Potential of bioenergy production from industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa): Pakistan perspective

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Volumn 18, Issue , 2013, Pages 154-164

  Rehman, Muhammad Saif Ur ^a,b   Rashid, Naim ^a,c   Saif, Ameena ^d   Mahmood, Tariq ^d   Han, Jong In ^a  

^a Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)   (South Korea)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GUJRAT   (Pakistan)

^c Tobe Camp University Road Abbottabad   (Pakistan)

^d PMAS ARID AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY   (Pakistan)

Author keywords

Bioenergy; Industrial hemp; Pakistan; Sustainable development

Indexed keywords

BIO-ENERGY; CANNABIS SATIVA; CURRENT ENERGY; ENERGY DEMANDS; ENERGY IMPORTS; ENERGY REQUIREMENTS; ENERGY SECURITY; ENVIRONMENTAL-FRIENDLY; INDUSTRIAL HEMP; INDUSTRIAL SECTOR; LOW COSTS; PAKISTAN; RENEWABLE FEEDSTOCKS; SHORT TERM; SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISE; SUSTAINABLE ENERGY; SUSTAINABLE ENERGY SUPPLY;

AGRICULTURE; BIOFUELS; ENERGY CONSERVATION; ENERGY MANAGEMENT; ENERGY POLICY; FEEDSTOCKS; FOSSIL FUELS; GAS SUPPLY; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT;

HEMP;

EID: 84868468368     PISSN: 13640321     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2012.10.019     Document Type: Review

References (161)

