruktsii 2007, 43-53. Geos, Moscow, (in Russian). Y.B. Gladenkov (Ed.).
54. Eisenmann V. Les Equidés (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) de Saint-Vallier (Drôme, France) et les Equidés plio-pléistocènes d'Europe. Geobios 2004, 37:279-305.
55. Eronen J.T., Rook L. The Mio-Pliocene European primate fossil record: dynamics and habitat tracking. Journal of Human Evolution 2004, 47:323-341.
56. Etren H., Sen S., Ökzul M. Pleistocene mammals from travertine deposits of the Denizli basin (SW Turkey). Annales de Paléontologie 2005, 91:267-278.
57. Falguères C., Bahain J.-J., Yokoyama Y., Arsuaga J.L., Bermùdez de Castro J.M., Carbonell E., Bischoff J.L., Dolo J.-M. Earliest humans in Europe: the age of the TD6 Gran Dolina, Atapuerca, Spain. Journal of Human Evolution 1999, 37:343-352.
58. Falguères C., Bahain J.-J., Yokoyama Y., Bischoff J.L., Arsuaga J.L., Bermùdez de Castro J.M., Carbonell E., Dolo J.-M. Datation par RPE et U-Th des sites Pleistocènes d'Atapuerca: Sima de los Huesos. Trinchera Dolina et Trinchera Galería. Bilan Geóchronologique. L'Anthropologie 2001, 105:71-81.
59. Fejfar O. Review of Quaternary vertebrata in Czechoslovakia. Instytut Geologiczny 1961, 34:109-118. INQUA Warszawa 1961, pls. I-V.
60. Fernandez P., Grégut-Bonnoure E. Les Caprinae (Rupicaprini, Ovibovini, Ovini et Caprini) de la séquence pléistocène de Kozarnika (Bulgarie du Nord): morphométrie, biochronologie et implications phylogéniques. Revue de Paléobiologie 2007, 26:425-503.
61. Ficcarelli G., Abbazzi L., Albianelli A., Bertini A., Coltorti M., Magnatti M., Masini F., Mazza P., Mezzabotta C., Napoleone G., Rook L., Rustioni M., Torre D. Cesi, an early Middle Pleistocene site of the Colfiorito Basin (Umbro-Marchean Apennine), central Italy. Journal of Quaternary Science 1997, 12:507-518.
62. Flesche Kleiven H., Jansen E., Fronval T., Smith T.M. Intensification of Northern Hemisphere glaciations in the circum Atlantic region (3.5-2.4Ma) - ice-rafted detritus evidence. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2002, 184:213-223.
63. Forstén A. A review of Equus stenonis Cocchi (Perissodactyla, Equidae) and related forms. Quaternary Science Reviews 1999, 18:1373-1408.
64. Forstén A., Dimitrijevic V. Pleistocene horses (genus Equus) in the central Balkans. Annales Géologiques de la Péninsule Balkanique 2004, 65:55-75.
65. Fortelius M., Mazza P., Sala B. Stephanorhinus (Mammalia: Rhinocerotidae) of the western European Pleistocene, with a revision of S. etruscus (Falconer, 1868). Palaeontographia Italica 1993, 80:63-155.
66. Frank C., Rabeder G. Hundsheim. Mitteilungen der Kommission für Quartärforschung der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 1997, 10:270-274.
67. Franzen J.L., Gliozzi E., Jellinek T., Scholger R., Weidenfeller M. Die spätaltpleistozäne Fossillagerstätte Dorn-Dürkheim 3 und ihre Bedeutung für die Rekonstruktion der Entwicklung des rheinischen Flußsystems. Senckenbergiana lethaea 2000, 80:305-353.
68. Gabunia L., Vekua A., Lordkipanidze A. The environmental contexts of early human occupation in Georgia (Transcaucasia). Journal of Human Evolution 2000, 34:785-802.
69. Los yacimientos paleotológicos de Incarcal (Crespià). Palentologia i Evolució 2003, 34:1-299. T. Galobart, J. Maroto (Eds.).
70. Galobart Á., Maroto J., Ros X. Las faunas Cuaternarias de mamíferos de las Cuenca de Bayoles-Besalú (Girona). Revista Española de Paleontología, no extra 1996, 248-255.
71. García N. Osos y otros carnívoros de la Sierra de Atapuerca 2003, Fundación Oso de Asturias, Oviedo.
72. Garrido G., Arribas A. Sobre la unica poblacion conocida del jirafido Mitilanotherium (Giraffidae, Artiodactyla, Mammalia) en el Plioceno superior terminal de Europa occidental (Fonelas P1, Cuence de Guadix, Granada). Cuadernos del Museo Geominero 2008, 10:397-411.
73. Gentry A.W. Fossil Ruminants (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from Westbury Cave. Westbury Cave. The Natural History Museum Excavations 1976-1984 1999, 139-174. Western Academic & Specialist Press Ltd., Bristol. P. Andrews, J. Cook, A. Currant, C. Stringer (Eds.).
74. Germonpré M. Les mammifères de la Formation de la Campine. Bullétin de la Société géologique Belge 1983, 92:111-123.
75. Gibbard P.L., Zalasiewicz J.A., Mathers S.J. Stratigraphy of the marine Plio-Pleistocene crag deposits of East Anglia. Mededelingen Nederlands Instituut voor Toegepaste Geowetenschappen 1998, 60:239-262.
76. Gromov V.I. Paleontologicheskoe i archeologicheskoe obosnovanie stratigrafii kontinental'nykh otlozheniy na territorii SSSR. Trudy instituta geologichekih nauk 1948, 64:1-520. (in Russian).
