2D:4D ratios predict hand grip strength (but not hand grip endurance) in men (but not in women)

Evolution and Human Behavior

Volumn 33, Issue 6, 2012, Pages 780-789

  Hone, Liana S E ^a   McCullough, Michael E ^a  

^a University of Miami   (United States)

Author keywords

2D:4D ratios; Endurance; Physical prowess; Strength; Testosterone

Indexed keywords

EID: 84867897132     PISSN: 10905138     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2012.07.003     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Bateman A.J. Intra-sexual selection in Drosophila. Heredity 1948, 2:349-368. Retrieved from. http://www4.nau.edu/shustercourses/BIO%20698/Literature/Bateman1948.pdf.
2. Berenbaum S.A., Beltz A.M. Sexual differentiation of human behavior: effects of prenatal and pubertal organizational hormones. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology 2011, 32:183-200. Elsevier Inc. 10.1016/j.yfrne.2011.03.001.
3. Berenbaum S.A., Bryk K.K., Nowak N., Quigley C.A., Moffat S. Fingers as a marker of prenatal androgen exposure. Endocrinology 2009, 150(11):5119-5124. 10.1210/en.2009-0774.
4. Bohannon R.W. Hand-grip dynamometry provides a valid indication of upper extremity strength impairment in home care patients. Journal of Hand Therapy 1998, 11:258-260. Hanley & Belfus, Inc. 10.1016/S0894-1130(98)80021-5.
5. Bohannon R.W. Adequacy of hand-grip dynamometry for characterizing upper limb strength after stroke. Isokinetics and Exercise Science 2004, 12:263-265.
6. Brown W.M., Hines M., Fane B.A., Breedlove S.M. Masculinized finger length patterns in human males and females with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Hormones and Behavior 2002, 42:380-386. 10.1006/hbeh.2002.1830.
7. Buck J.J., Williams R.M., Hughes I.A., Acerini C.L. In-utero androgen exposure and 2nd to 4th digit length ratio-comparisons between healthy controls and females with classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Human Reproduction 2003, 18(5):976-979. 10.1093/humrep/deg198.
8. Buss D.M., Schmitt D.P. Sexual strategies theory: an evolutionary perspective of human mating. Psychological Review 1993, 100(2):204-232.
9. Butovskaya M.L., Vasilyev V.A., Lazebny O.E., Burkova V.N., Kulikov A.M., Mabulla A., Shibalev D.V., Ryskov A.P. Aggression, digit ratio, and variation in the androgen receptor, serotonin transporter, and dopamine D4 receptor genes in African foragers: the Hadza. Behavior Genetics 2012, 647-662. 10.1007/s10519-012-9533-2.
10. Chamberlain N.L., Driver E.D., Miesfeld R.L. The length and location of CAG trinucleotide repeats in the androgen receptor N-terminal domain affect transactivation function. Nucleic Acids Research 1994, 22(15):3181-3186. Retrieved from. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=310294&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract.
11. Clarnette T.D., Sugita Y., Hutson J.M. Genital anomalies in human and animal models reveal the mechanisms and hormones governing testicular descent. British Journal of Urology 1997, 79(1):99-112. Retrieved from. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9043507.
12. Cousins A.J., Fugère M.A., Franklin M. Digit ratio (2D:4D), mate guarding, and physical aggression in dating couples. Personality and Individual Differences 2009, 46:709-713. Elsevier Ltd. 10.1016/j.paid.2009.01.029.
13. Fink B., Neave N., Laughton K., Manning J.T. Second to fourth digit ratio and sensation seeking. Personality and Individual Differences 2006, 41:1253-1262. 10.1016/j.paid.2006.05.002.
14. Fink B., Thanzami V., Seydel H., Manning J.T. Digit ratio and hand-grip strength in German and Mizos men: cross-cultural evidence for an organizing effect of prenatal testosterone on strength. American Journal of Human Biology 2006, 18:776-782. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.20549/pdf.