1. R Banos, F Manzano-Agugliaro, FG Montoya, C Gil, A Alcayde, and J Gómez Optimization methods applied to renewable and sustainable energy: a review Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews 15 2011 1753 1766
2. P Langan Exploring new strategies for cellulosic biofuels production Energy & Environmental Science 4 2011 3820 3833
3. AW Bhutto, AA Bazmi, and G Zahedi Greener energy: issues and challenges for Pakistan - Biomass energy prospective Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews 15 2011 3207 3219
4. E Kreuger, T Prade, F Escobar, S-E Svensson, J-E Englund, and L Bjornsson Anaerobic digestion of industrial hemp: effect of harvest time on methane energy yield per hectare Biomass and Bioenergy 35 2011 893 900
5. FAO. The State of food and agriculture 2008-Biofuels: prospects, risks and opportunities, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome-Italy, 2008.
6. J Ruane, A Sonnino, and A Agostini Bioenergy and the potential contribution of agricultural biotechnologies in developing countries Biomass and Bioenergy 34 2010 1427 1439
7. T Amon, B Amon, V Kyvoruchko, W Zollitsch, K Mayer, and L Gruber Biogas production from maize and dairy cattle manure-influence of biomass composition on the methane yield Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment 118 2007 173 182
8. B Hahn-Hagerdal, M Galbe, MF Gorwa-Grauslund, G Liden, and G Zacchi Bio-ethanol-the fuel of tomorrow from the residues of today Trends in Biotechnology 24 2006 549 556
9. A Demirbas Progress and recent trends in biofuels Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 33 2007 1 18
10. ATWM Hendriks, and G Zeeman Pretreatment to enhance the digestibility of lignocellulose biomass Bioresource Technology 100 2009 10 18
11. N Mosier, C Wyman, B Dale, R Elander, YY Lee, and M Holtzapple Features of promising technologies for pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass Bioresource Technology 96 2005 673 686
12. S Gonzalez-Garcia, MT Moreira, and G Feijoo Comparative environmental performance of lignocellulosic ethanol from different feedstocks Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews 14 2010 2077 2085
13. F Anwar, S Latif, and M Ashraf Analytical characterization of hemp (Cannabis sativa) seed oil from different agro-ecological zones of Pakistan Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society 83 2006 323 329
14. S-Y Li, JD Stuart, Y Li, and RS Parnas The feasibility of converting Cannabis sativa L. oil into biodiesel Bioresource Technology 101 2010 8457 8460
15. T Prade, S-E Svensson, A Andersson, and JE Mattsson Biomass and energy yield of industrial hemp grown for biogas and solid fuel Biomass and Bioenergy 35 2011 3040 3049
16. E Kreuger, B Sipos, G Zacchi, S-E Svensson, and L Björnsson Bioconversion of industrial hemp to ethanol and methane: the benefits of steam pretreatment and co-production Bioresource Technology 102 2011 3457 3465
17. XA Casas, and JR Pons Environmental analysis of the energy use of hemp - analysis of the comparative life cycle: diesel oil vs. hemp-diesel International Journal of Agricultural Resources, Governance and Ecology 4 2005 133 139
18. PC Struik, S Amaducci, MJ Bullard, NC Stutterheim, G Venturi, and KTH Cromack Agronomy of fibre hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) in Europe Industrial Crops and Products 11 2000 107 118
19. B Sipos, E Kreuger, S-E Svensson, K Reczey, L Bjornsson, and G Zacchi Steam pretreatment of dry and ensiled industrial hemp for ethanol production Biomass and Bioenergy 34 2010 1721 1731
20. A Pakarinen Evaluation of annual bioenergy crops in the boreal zone for biogas and ethanol production Biomass and Bioenergy 35 2011 3071 3078
21. G Shi, and Q Cai Cadmium tolerance and accumulation in eight potential energy crops Biotechnology Advances 27 2009 555 561
22. CJ Kok, GCM Coenen, and A de Heij The effect of fibre hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) on selected soil-borne pathogens Journal of the International Hemp Association 1 1994 6 9
23. HMG van der Werf, WCA van Geel, and M Wijlhuizen Agronomic research on hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) in the Netherlands 1987-1993 Journal of the International Hemp Association 2 1995 14 17
24. L Poisa, and A Adamovics Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) as an environmentally friendly energyplant Scientific Journal of Riga Technical University 5 2010 80 85
25. Piotrowski S, Carus M. Ecological benefits of hemp and flax cultivation and products, nova-Institute, 2011 〈http://www.eiha.org/attach/643/11-05- 13-Ecological-benefits-of-hemp-and-flax.pdf〉; (accessed on 2011-10-21).
26. HMG van der Werf Life cycle analysis of field production of fibre hemp, the effect of production practices on environmental impacts Euphytica 140 2004 13 23