77. Guadelli J.-L., Sirakov N., Ivanova S., Sirakova S.V., Anastassova E., Coutraud P., Dimitrova I., Djabarska N., Fernandez P., Ferrier C., Fontugne M., Gambier D., Guadelli A., Iordanova D., Iordanova N., Kovatcheva M., Krumov I., Leblanc J.-C., Mallye J.-B., Marinska M., Miteva V., Popov V., Spassov R., Taneva S., Tistera-Laborde N., Tsanova T. Une sequence du Paleolithique Inferieur au Paleolithique Recent dans les Balkans: la grotte Kozarnika a Orechets (Nord-Ouest de la Bulgarie). British Archaeological Reports, International Series 1364 2005, 87-103. N. Molines, M.-H. Moncel, J.-L. Monnier (Eds.).
78. Guérin C. Les trois espèces de rhinocéros (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) du gisement pléistocène moyen des Abîmes de La Fage (Corrèze). Nouvelles Archives du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle de Lyon 1973, 11:55-84. pls. 5-17.
79. Guérin C. Les rhinocéros (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) du Miocène terminal au Pléistocène supérieur en Europe occidentale. Comparaison avec les espèces actuelles. Documents des Laboratoires de Géologie de Lyon 1980, 79:1-1185.
80. Guérin C. Les Proboscidiens (Mammalia) du gisement villafranchien moyen de Saint-Vallier (Drôme, France). Geobios 2004, 37:306-317.
81. Guérin C., Dewolf Y., Lautridou J.-P. Révision d'un site paléontologique célèbre: Saint-Prest (Chartres, France). Geobios 2003, 36:55-82.
82. Guérin C., Bar-Yosef O., Debard E., Faure M., Shea J., Tchernov E. Mission archéologique et paléontologique dans le Pléistocène ancien d'Oubéidiyeh (Israël): résultats 1992-1994. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences Paris 1996, 322(IIa):709-712.
83. Guerrero-Alba S., Palmqvist P. Estudio morfométrico del caballo de Venta Micena (Orce, Granada) y su comparación con los équidos modernos y del Plio-Pleistoceno de Europa y África. Paleontologia i Evolució 1998, 30-31:93-148.
84. Guo Z.T., Ruddiman W.F., Hao Q.Z., Wu H.B., Qiao Y.S., Zhu R.X., Peng S.Z., Wei J.J., Yuan B.Y., Liu T.S. Onset of Asian desertification by 22 Myr ago inferred from loess deposits in China. Nature 2002, 416:159-163.
85. Haug G.H., Ganopolski A., Sigman D.M., Rosell-Mele A., Swann G.E.A., Tiedemann R., Jaccard S.L., Bollmann J., Maslin M.A., Leng M.J., Eglinton G. North Pacific seasonality and the glaciation of North America 2.7 million years ago. Nature 2005, 433:821-825.
86. Head M. Marine environmental change in the Pliocene and early Pleistocene of eastern England: the dinoflagellate evidence reviewed. Mededelingen Nederlands Instituut voor Toegepaste Geowetenschappen 1998, 60:199-226.
87. Heintz E. La fauna Villafranchienne de La Puebla de Valverde, Teruel, Espagne. Composition cualitative et quantitative. Geología Mediterránea 1978, 5:227-280.
88. Heintz E., Dubar M. Place et signification des dépôts villafranchiens de Moustiers-Ségriès et faune de mammifères de Cornillet (Alpes-de-Haute-Provence). Bulletin du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle 1981, 4:363-397.
89. Heintz E., Guérin C., Martin R., Prat F. Principaux gisements villafranchiens de France: listes fauniques et biostratigraphie. Mémoires du Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières 1974, 78:411-417.
90. Hemmer H. Die Feliden aus dem Epivillafranchium von Untermaßfeld. Monographien des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz 2001, 40:699-782. pls. 132-143.
91. Hemmer H., Kahlke R.-D., Keller T. Cheetahs in the Middle Pleistocene of Europe: Acinonyx pardinensis (sensu lato) intermedius (Thenius, 1954) from the Mosbach Sands (Wiesbanden, Hesse, Germany). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen 2008, 249:345-356.
92. Hemmer H., Kahlke R.-D., Vekua A.K. The Jaguar - Panthera onca gombaszoegensis (Kretzoi, 1938) (Carnivora: Felidae) in the late Lower Pleistocene of Akhalkalaki (South Georgia; Transcaucasia) and its evolutionary and ecological significance. Geobios 2001, 34:475-486.
93. Hemmer H., Kahlke R.-D., Vekua A.K. The Old World puma - Puma pardoides (Owen, 1846) (Carnivora: Felidae) - in the Lower Villafranchian (Upper Pliocene) of Kvabebi (East Georgia, Transcaucasia) and its evolutionary and biogeographical significance. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie 2004, 233:197-231.
94. Holman J.A. Pleistocene Amphibians and Reptiles in Britain and Europe. Oxford Monographs on Geology and Geophysics 1998, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
95. Jánossy D. Pleistocene Vertebrate Faunas of Hungary 1986, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
96. Kahlke H.-D. Das Pleistozän von Voigtstedt. Paläontologische Abhandlungen A 1965, II(2/3):221-692. pls. I-XL.
97. Kahlke H.-D. Das Pleistozän von Süßenborn. Paläontologische Abhandlungen A 1969, III(3/4):367-788. pls. I-LXVI.
98. Kahlke H.-D. Die Cerviden-Reste aus dem Unterpleistozän von Untermaßfeld. Monographien des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz 1997, 40:181-275. pls. 34-44.
99. Kahlke H.-D. Neufunde von Cerviden-Resten aus dem Unterpleistozän von Untermaßfeld. Monographien des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz 2001, 40:461-482. pls. 72-76.
100. Kahlke R.-D. On the Occurrence of Hippopotamus (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) in the Pleistocene of Achalkalaki (Gruzinian SSR, Soviet Union) and on the Distribution of the Genus in South-East Europe. Zeitschrift für geologische Wissenschaften 1987, 15:407-414.
101. Kahlke R.-D. Zum Stand der Erfoschung fossiler Hippopotamiden (Mammalia, Artiodaytyla). Eine Übersicht. Quartärpaläontologie 1990, 8:107-118.
102. Das Pleistozän von Untermaßfeld bei Meiningen (Thüringen). Teil 1. Monographien des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz 1997, 40, I-VI. 1-418. pls. 1-67. R.-D. Kahlke (Ed.).