15. Gallup A.C., White D.D., Gallup G.G. Handgrip strength predicts sexual behavior, body morphology, and aggression in male college students. Evolution and Human Behavior 2007, 28(6):423-429. 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2007.07.001.
16. Geary D.C. Sexual selection and the evolution of human sex differences. Psychological Topics 2006, 15(2):203-238.
17. Geary D.C. Male, female: The evolution of human sex differences 2010, American Psychological Association, Washington, DC. 2nd ed.
18. Hampson E., Sankar J.S. Re-examining the Manning hypothesis: androgen receptor polymorphism and the 2D:4D digit ratio. Evolution and Human Behavior 2012, Elsevier Inc. 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2012.02.003.
19. Hönekopp J., Bartholdt L., Beier L., Liebert A. Second to fourth digit length ratio (2D:4D) and adult sex hormone levels: new data and a meta-analytic review. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2007, 32(4):313-321. 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.01.007.
20. Hönekopp J., Schuster M. A meta-analysis on 2D:4D and athletic prowess: substantial relationships but neither hand out-predicts the other. Personality and Individual Differences 2010, 48:4-10. Elsevier Ltd. 10.1016/j.paid.2009.08.009.
21. Hönekopp J., Voracek M., Manning J.T. 2nd to 4th digit ratio (2D:4D) and number of sex partners: evidence for effects of prenatal testosterone in men. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2006, 31:30-37. 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.05.009.
22. Hönekopp J., Watson S. Meta-analysis of digit ratio 2D:4D shows greater sex difference in the right hand. American Journal of Human Biology 2010, 22(5):619-630. 10.1002/ajhb.21054.
23. Hurd P.L., Vaillancourt K.L., Dinsdale N.L. Aggression, digit ratio and variation in androgen receptor and monoamine oxidase a genes in men. Behavior Genetics 2011, 41(4):543-556. 10.1007/s10519-010-9404-7.
24. Knickmeyer R.C., Woolson S., Hamer R.M., Konneker T., Gilmore J.H. 2D:4D ratios in the first 2 years of life: stability and relation to testosterone exposure and sensitivity. Hormones and Behavior 2011, 60(3):256-263. Elsevier Inc. 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2011.05.009.
25. Li K., Hewson D.J., Duchêne J., Hogrel J.-Y. Predicting maximal grip strength using hand circumference. Manual Therapy 2010, 15:579-585. 10.1016/j.math.2010.06.010.
26. Little M.A., Johnson B.R. Grip strength, muscle fatigue, and body composition in nomadic Turkana pastoralists. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 1986, 69:335-344. 10.1002/ajpa.1330690306.
27. Loehlin J.C., Medland S.E., Martin N.G. Is CAG sequence length in the androgen receptor gene correlated with finger-length ratio?. Personality and Individual Differences 2012, 52(2):224-227. Elsevier Ltd. 10.1016/j.paid.2011.09.009.
28. Lutchmaya S., Baron-Cohen S., Raggatt P., Knickmeyer R., Manning J.T. 2nd to 4th digit ratios, fetal testosterone and estradiol. Early Human Development 2004, 77:23-28. 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2003.12.002.
29. Macdermid J.C., Fehr L., Lindsay K. The effect of physical factors on grip strength and dexterity. British Journal of Hand Therapy 2002, 7(4):112-118.
30. Manning J.T. Digit ratio: A pointer to fertility, behavior, and health 2002, Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick.
31. Manning J.T. Resolving the role of prenatal sex steroids in the development of digit ratio. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2011, 108(39):16143-16144. 10.1073/pnas.1113312108.
32. Manning J.T., Barley L., Walton J., Lewis-Jones D.I., Trivers R.I., Singh D., et al. The 2nd:4th digit ratio, sexual dimorphism, population differences, and reproductive success. Evidence for sexually antagonistic genes?. Hormones and Behavior 2000, 21(3):163-183. Retrieved from. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10828555.