27. Johnson R. Hemp as an agricultural commodity, congressional research service report for congress, 2010. 〈http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/RL32725- 20101222.pdf〉; (accessed on 2011-10-21).
28. AT Harris, S Riddlestone, Z Bell, and PR Hartwell Towards zero emission pulp and paper production: the BioRegional MiniMill Journal of Cleaner Production 16 2008 1971 1979
29. L Barberà, MA Pèlacha, I Pérez, J Puig, and P Mutjé Upgrading of hemp core for papermaking purposes by means of organosolv process Industrial Crops and Products 34 2011 865 872
30. D Dutt, JS Upadhyaya, and CH Tyagi Hygienic and cost efficient technology for the development of tea bag paper from indigenous raw materials Cellulose Chemistry and Technology 41 2007 293 302
31. D Dutt, JS Upadhyaya, AK Ray, RS Malik, and MK Upadhyaya Development of specialty paper is an art: wax match paper from indigenous raw materials Part-I Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 61 2002 1046 1050
32. JT Jeyasingam Smokers take in the benefits of hemp pulp Pulp & Paper International 36 1994 45 47
33. D Dutt, V Singh, AK Ray, and S Mukherjee Development of specialty papers is an art: electrical insulation paper from indigenous raw materials Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 62 2003 1145 1151
34. N Sgriccia, MC Hawley, and M Misra Characterization of natural fiber surfaces and natural fiber composites Composites Part A 39 2008 1632 1637
35. H-R Kymalaainen, and A-M Sjoberg Flax and hemp fibers as raw materials for thermal insulations Building and Environment 43 2008 1261 1269
36. B Rice Hemp as a feedstock for biomass-to-energy conversion Journal of Industrial Hemp 13 2008 145 155
37. EB Russo Hemp for headache: an in-depth historical and scientific review of Cannabis in migraine treatment Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics 1 2001 21 92
38. EB Russo Cannabis treatments in obstetrics and gynaecology: a historical review Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics 2 2002 5 34
39. M Ahmad, S Rashid, MA Khan, M Zafar, S Sultana, and S Gulzar Optimization of base catalyzed transesterification of peanut oil biodiesel African Journal of Biotechnology 8 2009 441 446
40. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Canada's Industrial Hemp Industry, 〈http://www4.agr.gc.ca/AAFC-AAC/display-afficher.do?id=1174595656066& lang=eng〉; (accessed on 2011-10-21)
41. CA Kolosov Evaluating the public interest: regulation of industrial hemp under the controlled substances act UCLA Law Review 57 2009 237 274
42. Hemp Info, Hemp gearing up for automotive industry, 〈http://www. chanvre-info.ch/info/en/Hemp-gearing-up-for-the-automotive,4035.html〉; (accessed on 2011-10-21).
43. C Garcia-Jaldon, D Dupeyre, and MR Vignon Fibres from semi-retted hemp bundles by steam explosion treatment Biomass and Bioenergy 14 1998 251 260
44. G Neutelings Lignin variability in plant cell walls: contribution of new models Plant Science 181 2011 379 386
45. A Capelle Hemp: specialty crop for the paper industry J Janick, Progress in new crops, Arlington: ASHS Press 1996 384 388
46. E Gumuskaya, M Usta, and M Balaban Carbohydrate components and crystalline structure of organosolv hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) bast fibers pulp Bioresource Technology 98 2007 491 497
47. 2 impregnated corn stover for fuel ethanol production Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 121-124 2005 1055 1068
48. 4-impregnated wheat straw and SSF with low yeast and enzyme loadings for bioethanol production Biomass and Bioenergy 32 2008 326 332
49. P Cappelletto Italy-grown hemp: yield, composition and cannabinoid content Industrial Crops and Products 13 2001 101 113
50. DB Dresboll, and J Magid Structural changes of plant residues during decomposition in a compost environment Bioresource Technology 97 2006 973 981
51. K Pahkala, E Pahkala, and H Syrjala Northern limits to fiber hemp production in Europe International Hemp Association 13 2008 104 116
52. HL Li The origin and use of Cannabis in Eastern Asia linguistic-cultural implications Journal of Economic Botany 28 1973 293 301
53. L Nissen, A Zatta, I Stefanini, S Grandi, B Sgorbati, and B Biavati Characterization and antimicrobial activity of essential oils of industrial hemp varieties (Cannabis sativa L.) Fitoterapia 81 2010 413 419
54. CSIR, The wealth of India (a dictionary of Indian raw materials and Industrial Products). Vol. II: raw materials, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, 1962.
55. SBA, Bioenergy - A new energy for the agricultural sector. Swedish Board of Agriculture, Sweden, 2006.
56. BD Oomah, M Busson, DV Godfrey, and JCG Drover Characteristics of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) seed oil Food Chemistry 76 2002 33 43