103. Kahlke R.-D. The History of the Origin, Evolution and Dispersal of the Late Pleistocene Mammuthus-Coelodonta Faunal Complex in Eurasia (Large Mammals) 1999, Fenske Companies, Rapid City.
104. Das Pleistozän von Untermaßfeld bei Meiningen (Thüringen). Teil 2. Monographien des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz 2001, 40, I-VIII. 419-698. pls. 68-131, 1 suppl. R.-D. Kahlke (Ed.).
105. Das Pleistozän von Untermaßfeld bei Meiningen (Thüringen). Teil 3. Monographien des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz 2001, 40, I-VI. 699-1030. pls. 132-151, 15 foldouts. R.-D. Kahlke (Ed.).
106. Kahlke R.-D. Die unterpleistozäne Komplexfundstelle Untermaßfeld - Zusammenfassung des Kenntnisstandes sowie synthetische Betrachtungen zu Genesemodell, Paläoökologie und Stratigraphie. Monographien des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz 2001, 40:931-1030.
107. Kahlke R.-D. Untermassfeld - A late Early Pleistocene (Epivillafranchian) fossil site near Meiningen (Thuringia, Germany) and its position in the development of the European mammal fauna. British Archaeological Reports, International Series 2006, 1578:1-144. 15 foldouts.
108. Kahlke R.-D. Late Early Pleistocene European large mammals and the concept of an Epivillafranchian biochron. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 2007, 259:265-278.
109. Kahlke R.-D., Kaiser T.M. Generalism as a subsistence strategy: advantages and limitations of the highly flexible feeding traits of Pleistocene Stephanorhinus hundsheimensis (Rhinocerotidae, Mammalia). Quaternary Science Reviews 2010.
110. Kahlke R.-D., Lacombat F. The earliest immigration of woolly rhinoceros (Coelodonta tologoijensis, Rhinocerotidae, Mammalia) into Europe and its adaptive evolution in Palaearctic cold stage mammal faunas. Quaternary Science Reviews 2008, 27:1951-1961.
111. Kaiser T.M., Croitor R. Ecological interpretations of early Pleistocene deer (Mammalia, Cervidae) from Ceyssaguet (Haute-Loire, France). Geodiversitas 2004, 26:661-674.
112. Kostopoulos D.S. The Plio-Pleistocene artidactyls (Vertebrata, Mammalia) of Macedonia. 1. The fossiliferous site Apollonia-1, Mygdonia basin of Greece. Geodiversitas 1997, 19:845-875.
113. Kostopoulos D.S., Athanassiou A. In the shadow of bovids: suids, cervids and giraffids from the Plio-Pleistocene of Greece. Quaternaire, Hors-série 2005, 2:179-190.
114. Kostopoulos D.S., Koufos G.D. Palaeoecological remarks on Plio-Pleistocene mammalian faunas. Comparative analysis of several Greek and European assemblages. Geological Society of Greece, Special Publications 9 2000, 139-150.
115. Kostopoulos D.S., Sen S. Late Pliocene (Villafranchian) mammals from Sarikol Tepe, Ankara, Turkey. Mitteilung der Bayerischen Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und historische Geologie 1999, 39:165-202.
116. Kostopoulos D.S., Vassiliadou K., Koufos G.D. The beginning of Pleistocene in the Balkan area according to the mammal record; palaeozoogeographical approach. Procedings International Workshop, On Late Plio/Pleistocene extinctions and evolution in the Palearctic. The Vatera site, Vatera-Lesvos. Annales Géologiques des Pays Helleniques 2002, 39:253-278.
117. Koufos G.D. The Villafranchian mammalian faunas and biochronology of Greece. Bolletino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana 2001, 40:217-223.
118. Koufos G.D., Kostopoulos D.S. Biochronology and succession of the Plio-Pleistocene Macromammalian localities of Greece. Mémoires et Travaux de l'Institut de Montpellier 1997, 21:619-634. J.-P. Aguilar, S. Legendre, J. Michaux (Eds.).
119. Kretzoi M. Vertebrate fauna of the archaeological site. Vértesszölös. Man, Site and Culture 1990, 231-247. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest. M. Kretzoi, V.T. Dobosi (Eds.).
120. Kurtén B., Garevski R. Giant hyena, Hyaena brevirostris Aymard (Mammalia, Carnivora), from the Middle Pleistocene of Manastirec, Yugoslavia. Annales Zoologici. Fennici 1989, 26:145-147.
121. Les grands Mammifères fossiles du Velay. Les collections paléontologiques du Plio-Pléistocène du Musée Crozatier - Le Puy-en-Velay. Annales des Amis du Musée Crozatier 2005, 13/14:1-208. F. Lacombat (Ed.).
122. Lacombat F., Abbazzi L., Ferretti M.P., Martínez-Navarro B., Moullé P.-E., Palombo M.-R., Rook L., Turner A., Valli A.M.F. New data on the Early Villafranchian fauna from Vialette (Haute-Loire, France) based on the collection of the Crozatier Museum (Le Puy-en-Velay, Haute-Loire, France). Quaternary International 2008, 179:64-71.
123. Lang G. Quartäre Vegetationsgeschichte Europas. Methoden und Ergebnisse 1994, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena, Stuttgart, New York.
124. Lehmann U. Weitere Fossilfunde aus dem ältesten Pleistozän der Erpfinger Höhle (Schwäbische Alb). Mitteilungen aus dem Geologischen Staatsinstitut in Hamburg 1957, 26:60-99.
125. Lewis, M., Pacher, M., Turner, A., The larger Carnivora of the West Runton Freshwater Bed. Quaternary International, in press.
126. 18O records. Paleoceanography 2005, 20:PA1003,. 10.1029/2004PA001071.
127. Lister A.M. Evolutionary and ecological origins of British deer. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1984, 82B:205-229.