33. Manning J.T., Bundred P.E., Newton D.J., Flanagan B.F. The second to fourth digit ratio and variation in the androgen receptor gene. Evolution and Human Behavior 2003, 24:399-405. 10.1016/S1090-5138(03)00052-7.
34. Manning J.T., Scutt D., Wilson J., Lewis-Jones D.I. The ratio of 2nd to 4th digit length: a predictor of sperm numbers and concentrations of testosterone, luteinizing hormone and oestrogen. Human Reproduction (Oxford, England) 1998, 13(11):3000-3004. Retrieved from. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9853845.
35. Manning J.T., Stewart A., Bundred P.E., Trivers R.L. Sex and ethnic differences in 2nd to 4th digit ratio of children. Early Human Development 2004, 80(2):161-168. 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2004.06.004.
36. McIntyre M.H., Ellison P.T., Lieberman D.E., Demerath E., Towne B. The development of sex differences in digital formula from infancy in the Fels Longitudinal Study. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 2005, 272:1473-1479. 10.1098/rspb.2005.3100.
37. Medland S.E., Loehlin J.C., Martin N.G. No effects of prenatal hormone transfer on digit ratio in a large sample of same- and opposite-sex dizygotic twins. Personality and Individual Differences 2008, 44(5):1225-1234. 10.1016/j.paid.2007.11.017.
38. Migeon C.J., Wisniewski A.B. Sexual differentiation: From genes to gender. Hormone Research 1998, 50:245-251.
39. Neave N., Laing S., Fink B., Manning J.T. Second to fourth digit ratio, testosterone and perceived male dominance. Proceedings Biological Sciences/The Royal Society 2003, 270:2167-2172. 10.1098/rspb.2003.2502.
40. Ökten A., Kalyoncu M., Yariş N. The ratio of second- and fourth-digit lengths and congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Early Human Development 2002, 70:47-54. Retrieved from. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12441204.
41. Peters M., Mackenzie K., Bryden P. Finger length and distal finger extent patterns in humans. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 2002, 117:209-217. 10.1002/ajpa.10029.
42. Phelps V.R. Relative index finger length as a sex-influenced trait in man. American Journal of Human Genetics 1952, 4:72-89. Retrieved from. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1716436&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract.
43. Sell A., Tooby J., Cosmides L. Formidability and the logic of human anger. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2009, 106(35):15073-15078. 10.1073/pnas.0904312106.
44. Talarovicová A., Krsková L., Blazeková J. Testosterone enhancement during pregnancy influences the 2D:4D ratio and open field motor activity of rat siblings in adulthood. Hormones and Behavior 2009, 55(1):235-239. Elsevier Inc. 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2008.10.010.
45. van Anders S.M. Grip strength and digit ratios are not correlated in women. American Journal of Human Biology 2007, 19:437-439. 10.1002/ajhb.
46. van Anders S.M., Vernon P.A., Wilbur C.J. Finger-length ratios show evidence of prenatal hormone-transfer between opposite-sex twins. Hormones and Behavior 2006, 49:315-319. 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2005.08.003.
47. Van den Bergh B., Dewitte S. Digit ratio (2D:4D) moderates the impact of sexual cues on men's decisions in ultimatum games. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 2006, 273(1597):2091-2095. 10.1098/rspb.2006.3550.
48. van Honk J., Schutter D.J., Bos P.A., Kruijt A.-W., Lentjes E.G., Baron-Cohen S. Testosterone administration impairs cognitive empathy in women depending on second-to-fourth digit ratio. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2011, 108(8):3448-3452. 10.1073/pnas.1011891108.
49. Zheng Z., Cohn M.J. Developmental basis of sexually dimorphic digit ratios. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2011, 108(39):16289-16294. 10.1073/pnas.1108312108.