57. T Schafer, and B Honermeier Effect of sowing date and plant density on the cell morphology of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Industrial Crops and Products 23 2006 88 98
58. HMG van der Werf, and W van den Berg Nitrogen fertilization and sex expression affect size variability of fibre hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Oecologia 103 1995 462 470
59. HMG van der Werf, WCA van Geel, LJC van Gils, and AJ Haverkort Nitrogen fertilization and row width affect self-thinning and productivity of fibre hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Field Crops Research 42 1995 27 37
60. V Mediavilla, M Leupin, and A Keller Influence of the growth stage of industrial hemp on the yield formation in relation to certain fibre quality traits Industrial Crops and Products 13 2001 49 56
61. HTH Cromack The effect of cultivar and seed density on the production and fibre content of Cannabis sativa in southern England Industrial Crops and Products 7 1998 205 210
62. MC Peel, BL Finlayson, and TA McMahon Updated world map of the Koppen-Geiger climate classification Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 11 2007 1633 1644
63. M Finell, S Xiong, and R Olsson Multifunctional industrial hemp for Northern Sweden Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences 2006 13 BTK-rapport
64. B Svennerstedt, and G Svensson Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) trials in southern Sweden 1999-2001 Journal of Industrial Hemp 11 2006 17 25
65. Kaiser F, Diepolder M, Eder J, Hartmann S, Prestele H, Gerlach R, et al. Biogas yields from various renewable raw materials, Proceedings of the 7th FAO/SREEN workshop, Nov 30-Dec 2, Uppsala, Sweden. Uppsala, 2005.
66. G Tuck, MJ Glendining, P Smith, JI House, and M Wattenbach The potential distribution of bioenergy crops in Europe under present and future climate Biomass and Bioenergy 30 2006 183 197
67. H Sankari Comparison of bast fibre yield and mechanical fibre properties of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Industrial Crops and Products 11 2000 78 84
68. H Burczyk, L Grabowska, J Kolodziej, and M Strybe Industrial hemp as a raw material for energy production Journal of Industrial Hemp 13 2008 37 48
69. Balodis O, Bartuševics J, Gaile Z. Biomass yield of different plants for biogas production, Proceedings of the 8th international scientific and practical Conference 2011;1:238-245.
70. T Castleman Hemp biomass for energy 2006 Fuel and Fiber Company Sacramento, USA
71. A Keller, M Leupin, V Mediavilla, and E Wintermantel Influence of the growth stage of industrial hemp on chemical and physical properties of the fibres Industrial Crops and Products 13 2001 35 48
72. HL MacLean, LB Lave, R Lankey, and S Joshi A life-cycle comparison of alternative automobile fuels Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association 50 2000 1769 1779
73. AE Farrell, RJ Plevin, BT Turner, AD Jones, M O'Hare, and DM Kammen Ethanol can contribute to energy and environmental goals Science 311 2006 506 508
74. WE Mabee, and JN Saddler Bioethanol from lignocellulosics: status and perspectives in Canada Bioresource Technology 101 2010 4806 4813
75. B Hillring Rural development and bioenergy - experiences from 20 years of development in Sweden Biomass and Bioenergy 23 2002 443 451
76. G Moxley, Z Zhu, and Y-P Zhang Efficient sugar release by the cellulose solvent-based lignocellulose fractionation technology and enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 56 2008 7885 7890
77. ME Himmel, SY Ding, DK Johnson, WS Adney, MR Nimlos, and JW Brady Biomass recalcitrance: engineering plants and enzymes for biofuels production Science 315 2007 804 807
78. CA Mooney, SD Mansfield, MG Touchy, and JN Saddler The effect of initial pore volume and lignin content on the enzymatic hydrolysis of softwoods Bioresource Technology 64 1998 113 119
79. C Luo, DL Brink, and HW Blanch Identification of potential fermentation inhibitors in conversion of hybrid polpar hydrolyzate to ethanol Biomass and Bioenergy 22 2002 125 138
80. JP O'Dwyer, L Zhu, CB Granda, and MT Holtzapple Enzymatic hydrolysis of lime-pretreated corn stover and investigation of the HCH-1 model: inhibition pattern, degree of inhibition, validity of simplified HCH-1 model Bioresource Technology 98 2007 2969 2977
81. JS Bak, JK Ko, YH Han, BC Lee, IG Choi, and KH Kim Improved enzymatic hydrolysis yield of rice straw using electron beam irradiation pretreatment Bioresource Technology 100 2009 1285 1290
82. J Yu, J Zhang, J He, Z Liu, and Z Yu Combinations of mild physical or chemical pretreatment with biological pretreatment for enzymatic hydrolysis of rice hull Bioresource Technology 100 2009 903 908