128. Lister A.M. The stratigraphical interpretation of large mammal remains from the Cromer Forest-bed formation. The early Middle Pleistocene of Europe 1996, 25-44. Balkema, Rotterdam. C. Turner (Ed.).
129. Lister A.M. The age of early Pleistocene mammal faunas from the 'Weybourne Crag' and Cromer Forest-bed Formation (Norfolk, England). Mededelingen Nederlands Instituut voor Toegepaste Geowetenschappen 1998, 60:271-280.
130. Lister A.M. The Pliocene deer of the Red Crag Nodule Bed. Deinsea 1999, 7:215-221.
131. Lister A.M., van Essen H. Mammuthus rumanus (Stefanescu), the earliest mammoth in Europe. Advances in Palaeontology 'Hen to Panta' 2003, 47-52. Romanian Academy, 'Emil Racovita' Institut of Speleology, Bucharest. A. Petculescu, E. Ştiucá (Eds.).
132. Lister A.M., McGlade J.M., Stuart A.J. The early Middle Pleistocene vertebrate fauna from Little Oakley, Essex. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 1990, B328:359-385.
133. Lister, A.M., Parfitt, S.A., Owen, F.J., Collinge, S.E., Breda, M., Metric analysis of ungulate mammals in the early Middle Pleistocene of Britain, in relation to taxonomy and biostratigraphy. II: Cervidae, Equidae and Suidae. Quaternary International, in press.
134. Lordkipanidze D., Jashashvili T., Vekua A., Ponce de León M.S., Zollikofer C.P.E., Rightmire G.P., Pontzer H., Ferring R., Oms O., Tappen M., Bukhsianidze M., Agusti J., Kahlke R., Kiladze G., Martinez-Navarro B., Mouskhelishvili A., Nioradze M., Rook L. Postcranial evidence from early Homo from Dmanisi, Georgia. Nature 2007, 449:305-310.
135. Ložek V. Palaeoecology of Quaternary Mollusca. Sbornik geologickŷch věd, Antropozoikum 2000, 24:35-59.
136. Malez M. O znacenju otkrica ostatka roda Homo u naslagama Vilafranka Sandalje I kod Pule. On the significance of the genus Homo discovery in the Villafranchian sediments of Sandalja I near Pula. Rad Jugoslavenska akademija znanosti i umjetnosti. Razred za prirodne znanosti 1975, 371:181-201.
137. Malez M. Die quartären Vertebraten-Faunen in der SFR Jugoslawien. Quartärpaläontologie 1986, 6:101-117.
138. Markov G.N., Spassov N. Early Mammuthus meridionalis from Northwest Bulgaria. Review of the Bulgarian Geological Society 2001, 62:117-121.
139. Maroto J., Galobart Á., Menéndez E., Ros X., Soler N., Moyá-Solá S., Marín M., Agustí J., Sanz E., Gibert J. Las excavaciones en los yacimientos Pleistocenos de Incarcal (Girona, NE de la Peninsula Ibérica). Campañas 1984-1990. Paleontologia i Evolució 2003, 34:31-41. T. Galobart, J. Maroto (Eds.).
140. Martínez-Navarro B. Hippos, pigs, bovids, saber-toothed tigers, monkeys, and hominids: dispersal through the levantine corridor during Late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene times. Human Paleoecology in the Levantine Corridor 2004, 37-51. Oxbow Books, Oxford. N. Goren-Inbar, J.D. Speth (Eds.).
141. Martínez-Navarro B., Belmaker M., Bar-Yosef O. The large carnivores from 'Ubeidiya (early Pleistocene, Israel): biochronological and biogeographical implications. Journal of Human Evolution 2009, 56:514-524.
142. Martínez-Navarro B., Toro I., Agustí J. Las asociaciones de grandes mamíferos de Fuente Nueva-3 y Baranco León-5 (Orce, Granada, España): resultados preliminares. Zona Arqueológica 2004, 4(2):292-305.
143. Martínez-Navarro B., Turq A., Agustí J., Oms O. Fuente Nueva-3 (Orce, Granada, Spain) and the first human occupation of Europe. Journal of Human Evolution 1997, 33:611-620.
144. Maul L. Nachweis eines Zungenbeinfragmentes einer Schildkröte (Emydini, Emydidae, Testudinata) aus dem Unterpleistozän von Untermaßfeld. Monographien des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz 1997, 40:89-94.
145. Maul L.C., Heinrich W.-D. Neue Daten zur Kleinsäugerstratigraphie und Altersabfolge deutscher Quartärfundstellen. In: Terra preaehistorica, Festschrift für Klaus-Dieter Jäger zum 70. Geburtstag. Beiträge zur Ur- und Frühgeschichte Mitteleuropas 2007, 48:96-110.
146. Maul L.C., Heinrich W.-D., Parfitt S.A., Paunescu A.-C. Comment on the correlation between magnetostratigraphy and the evolution of Microtus (Arvicolidae, Rodentia, Mammalia) during the Early and early Middle Pleistocene. Vol. II. Proceedings of the 18th International Senckenberg Conference (VI International Palaeontological Colloquium in Weimar). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 2007, 259:243-263. R.-D. Kahlke, L.C. Maul, P. Mazza (Eds.).
147. Maul L.C., Rekovets L., Heinrich W.-D., Keller T., Storch G. Arvicola mosbachensis (Schmidtgen 1911) of Mosbach 2: a basic sample for the early evolution of the genus and a reference for further biostratigraphical studies. Senckenbergiana lethaea 2000, 80:129-147.
148. Mazo A.V., Sesé C., Ruiz Bustos A., Peña J.A. Geología y Paleontología de los yacimientos plio-pleistocenos de Huéscar (Depresión de Guadix-Baza, Granada). Estudios Geológicos 1985, 41:467-493.
149. Mazza P. Poggio Rosso (Upper Valdarno, Central Italy), a window on latest Pliocene wildlife. Palaios 2006, 21:493-498.
150. McNabb J. Hominins and the Early-Middle Pleistocene transition: evolution, culture and climate in Africa and Europe. Geological Society London, Special Publications 2005, 247:287-304. M.J. Head, P.L. Gibbard (Eds.).
151. Moigne A.-M., Palombo M.-R., Belda V., Heriech-Briki D., Kacimi S., Lacombat F., de Lumley M.-A., Moutoussamy J., Rivals F., Quilès J., Testu A. Les faunes de grands mammifères de la Caune de l'Arago (Tautavel) dans le cadre biochronologique des faunes du Pléistocène moyen italien. L'Anthropologie 2006, 110:788-831.
152. Mol D., Lacombat F. Mammuthus trogontherii (Pohlig, 1885), the steppe mammoth of Nolhac. Preliminary report of a left and right upper M3, excavated at the ancient maar of Nolhac, Haute-Loire, Auvergne, France. Quaternaire 2009, 20:569-574.
153. Mol D., Post K., Reumer J.W.F., de Vos J., Laban C. Het Gat: preliminary note on a Bavelian fauna from the North Sea with possibly two mammoth species. Deinsea 2003, 9:253-266.
154. Montoya P., Alberdi M.T., Barbadillo L.J., Morales J., Murelaga X., Peñalver E., Robles F., Ruiz Bustos A., Sánchez A., Sanchiz B., Soria D., Szyndlar Z. Une faune très diversifiée du Pléistocène inférieur de la Sierra de Quibas (province de Murcia, Espagne). Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences Paris 2001, 332:387-393.
155. Moullé P.-E., Lacombat F., Echassoux A. Apport des grands mammifères de la grotte du Vallonnet (Roquebrune-Cap-Martin, Alpes-Maritimes, France) à la connaissance du cadre biochronologique de la seconde moitié du Pléistocène inférieur d'Europe. L'Anthropologie 2006, 110:837-849.
156. Mourer-Chauviré C., Philippe M., Quinif Y., Chaline J., Dabard E., Guérin C., Hugueney M. Position of the palaeontological site Aven I des Abîmes de La Fage, at Noailles (Corrèze, France), in the European Pleistocene chronology. Boreas 2003, 32:521-531.
157. Moyà-Solà S., Agustí J., Gibert J., Pons-Moyá J. El yacimiento cuaternario de Venta Micena (España) y su importancia dentro de las asociaciones faunísticas del Pleistoceno inferior europeo. Paleontología i Evolució 1981, 16:39-53.
158. Musil R. Large fauna of talus cones at the Stránská Skála Hill. Anthropos 26 (N.S. 18) 1995, 65-83. R. Musil (Ed.).
159. Plejstotsen Tiraspolya 1971, Stiinza, Kishinev, (in Russian). K.V. Nikiforova, E.I. Belyayeva, E.A. Vangengejm, N.A. Konstantinova, K.N. Negadaev-Nikonov (Eds.).
160. Nitychoruk J., Bińka K., Ruppert H., Schneider J. Holsteinian interglacial = marine isotope stage 11?. Quaternary Science Reviews 2006, 25:2678-2681.
161. O'Regan H., Bishop L., Elton S., Lamb A., Turner A. Afro-Eurasian mammalian dispersal routes of the Late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene, and their bearing on earliest hominin movements. Vol. I. Proceedings of the 18th International Senckenberg Conference (VI International Palaeontological Colloquium in Weimar). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 2006, 256:305-314.
162. Owen Smith N. Megaherbivores 1990, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
163. Palmqvist P., Arribas A., Martinez-Navarro B. Ecomorphological study of large canids from the lower Pleistocene of southeastern Spain. Lethaia 1999, 32:75-88.
164. Palombo M.R., Sardella R., Novelli M. Carnivora dispersal in Western Mediterranean during the last 2.6Ma. Quaternary International 2008, 179:176-189.
165. Parfitt S.A., Ashton N.M., Lewis S.G., Abel R.L., Coope G.R., Field M.H., Gale R., Hoare P.G., Larkin N.R., Lewis M.D., Karloukovski V., Maher B.A., Peglar S.M., Preece R.C., Whittaker J.E., Stringer C.B. Early Pleistocene human occupation at the edge of the boreal zone in northwest Europe. Nature 2010, 466:229-233.
166. Parfitt S.A., Barendregt R.W., Breda M., Candy I., Collins M.J., Coope G.R., Durbidge P., Field M.H., Lee J.R., Lister A.M., Mutch R., Penkman K.E.H., Preece R.C., Rose J., Stringer C.B., Symmons R., Whittaker J.E., Wymer J.J., Stuart A.J. The earliest record of human activity in Northern Europe. Nature 2005, 438:1008-1012.
167. Pommerol F. Le mouflon quaternaire. Compte rendu de la 8e session, Montpellier 1880, vol. 1879. Association Française pour l'Avancement des Sciences, 600-609.
168. Porat N., Ronen A. Luminescence and ESR Age Determinations of the Lower Paleolithic site Evron Quarry, Israel. Advances in ESR Applications 2002, 18:123-130.
169. Potts R. Environmental hypotheses of hominin evolution. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 1998, 41:93-136.
170. Preece R.C., Parfitt S.A. The Cromer forest-bed formation: new thoughts on an old problem. The Quaternary of Norfolk and Suffolk: Field Guide 2000, 1-27. Quaternary Research Association, London. S.G. Lewis, C.A. Whiteman, R.C. Preece (Eds.).
171. Preece R.C., Parfitt S.A. The Cromer forest-bed formation: some recent developments relating to early human occupation and lowland glaciation. The Quaternary of Northern East Anglia: Field Guide 2008, 60-83. Quaternary Research Association, London. I. Candy, J.R. Lee, A.M. Harrison (Eds.).
172. Rabinovich R., Gaudzinski-Windheuser S., Goren-Inbar N. Systematic butchering of fallow deer (Dama) at the early middle Pleistocene Acheulian site of Gesher Benot Ya'aqov (Israel). Journal of Human Evolution 2007, 54:134-149.
173. Râdulescu C., Samson P. Pliocene and Pleistocene mammalian biostratigraphy in southeastern Transylvania (Romania). Travaux de l'Institut de Spéologie «Emile Racovitza» 1985, 24:85-95.