83. M Nykter Effects of thermal and enzymatic treatments and harvesting time on the microbial quality and chemical composition of fibre hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Biomass and Bioenergy 32 2008 392 399
84. E Palmqvist, and B Hahn-Hägerdal Fermentation of lignocellulosic hydrolysates. II: inhibitors and mechanisms of inhibition Bioresource Technology 74 2000 25 33
85. Z Barta, JM Oliva, I Ballesteros, D Dienes, M Ballesteros, and K Réczey Refining hemp hurds into fermentable sugars or ethanol Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Quarterly 24 2010 331 339
86. 4 impregnation for ethanol production Biomass and Bioenergy 24 2003 475 486
87. AB Thomsen, A Thygesen, V Bohn, KV Nielsen, B Pallesen, and MS Jørgensen Effects of chemical-physical pre-treatment processes on hemp fibres for reinforcement of composites and for textiles Industrial Crops and Products 24 2006 113 118
88. E Gumuskaya, and M Usta Dependence of chemical and crystalline structure of alkali sulfite pulp on cooking temperature and time Carbohyd Polym 65 2006 461 468
89. Y-HP Zhang Fractionating recalcitrant lignocellulose at modest reaction conditions Biotechnology and Bioengineering 97 2007 214 223
90. Y-HP Zhang, and LR Lynd A functionally-based model for hydrolysis of cellulose by fungal cellulose Biotechnology and Bioengineering 94 2006 888 898
91. Y-HP Zhang, J Cui, LR Lynd, and LRA Kuang A transition from cellulose swelling to cellulose dissolution by o-phosphoric acid: evidences from enzymatic hydrolysis and supramolecular structure Biomacromolecule 7 2006 644 648
92. X Pan Bioconversion of hybrid poplar to ethanol and co-products using an organosolv fractionation process: optimization of process yields Biotechnology and Bioengineering 94 2006 851 861
93. X Pan, D Xie, N Gilkes, D Gregg, and JN Saddler Strategies to enhance the enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated softwood with high residual lignin content Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 121-124 2005 1069 1079
94. I Kilpelainen, H Xie, A King, M Granstrom, S Heikkinen, and DS Argyropoulos Dissolution of wood in ionic liquids Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 55 2007 9142 9148
95. Y-HP Zhang Reviving the carbohydrate economy via multiproduct biorefineries Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology 35 2008 367 375
96. E Takacs, L Wojnarovits, J Borsa, C Foldvary, P Hargittai, and O Zold Effect of Ĉ-irradiation on cotton-cellulose Radiation Physics and Chemistry 55 1999 663 666
97. KA Dubey, PK Pujari, SP Rammani, RM Kadam, and S Sabharwal Microstructural studies of electron beam-irradiated cellulose pulp Radiation Physics and Chemistry 69 2004 395 400
98. JM Wasikiewicz, F Yoshii, N Nagasawa, RA Wach, and H Mitomo Degradation of chitosan and sodium alginate by gamma radiation, sonochemical and ultraviolet method Radiation Physics and Chemistry 73 2005 287 295
99. J Bouchard, M Methot, and B Jordan The effects of ionizing radiation on the cellulose of woodfree paper Cellulose 13 2006 601 610
100. F Khan, SR Ahmad, and E Kronfil Ĉ-Radiation induced changes in the physical and chemical properties of lignocelluloses Biomacromolecule 7 2006 2303 2309
101. S-J Shin, and YJ Sung Improving enzymatic hydrolysis of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) by electron beam irradiation Radiation Physics and Chemistry 77 2008 1034 1038
102. E Takacs, L Wojnarovits, C Foldvary, P Hargittai, J Borsa, and I Sajo Effect of combined gamma-irradiation and alkali treatment on cotton-cellulose Radiation Physics and Chemistry 57 2000 399 403
103. YJ Sung, and S-J Shin Compositional changes in industrial hemp biomass (Cannabis sativa L.) induced by electron beam irradiation pretreatment Biomass and Bioenergy 35 2011 3267 3270
104. S Ouajai, and RA Shanks Morphology and structure of hemp fibre after bioscouring Macromolecular Bioscience 5 2005 124 134
105. J Doradoa, G Almendros, JA Field, and R Sierra-Alvarezb Infrared spectroscopy analysis of hemp (Cannabis sativa) after selective delignification by Bjerkandera sp. at different nitrogen levels Enzyme and Microbial Technology 28 2001 550 559
106. CC Kwan, M Ghadiri, DG Papadopoulos, and AC Bentham The effects of operating conditions on the milling of microcrystalline cellulose Chemical Engineering and Technology 26 2003 185 190
107. S Ouajai, and RA Shanks Solvent and enzyme induced recrystallization of mechanically degraded hemp cellulose Cellulose 13 2006 31 44
108. F Ma, and MA Hanna Biodiesel production: a review Bioresource Technology 70 1999 1 15
109. Y Zhang, MA Dubé, DD McLean, and M Kates Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil: 1. Process design and technological assessment Bioresource Technology 89 2003 1 16