174. Râdulescu C., Samson P. Biochronology and evolution of the Early Pliocene to the Early Pleistocene mammalian faunas of Romania. Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana 2001, 40:285-291.
175. Râdulescu C., Samson P., Petrulescu A., Stiuca E. Pliocene large mammals of Romania. Coloquios de Paleontologia, volume extra 2003, 1:549-558.
176. Raymo M.E., Nisancioglu K. The 41 kyr world: Milankovitch's other unsolved mystery. Paleoceanography 2003, 18:1011,. 10.1029/2002PA000791.
177. Richards A.E., Gibbard P.L., Pettit M.E. The sedimentology and palaeoecology of the Westleton Member of the Norwich Crag Formation (Early Pleistocene) at Thorington, Suffolk, England. Geological Magazine 1999, 136:453-464.
178. Roberts M., Parfitt S. Boxgrove: a Middle Pleistocene Hominid Site at Eartham Quarry, West Sussex. Archaeological Report 17 1999, English Heritage, London.
179. Rodríguez J., Burjachs F., Cuenca-Bescós G., García N., van der Made J., Pérez González A., Blain H.-A., Expósito I., López-García J.M., García Antón M., Allué E., Cáceres I., Huguet R., Mosquera M., Ollé A., Rosell J., Parés J.M., Rodríguez X.P., Díez C., Rofes J., Sala R., Saladié P., Vallverdú J., Bennasar M.L., Blasco R., Bermúdez de Castro J.M., Carbonell E. One million years of cultural evolution in a stable environment at Atapuerca (Burgos, Spain). Quaternary Science Reviews 2011, 30:1396-1412.
180. Rook L., Torre D. The wolf-event in Western Europe and the beginning of the Late Villafranchian. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte 1996, 8:495-501.
181. Ruiz Bustos A. El yacimiento paleontológico de Cúllar de Baza I. Investigación y Ciencia 1984, 91:20-28.
182. Sahnouni M., van der Made J., Everett M. Ecological background to Plio-Pleistocene hominin occupation in North Africa. Quaternary Science Reviews 2011, 30:1303-1317.
183. Sala B. La fauna del giacimento di Isernia La Pineta (nota preliminare). Isernia La Pineta un accampamento più antico di 700 mila anni 1983, Edizioni Calderini, Bologna, pp. 71-79.
184. Sala B. I mammiferi del Quaternario italiano. I segni del tempo - Memoria delle origini ed icone del primordiale. Atti del corso di aggiornamento per personale docente, Trento 1992, 209-227. C. Tugnoli (Ed.).
185. Sala B. Gli animali del giacimento di Isernia La Pineta. I reperti paleontologici del giacimento paleolitico di Isernia La Pineta 1996, 25-49. Cosmo Iannone editore, Isernia. C. Peretto (Ed.).
186. Sardella R., Palombo M.R. What significance for the so-called 'wolf event'?. Quaternaire 2007, 18:65-71.
187. Schäfer J., Laurat T., Kegler J.F. Bericht zu den Ausgrabungen am altsteinzeitlichen Fundplatz Markkleeberg 1999 bis 2001. Arbeits- und Forschungsberichte zur sächsischen Bodendenkmalpflege 2003, 45:13-47.
188. Schertz E. Ein neuer Wasserbüffel aus dem Diluvium Mitteldeutschlands (Buffelus wanckeli nov. spec.). Paläontologische Zeitschrift 1937, 19:57-72. pls. 3-4.
189. Schreiber H.D., Munk W. A skull fragment of Bubalus murrensis (Berckhemer, 1927) (Mammalia, Bovinae) from the Pleistocene of Bruchsal-Buchenau (NE-Karlsruhe, SW-Germany). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Monatshefte 2002, 2002:737-748.
190. Schreiber H.D., Löscher M., Maul L.C., Unkel I. Die Tierwelt der Mauerer Waldzeit. Homo heidelbergensis. Schlüsselfund der Menschheitsgeschichte 2007, 127-159. Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart. G.A. Wagner, H. Rieder, L. Zöller, E. Mick (Eds.).
191. Schreve D.C. Mammalian evidence from Middle Pleistocene fluvial sequences for complex environmental change at the oxygen isotope substage level. Quaternary International 2001, 79:65-74.
192. Schreve D.C. The mammalian fauna of Barnfield Pit, Swanscombe. The Quaternary Mammals of Southern and Eastern England 2004, 29-48. Quaternary Research Association, London. D.C. Schreve (Ed.).
193. Segre A.G. Considerazioni sulla cronostratigrafia del Pleistocene laziale. Atti della XXIV Riunione Scientifica dell'Istituto Italiano di Preistoria e Protostoria 1984, 149-154.
194. Serre F. Contribution à l'étude des grands mammifères du site pléistocène moyen de Terra Amata. Diplôme d'Etude Approfondie du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle de Paris 1987, 1-237.
195. Sesé C., Soto E. Mamíferos del yacimiento del Pleistoceno Medio de Ambrona (Soria, España): Análisis faunístico e interpretación paleoambiental. Zona Arqueológica 2005, 5:258-280.
196. Shchelinsky V.E., Dodonov A.E., Bajgusheva V.S., Kulakov S.A., Simakova A.N., Tesakov A.S., Titov V.V. Early Palaeolithic sites on the Taman Peninsula (Southern Azov Sea region, Russia): Bogatyri/Sinyaya Balka and Rodniki. Quaternary International 2010, 223-224:28-35.
197. Sher A.V. An Early Quaternary Bison population from Untermaßfeld: Bison menneri sp. nov. Das Pleistozän von Untermaßfeld bei Meiningen (Thüringen), Teil 2. Monographien des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz 1997, 40. 101-180. pls. 22-33. R.-D. Kahlke (Ed.).