110. LC Meher, DV Sagar, and SN Naik Technical aspects of biodiesel production by transesterification - a review Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews 10 2006 248 268
111. A Demirbas Biodiesel fuels from vegetable oils via catalytic and noncatalytic supercritical alcohol transesterifications and other methods: a survey Energy Conversion and Management 44 2003 2093 2109
112. A Deshpande, G Anitescu, PA Rice, and LL Tavlarides Supercritical biodiesel production and power cogeneration: technical and economic feasibilities Bioresource Technology 101 2010 1834 1843
113. M Ahmad Physicochemical analysis of hemp oil biodiesel: a promising non edible new source for bioenergy Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects 33 2011 1365 1374
114. V Tiwari, CD O'Donnell, MJ Oh, T Valyi-Nagy, and D Shukla A role for 3-O-sulfotransferase isoform-4 in assisting HSV-1 entry and spread Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 338 2005 930 937
115. SV Ghadge, and H Raheman Biodiesel production from mahua (Madhuca indica) oil having high free fatty acids Biomass and Bioenergy 28 2005 601 605
116. JL Deferne, and DW Pate Hemp seed oil: a source of valuable essential fatty acids Journal of the International Hemp Association 3 1996 4 7
117. U Kriese, E Schumann, WE Weber, M Beyer, L Brühl, and B Matthäus Oil content, tocopherol composition and fatty acid patterns of the seeds of 51 Cannabis sativa L. genotypes Euphytica 137 2004 339 351
118. JRL Pritchard Analysis and properties of Oilseeds JB Rossel, JRL Pritchard, Analysis of oilseeds, fats and fatty foods 1991 Elsevier Applied Science New York 39 102
119. B Matthäus, and L Brühl Virgin hemp seed oil: an interesting niche product European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 110 2008 655 661
120. S Latif, and F Anwar Physicochemical studies of hemp (Cannabis sativa) seed oil using enzyme-assisted cold-pressing European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 111 2009 1042 1048
121. U Orhan, S Kumenoglu, and B Sener GC-MS analysis of the seed oil of Cannabis sativa L. cultivated in Turkey Journal of Faculty of Pharmacy of Gazi University 17 2000 79 81
122. E Bagci, L Bruehl, K Aitzetmüller, and Y Altan A chemotaxonomic approach to the fatty acid and ocochromanol content of Cannabis sativa L. (Cannabaceae) Turkish Journal of Botany 27 2003 141 147
123. Kreuger E, Escobar F, Svensson S-E, Björnsson L. Biogas production from hemp - evaluation of the effect of harvest time on methane yield, 11th IWA World Congress on Anaerobic Digestion, 23-27 September 2007, Brisbane, Australia.
124. A Lehtomaki, TA Viinikainen, and JA Rintala Screening boreal energy crops and crop residues for methane biofuel production Biomass and Bioenergy 32 2008 541 550
125. MT Holtzapple, AE Humphrey, and JD Taylor Energy-requirements for the size-reduction of poplar and aspen wood Biotechnology and Bioengineering 33 1989 207 210
126. 14, isolated from Icelandic hot spring Icelandic Agricultural Sciences 23 2010 61 71
127. IK Kapdan, and F Kargi Bio-hydrogen production from waste materials Enzyme and Microbial Technology 38 2006 569 582
128. D Das, and NT Veziroglu Hydrogen production by biological processes: a survey of literature International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 26 2001 13 28
129. SY Wu, CH Hung, CN Lin, HW Chen, AS Lee, and JS Chang Fermentative hydrogen production and bacterial community structure in high rate anaerobic bioreactors containing silicone immobilized and self-flocculated sludge Biotechnology and Bioengineering 93 2006 934 946
130. PE Koskinen High efficiency hydrogen production by an anaerobic thermophilic enrichment culture from Icelandic hot spring Biotechnology and Bioengineering 101 2008 665 678
131. P Sommer, T Georgieva, and BK Ahring Potential for using thermophilic anaerobic bacteria for bioethanol production from hemicelluloses Biochemical Society Transactions 32 2004 283 289
132. JW van Groenestijn, JH Hazewinkel, M Nienoord, and PJ Bussmann Energy aspects of biological hydrogen production in high rate bioreactors operated in the thermophilic temperature range International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 27 2002 1141 1147
133. T International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 35 2010 1128 1137
134. T Kanai Continuous hydrogen production by the hyperthermophilic archaeon, Thermococcus kodakaraensis KOD1 Journal of Biotechnology 116 2005 271 282
135. Y Liu, P Yu, X Song, and Y Qu Hydrogen production from cellulose by coculture of Clostridium thermocellum JN4 and Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum GD17 International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 33 2008 2927 2933
136. J Wang, and W Wan Factors influencing fermentative hydrogen production: a review International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 34 2009 799 811