198. Sher A.V., Kaplina T.N., Giterman R.E., Lozhkin A.V., Arkhangelov A.A., Kiselyov S.V., Kouznetsov Y.V., Virina E.I., Zazhigin V.S. Scientific excursion on problem " Late Cenozoic of the Kolyma Lowland" XIV Pacific Science Congress 1979, Academy of Sciences, USSR, Moscow.
199. Sickenberg O., Tobien H. New Neogene and Lower Quaternary vertebrate faunas in Turkey. Newsletter on Stratigraphy 1971, 1:51-61.
200. Sinusía C., Pueyo E.L., Azanza B., Pocovi A. Datación magnetoestratográfica del yacimiento de Puebla de Valverde (Teruel). Geotemas 2004, 6:339-342.
201. Soergel W. Unter welchen klimatischen Verhältnissen lebten zur Bildungszeit der altdiluvialen Kiese von Süßenborn Rangifer, Ovibos und Elephas trogontherii in Mittel- und Norddeutschland?. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft 1939, 91:828-835.
202. Sondaar P.Y., van der Geer A.A.E., Dermitzakis M. The unique postcranial of the Old World monkey Paradolichopithecus: more similar to Australopithecus than to baboons. Hellenic Journal of Geosciences 2006, 41:19-28.
203. Sotnikova M.V. Remains of Canidae from the Lower Pleistocene site of Untermaßfeld. Monographien des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz 2001, 40:607-632. pls. 102-113.
204. Sotnikova M., Titov V. Carnivora of the Tamanian faunal unit (the Azov Sea area). Quaternary International 2009, 201:43-52.
205. Spassov N. Villafranchian Succession of Mammalian Megafaunas from Bulgaria and the Biozonation of South-East Europe. Mémoires et travaux de l'Institut de Montpellier de l'École Pratique des Hautes 1997, 21:669-676. J.-P. Aguilar, S. Legendre, J. Michaux (Eds.).
206. Spassov N. Biochronology and Zoogeographic Affinities of the Villafranchian Faunas of South Europe. Historia naturalis Bulgarica 2000, 12:89-128.
207. Spassov N. The Late Villafranchian and biochronology of South-East Europe: faunal migrations, environmental changes and possible first appearance of the genus Homo on the continent. In: Proceedings of the International Workshop, On Late Plio/Pleistocene extinctions and evolution in the Palearctic. The Vatera site, Vatera-Lesvos. Annales Géologiques des Pays Helleniques 2002, 39:221-243.
208. Spassov N. The Plio-Pleistocene vertebrate fauna in South-Eastern Europe and the megafaunal migratory waves from the east to Europe. Revue de Paléobiologie 2003, 22:197-229.
209. Stuart A.J. Pleistocene Vertebrates in the British Isles 1982, Longman, London.
210. Stuart A.J. Preglacial Pleistocene vertebrates of East Anglia. Pliocene-Pleistocene of East Anglia 1988, 57-64. Quaternary Research Association, London. P.L. Gibbard, J.A. Zalasiewicz (Eds.).
211. Stuart A.J. Vertebrate faunas from the early Middle Pleistocene of East Anglia. The Early Middle Pleistocene in Europe. Proceedings of The SEQS Cromer Symposium, Norwich/United Kingdom, 3-7 September 1990 1996, 9-24. Balkema, Rotterdam, Brookfield. C. Turner (Ed.).
212. Stuart A.J., Lister A.M. The mammalian faunas of Pakefield/Kessingland and Corton, Suffolk, UK: evidence for a new temperate episode in the British early Middle Pleistocene. Quaternary Science Reviews 2001, 20:1677-1692.
213. Stuart, A.J., Lister, A.M. (Eds.), The West Runton mammoth and its Cromerian environment. Quaternary International, in press.
214. Suc J.-P., Bertini A., Combourieu-Nebout N., Diniz F., Leroy S., Russo-Ermolli E., Zheng Z., Bessais E., Ferrier J. Structure of West Mediterranean vegetation and climate since 5.3ma. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia 1995, 38:3-16.
215. Les mammifères du Pléistocène inférieur de la vallée du Jourdain a Oubeidiyeh. Mémoires et travaux du Centre de Recherches Français de Jérusalem 1986, 5:1-405. E. Tchernov, C. Guérin (Eds.).
216. Tchernov E., Horwitz L.K., Ronen A., Lister A. The Faunal Remains from Evron Quarry in Relation to Other Lower Paleolithic Hominid Sites in the Southern Levant. Quaternary Research 1994, 42:328-339.
217. Terzea E. Mammalian events in the Quaternary of Romania and correlations with the climatic chronology of Western Europe. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia 1995, 38:109-120.
218. Tesakov A.S., Dodonov A.E., Titov V.V., Trubikhin V.M. Plio-Pleistocene geological record and small mammal faunas, eastern shore of the Azov Sea, Southern European Russia. Quaternary International 2007, 160:57-69.
219. Titov V.V. Krupnye mlekopitayushchie pozdnego pliotsena severo-vostochnogo Priazov'ya. Rossijskaya Akademiya nauk, Yuzhnyj nauchnyj center 2008, Institut aridnykh zon, Rostov-na-Donu, (in Russian).
220. Tsoukala E. Contribution to the study of the Pleistocene fauna of large mammals (Carnivora, Perissaodactyla, Artiodactyla) from Petralona Cave (Chalkidiki, N. Greece). Preliminary report. Comptes Rendus de l' Academie des Sciences de Paris 1991, 312(II):331-336.
221. Tsoukala E. Quaternary large mammals from the Apidima Caves (Lakonia, S. Peloponnes, Greece). Beiträge zur Paläontologie 1999, 24:207-229.
222. Turner A. The evolution of the guild of large Carnivora of the British Isles during the Middle and Late Pleistocene. Journal of Quaternary Science 2009, 10.1002/jqs.1278.
223. Turner A., Antón M. The Big Cats and their Fossil Relatives 1997, Columbia University Press, New York.
224. Turner E. Middle and Late Pleistocene Macrofaunas of the Neuwied Basin Region (Rhineland-Palatinate) of West Germany. Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz 1990, 37:135-403. pls. 15-32.