137. EWJ van Niel, P. Claassen, and AJM Stams Substrate and product inhibition of hydrogen production by the extreme thermophile, Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus Biotechnology and Bioengineering 81 2003 255 262
138. T De Vrije Glycolytic pathway and hydrogen yield studies of the extreme thermophile Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 74 2007 1358 1367
139. EWJ van Niel, MA Budde, GG de Haas, FJ van der Wal, PA Claassen, and AJM Stams Distinctive properties of high hydrogen producing extreme thermophiles, Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus and Thermotoga elfii International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 27 2002 1391 1398
140. SS Ahmad Medicinal wild plants from Lahore-Islamabad motorway (M-2) Pakistan Journal of Botany 39 2007 355 375
141. RU Khan, FR Durrani, N Chand, and H Anwar Influence of feed supplementation with Cannabis sativa on quality of broilers carcass Pakistan Veterinary Journal 30 2010 34 38
142. K Hussain, MF Nisar, A Majeed, K Nawaz, and KH Bhatti Ethnomedicinal urvey for important plants of Jalalpur Jattan, District Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan Ethnobotanical Leaflets 14 2010 807 825
143. S Abbas, SM Raza, and MA Khan Aerobiology and pollen allergy in Islamabad Pakistan Journal of Medical Research 48 2009 79 82
144. MA Khan, RA Qureshi, SA Gillani, MA Ghufran, and A Batool Sultana KN. Invasive species of federal capital area Islamabad, Pakistan Pakistan Journal of Botany 42 2010 1529 1534
145. F Hussain, SM Shah, and H Sher Traditionnal resource evaluation of some plants of Mastuj, District Chitral, Pakistan Pakistan Journal of Botany 39 2007 339 354
146. Teepu IA Victims rise as do pollen allergy count, The daily dawn, 2011 〈http://www.dawn.com/2011/03/23/victims-rise-as-do-pollen-allergy-count. html〉; (accessed on 2011-10-25).
147. MA Chaudhry, R Raza, and S Hayat Renewable energy technologies in Pakistan: prospects and challenges Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews 13 2008 1657 1662
148. IRG, Pakistan Integrated Energy Model (Pak-IEM), 2010. International Resource Group, 〈http://www.adb.org/Documents/Produced-under-TA/41129/ 41129-01-pak-dpta-03.pdf〉; (accessed on 2011-10-25)
149. SS Amjid, MQ Bilal, MS Nazir, and A Hussain Biogas, renewable energy resource for Pakistan Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews 15 2011 2833 2837
150. MPNR, Petroleum exploration and production policy 2011, (2001), Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Resources, Government of Pakistan
151. MA Ghaffar The energy supply situation in the rural sector of Pakistan and the potential of renewable energy technologies Renewable Energy 6 1995 941 976
152. Heedge F, Pandey B Program implementation document for a national program on domestic biogas dissemination in Pakistan; 2008, Winrock International. 〈http://www.rspn.org/our-projects/projects-pdfs/PID%20Pakistan.pdf〉; (accessed on 2011-10-25)
153. MAA Khan, P Amir, SA Ramy, Z Munawar, and V Ahmad National economics and environmental development study (NEEDS) UNFCCC 2011 accessed on 2011-10-25)
154. PBIT. Power generation from sugar mills; 2010. Punjab Board of Investment and Trade, Pakistan. 〈http://cybervision.com.pk/pbit/pdf/download/ Power%20generation%20from%20sugar%20mills.pdf〉; (accessed on 2011-10-25).
155. V Angelova, R Ivanova, V Delibaltova, and K Ivanov Bio-accumulation and distribution of heavy metals in fibre crops (flax, cotton and hemp) Industrial Crops and Products 19 2004 197 205
156. F Cherubini, ND Bird, A Cowie, G Jungmeier, B Schlamadinger, and S Woess-Gallasch Energy- and greenhouse gas-based LCA of biofuel and bioenergy systems: key issues, ranges and recommendations Resources, Conservation and Recycling 53 2009 434 447
157. S Gonzalez-Garcia, L Luo, MT Moreira, G Feijoo, and G Huppes Life cycle assessment of hemp hurds use in second generation ethanol production Biomass and Bioenergy 36 2012 268 279
158. M Plöchl, M Heiermann, B Linke, and H Schelle Biogas crops - Part II: Balance of greenhouse gas emissions and energy from using field cops for anaerobic digestion Agricultural Engineering International 11 2009 1 11
159. T Prade, SE Svensson, and JE Mattsson Energy balances for biogas and solid biofuel production from industrial hemp Biomass and Bioenergy 40 2012 36 52
160. XA Casas, and J Rieradevall i Pons Environmental analysis of the energy use of hemp - analysis of the comparative life cycle: diesel oil vs. hemp - diesel International Journal of Agricultural Resources, Governance and Ecology 4 2005 133 139
161. 2 emissions: Cointegration analyses with regime shifts Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 2012 5349 5354