225. Turq A., Martínez Navarro B., Palmquist P., Arribas A., Agustí J., Rodríguez Vidal J. Le Plio-Pleistocene de la region d'Orce, province de Grenade, Espagne: Blain et perspectives de recherche. Paleo 1996, 8:161-204.
226. Van den Hoek Ostende L.W., de Vos J. A century of research on the classical locality of Tegelen (province of Limbug, The Netherlands). Vol. I. Proceedings of the 18th International Senckenberg Conference (VI International Palaeontological Colloquium in Weimar). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 2006, 256. 291-304. R.-D. Kahlke, L.C. Maul, P. Mazza (Eds.).
227. Van der Geer A., Sondaar P. The postcranial elements of Paradolichopithecus arvernensis (Primates, Cercopithecidae, Papionini) from Lesvos, Greece, Proceedings of the International Workshop, On Late Plio/Pleistocene extinctions and evolution in the Palearctic. The Vatera site, Vatera, Lesvos. Annales Géologiques des Pays Helleniques 2002, 39:71-86.
228. Vangengejm E.A., Vekua M.L., Zegallo V.I., Pevzner M.A., Taktakisvili I.G., Tesakov A.S. Polozhenie tamanskogo faunisticheskogo komplexa v stratigraficheskoj i magnitokhronologicheskoj skalakh. Byulleten Komissii po Izucheniyu Chetvertichnogo Perioda 1991, 60:41-52. (in Russian).
229. Van Kolfschoten T. The Early Biharian Mammal Faunas from Bavel and Dorst-Surae. Quartärpaläontologie 1990, 8:265-272.
230. Van Kolfschoten T. Mammalian Fauna (The Netherlands). Quaternary Science Reviews 1991, 10:23-52.
231. Van Kolfschoten T. Pleistocene mammals from the Netherlands. Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana 2001, 40:209-215.
232. Van Kolfschoten T., Turner E. Early Middle Pleistocene mammalian faunas from Kärlich and Miesenheim I and their biostratigraphical implications. The early Middle Pleistocene in Europe, Proceedings of the SEQS Cromer Symposium Norwich/United Kingdom, 3-7 September 1990 1996, 227-253. Balkema, Rotterdam, Brookfield. C. Turner (Ed.).
233. Vega Toscano G. Ocupaciones humanas en el Pleistoceno de la Depresión de Guadix-Baza: elementos de discusión. Trabajos Neógeno-Cuaternario 1989, 11:327-345.
234. Vekua A.K. Akhalkalakskaya nizhneplejstotsenovaya fauna mlekopitayushchikh 1962, Izdatel'stvo Akademii nauk Gruzinskoj SSR, Tbilisi, (in Georgian, with Russian and English summary).
235. Vekua A.K. Kvabebskaya fauna akchagylskikh pozvonochnykh 1972, Nauka, Moskva, (in Russian, with English summary).
236. Vekua A.K. The Lower Pleistocene Mammalian Fauna of Akhalkalaki (Southern Georgia, USSR). Palaeontographia Italica 1986, 74:63-96.
237. Vekua A.K. Istoriya zhivotnogo mira - pozvonochnye. Gruziya v antropogene 1991, 308-381. Sakartvelo, Tbilisi, (in Russian). T.Z. Kiknadze (Ed.).
238. Vekua A.K., Lordkipanidze D. The Pleistocene palaeoenvironment of the Transcaucasus. Quaternaire 1998, 9:261-266.
239. Vekua A.K., Zhigauri D.G., Torozov R.I. Novye paleontologicheskiye nakhodki v okrestnostyakh Zalki. Soobshcheniya Akademii Nauk Gruzinskoj SSR 1985, 118:373-376. (in Russian, with Georgian and English summary).
240. Vekua A., Lordkipanidze D., Rightmire G.P., Agusti J., Ferring R., Maisuradze G., Mouskhelishvili A., Nioradze M., Ponce de Leon M., Tappen M., Tvalchrelidze M., Zollikofer C. A New Skull of Early Homo from Dmanisi, Georgia. Science 2002, 297:85-89.
241. Izmeneniye klimata i landshaftov za poslednie 65 millionov let (Kainozoy, ot paleogena do golocena) 1999, Geos, Moskva, (in Russian). A.A. Velichko (Ed.).
242. Vereshchagin N.K. Ostatki mlekopityushchikh iz nizhnechetvertichnykh otlozhenij Tamanskogo poluostrova. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta 1957, 22:9-49. (in Russian).
243. Vereshchagin N.K. Mlekopitayushchie Kavkaza. Istoriya formirovaniya fauny. Izdatel'stvo Akademii nauk SSSR 1959, Moskva, Leningrad, (in Russian).
244. Von Koenigswald W., Heinrich W.-D. Mittelpleistozäne Säugetierfaunen aus Mitteleuropa - der Versuch einer biostratigraphischen Zuordnung. Darmstädter Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte 1999, 9:53-112.
245. Paleoclimate and Evolution, With Emphasis on Human Origins 1995, Yale University Press, New Haven, London. E.S. Vrba, G.H. Denton, T.C. Partridge, L.H. Burckle (Eds.).
246. Wagner G.A., Maul L.C., Löscher M., Schreiber H.D. Mauer - the type site of Homo heidelbergensis: palaeoenvironment and age. Quaternary Science Reviews 2011, 30:1464-1473.
247. Westgate J., Froese D.G. Quartz Creek: Pliocene ice wedges/Quartz Creek tephra. Occasional Papers in Earth Science 2003, 6:62-63. D.G. Froese, G.D. Zazula (Eds.).
248. Zachos J., Pagani M., Sloan L., Thomas E., Billups K. Trends, Rhythms, and Aberrations in Global Climate 65Ma to Present. Science 2001, 292(5517):686-693.
249. Zubakov V., Borzenkova I. Global Palaeoclimate of the Late Cenozoic. Developments in Palaeontology and Stratigraphy 12 1990, Elsevier, Amsterdam.